Unit 2 – The Cell“We cannot fathom the marvelous complexity of an organic being; but on the hypothesis here advanced this complexity is much increased. Each living creature must be looked at as a microcosm--a little universe, formed of a host of self-propagating organisms, inconceivably minute and as numerous as the stars in heaven.” ― Charles Darwin

A) Cell Theory1) All organisms are made up of one or

more cells and the products of those cells2) All cells carry out life activities – require

energy, grow and have a limited size3) New cells arise only from other living cell

division– No spontaneous generation

A) Cell TheoryProkaryote• Does not contain a

nucleus• Ex: Bacteria

Eukaryote• Contains a nucleus• Ex: Plant and animal

cells

B) Bacteria Cell Parts

• Cytoplasm – a gel like liquid of thousands of molecules suspended in water, outside nucleus

• Cell wall – rigid & protects the bacteria

cytoplasm

Cellwall

B) Bacteria Cell Parts

• Cell membrane – controls what substances pass into and out of bacteria

• DNA – the genetic material – simply floats around into the cytoplasm

cytoplasm

Cellwall

capsule

Plasma/Cellmembrane

DNA

B) Bacteria Cell Parts

• Flagella – tiny whip like structures, used to move the bacteria around

cytoplasm

Cellwall

capsule

Plasma/Cellmembrane

DNAribosome

flagellum

pili

C) Bacteria Cell Shapes• Coccus

• Spherical

• Bacillus

• Rod Like

• Spirilium

• Spiral

C) Bacterial Shapes• Arrangement– Strepto – chain of bacteria cells– Staph – sheet or clumps of cells

Streptococcus sobrinus

Staphylococcus aureus

C) Bacterial Shapes• We can identify bacteria by shape and

arrangement–We can also look at the type of cell wall

by staining a sample of bacteria

D) Bacteria Staining• Stains attach or do not attach to

structures on a cell wall to identify if certain parts are present.

D) Bacteria Staining1. Gram staining – a series of steps that

allow the stain to bind to a layer of peptidoglycan– Positive – stain violet – cells have a

thick layer of peptidoglycan on cell wall

D) Bacteria Staining1. Gram staining – a series of steps that

allow the stain to bind to a layer of peptidoglycan– Negative – stains red – cells have a

thin layer of peptidoglycan on cell wall

How to Gram Stain

D) Bacteria Staining2. Methylene Blue staining – stain

to see nucleus more visibly

3. Acid Fast Staining – used to identify bacteria with a waxy mycolic acid (fatty acids) in their cell wall

A. Non-Acid Fast bacteriaB. Acid Fast Bacteria (have

mycolic acid in cell wall and makes them more durable)

D) Bacteria Staining

Pre-Lab: Using a Compound Microscope to Study Cells• Tomorrow you have a full day of making

slides and observing.• I will demonstrate at the beginning of

class how to prepare a wet mount slide, be ready when the bell rings

• We have two days of lab in a row. Make sure you leave enough room at the end of this lab to write your conclusion and answer the thinking like a biotechnician questions.

Reflect/Review: Compare and Contrast Prokaryote & Eukaryote• Place on the left side page after the TOC

One TERM and a multi-color

ILLUST-RATION

The word, a definition of the word in student terms

One TERM and a multi-color

ILLUST-RATION

The word, a definition of the word in student terms

Lab Day Bellwork• Get out Lab notebook. See me to check that you

have it done. You must get initial from me in first 10 minutes of class otherwise you will lose points!

MARK YOUR CALENDAR: Lab notebooks will be due Thursday (Sept

20) to be graded for setup and all labs in this unit.

• Sit quietly and wait for instructions!

Pre-Lab: Making Microscopic Measurements• There is no conclusion for this lab. Just

follow the directions in data analysis.

• The data table: Make sure you table is easy to read. If you are unsure, please ask.

Lab Day Bellwork• Get out Lab notebook. See me to check that you

have it done. You must get initial from me in first 10 minutes of class otherwise you will lose points!

MARK YOUR CALENDAR: Lab notebooks will be due Thursday (Sept

20) to be graded for setup and all labs in this unit.

• Sit quietly and wait for instructions!

Bellwork: Wednesday, September 19• Cut out pictures of animal and plant cells. • Glue them to the top of the next empty

right page.

• On the left side of your notes (opposite of the bacteria notes) write a level 3 question about bacteria

E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells

# Organelle Structure/Function

1 Cell Wall*plant only*

2 Cell Membrane

• Rigid, composed of cellulose• Give plant cells its box like shape,

protects the cell, contains pores, and allow material to pass from the cell membrane• Bi-lipid membrane layer, contains proteins and carbohydrates, selectively permeable

• Protects the cell and provides stability

E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells

# Organelle Structure/Function

3 Vacuole

4 Nucleus

• Fluid filled organelle enclosed by a membrane

• Stores material such as food, water, sugar, minerals and waste products

• Membrane bound organelle• Contains genetic information, the

“control center” of the cell

E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells

# Organelle Structure/Function

5 Nucleolus

7Chloroplas

t*plant only*

• Non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found with in the nucleus

• Where photosynthesis takes place• Creates energy for the plant cells

E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells

# Organelle Structure/Function

8 Mitochondria

9 Cytoplasm

• Round tube like organelles, have a double membrane, the inner membrane is folded

• The “powerhouse” of the cell, releases food energy from food molecules, process called respiration• Jelly-like substance, mainly water

• Holds the organelles, in between the cell membrane and nucleus, salts can dissolve in the cytoplasm

The Mitochondria

E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells

# Organelle Structure/Function10 Lysosome

11 &12

Endoplasmic Reticulum

(ER)

• Small sac-like substance surrounded by a single membrane

• Contain strong digestive enzymes • breaks down worn out organelles

and food• Network of membranous canals filled with fluid

• Carry materials through the cell• 2 types: Rough(with ribosomes),

smooth (with out ribosomes)

E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells

# Organelle Structure/Function13 Ribosome

14

Golgi Apparatus

• Small particles found individually as well as on the ER

• Produce proteins, thought of as the “factories” of the cell

• Flattened membranous stacks (pancakes)

• Temporarily stores proteins which can leave the cell in vesicles pinched off from the golgi

E) Cell Parts- Structure and Function of Animal and Plant cells

# Organelle

Structure/Function

Not on

image

Cillia and Flagella

*animal only*

• Hair like structures• Allows animal cells to move

The Inner Life of the Cell

Bellwork: Thursday, Sept 20• Pick up the paper at the door• Have a seat and begin reading the article.

• Answer the questions by the end of class.

Pre Lab: Gram Staining

Pre Lab: Gram Staining

Lab Day Bellwork, Sept 18• Get out Lab notebook. See me to check that you

have it done. You must get initial from me in first 10 minutes of class otherwise you will lose points!

MARK YOUR CALENDAR: Lab notebooks will be due Thursday (Sept 20) to be graded for setup and all

labs in this unit.

• Sit quietly and wait for instructions!

One Pager: Review• On the left page across from the Table of Contents for Unit 2, complete a

“one pager” for the unit. It must include the following:1.A title describing the Major Concept2.The specific Chapter or Unit being covered3.A large DIAGRAM with a BORDER – Multiple Colors must be used to

reflect major concepts and key information. The border must reflect aspects of the unit, concepts, vocabulary or real life applications.

4.A TEN WORD caption for the diagram must be written below the diagram. The caption must summarize the diagram’s key concept.

5.A summary of at least ten sentences explaining the major concepts of the reading or unit must be written.

6.At least five key terms must be used and highlighted in the summary/explanation.

7.An explanation of a word or idea to demonstrate an understanding of the information must be included.

8.There must be a QUESTION BOX. Inside the Question Box must be at LEAST two (2) higher-level questions for further. There must be an explanation of WHY each question was selected after each question is written.

9.Something creative (your choice) showing or explaining how the information relates to some aspect of your life.