unit 16 carbon chemistry
TRANSCRIPT
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Carbon Chemistry
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Organic CompoundsOrganic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon.
-- compounds lacking carbon and not from living organisms referred to as “inorganic”
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Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living containing carbon.
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Carbon – The Element of Life
Carbon’s unique atomic structure allows it to covalently bond with up to four other atoms
-- carbon is the simplest element on the periodic table that also has four valence electrons
Drawing of carbon and it’s bonding ability:
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Properties of HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, made up of only two elements
-- they have low melting and boiling points.
-- hydrocarbons are flammable
-- hydrocarbons are nonpolar and mix poorly with water—think, oil and water.
-- hydrocarbons are used for many of our fuels
Methane Propane Diesel
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Properties of Hydrocarbons-- Liquid hydrocarbons do not burn, only in the vapor form
-- The longer the chain, the most likely to remain a liquid/solid
-- Methane = gas
-- Propane = liquid under pressure, gas in air
-- Butane = high volatile liquid
-- Gasoline = volatile liquid
-- Diesel = non-volatile liquid
-- paraffin = solid
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Saturated There are two kinds of hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated
Saturated hydrocarbons – hold the maximum number of hydrogen atoms as possible (each carbon is bonded to four different atoms)
-- there are NO DOUBLE BONDS in a saturated hydrocarbon
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UnsaturatedUnsaturated hydrocarbons – hold less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (some carbons are only bonded to two or three different atoms)
-- there are one or more double or triple bonds in an unsaturated hydrocarbon
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From Unsaturated to Saturated
The fewer the double bonds, the more solid the fat/oil is at room temperature.
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Structural FormulasWhen we write a simple chemical formula, such as CH4, we are actually writing what we call a molecular formula
Molecular Formulas – show the atoms and the number of atoms involved in a molecule but nothing else
In organic chemistry, it is often more useful to show structural formulas instead
Structural Formulas – show each type of atom and how they are arranged in a molecule
CH4 H – C – H
Molecular Formula Structural Formula 3-D Structure
H
H
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IsomersStructural formulas are important in organic chemistry because of isomers
Isomers are two compounds with the SAME MOLECULAR formulas but different structural formulas
-- they have different chemical and physical properties
C3H8O
propan-1-ol propan-2-ol methoxyethane(n-propyl alcohol) (isopropyl alcohol)
methoxyethane
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The names of the simplest hydrocarbons:
Hydrocarbon Molecular FormulaMethane (Natural Gas) CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane (Lighter fluid) C4H10
Pentane C5H12
Hexane C6H14
Octane (Gasoline) C8H18
Decane C10H22
Dodecane C12H26
Heating Oil C14-C20
Paraffin Wax C25H52
Crude Oil C20-C50
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Hydrocarbons The alkenes have a double bond between at least two carbons. These are all unsaturated.
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HydrocarbonsThe alkynes have a triple bond between at least two carbons.
These are all unsaturated and highly reactive.
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Functional Groups
Alcohols
Esters
Benzene
Aldehyde
Ketone
Ether
Amide
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Functional groups-are bound to the carbon and gives the compound some sort of property.
For Example: Esters all have a sour taste and strong odor.
Ethyl acetateNail Polish Remover
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Because of their strong odors, esters are used in industry as artificial flavors and/or odors for things like gum, candy, soda,
candles, soaps, and perfumes.
Ethyl lactate Butter
Methyl cinnamateStrawberry
Prop-2-enyl hexanoate Pineapple
Ethyl valerateApple
Isobutyl acetate Cherry
Isoamyl acetateBanana
Ethyl cinnamateCinnamon