organic chemistry unit. what is organic chemistry? the study of carbon- containing compounds made up...
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OrganicOrganicChemistryChemistry
UnitUnit
What is Organic Chemistry?What is Organic Chemistry?
The study of carbon-
containing compounds made up ofnon-metal
elements(covalent bonds)
Organic Compound?Organic Compound?Yes or NoYes or No
Na2CO3 No
Yes!
Yes!
C2H6
C4H6Br2F2
Why Carbon??Why Carbon??Found in Nature ( ranked 17th in crust)
ElementCompound
Found in all living matterFound in body tissueFound in food Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum)
Forms of Carbon Forms of Carbon Term = Allotrope
Same elementDifferent bonding patternDifferent arrangement
• Diamond• Graphite
• Fullerene
•Carbon exists in 3 solid forms
DiamondDiamond
Tetrahedrally oriented
Hardest material known
Most dense form of Carbon
High melting point
Conducts heat
Does not conduct electricity
GraphiteGraphite
Layers of hexagonal plates
Soft Feels greasy Crumbles easily High melting point Conducts electricity
FullereneFullerene
Discovered in mid 1980s Found in soot Spherical cages of carbon Hexagons and pentagons Most stable is C60
Resembles geodesic dome C60 = Buckminsterfullerene
or
Buckyball
Diversity of Organic ChemistryDiversity of Organic Chemistry
Due to uniqueness of Carbon
• Can bond to itself covalently
• Forms chains and rings
• Term = Catenation
Carbon bonds to elementsCarbon bonds to elements
Carbon readily bonds to :– H– O– N– S– Halogens
Cl, Br, F,I
Hydrocarbons– Simplest
organic compounds
– Only contain Carbon and Hydrogen
(CxHy)
FormulasFormulas
Indicates # of atomsTypes of atoms
Molecular Formula
Written representations of a compound
using letters (and sometimes numbers)
Example:
C8H18
Structural Formula
Indicates
• # of atoms
• Type of atoms
• Bonding Arrangement
Structural formulas show all bonds in compound
Condensed structural formulas only show bonds between carbon atoms
CH3CHCH3
CH3
Arrangement of AtomsArrangement of Atoms
Compounds that have:–Same molecular
formula–Different structure
or arrangement–Called ISOMERS
As # of carbon atoms goes up
# of isomers goes up– C8 18 isomers– C9 35 isomers– C10 75 isomers– C40
69,491,178,805,831
Example of IsomersExample of Isomers
Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms are bonded in a different order
C4H10
Geometric IsomersGeometric Isomers
Order of atoms is the same but the arrangement in space is different
Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!
AlkanesAlkenesAlkynesAromaticsAlcohols
EthersEstersAldehydesKetonesAmines
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