HUMAN A&P

Unit 1 – Organization of the Human Body

I. Anatomy and Physiology

A. Anatomy is defined as________________________________________________________________

ie. What the parts___________!)

B. Physiology is defined as _______________________________________________________________

(ie. How the parts__________!)

Body structures and the relationship between structures

ARE

Body Functions

WORK

C. Structure (_______________) and Function (_____________) are closely tied together.1. Structure _____________function

Ex. What is the function of the skull?

Explain the structure of the skull?

ANATOMY

PHYSIOLOGY DICTATES

To protect the brain.

It is hard and does not move. It surrounds the brain.

II. Types of Anatomy

A. Gross Anatomy - ____________________________

___________________________________________

Structure viewed with the naked eye.

Ex. sheep heart

B. Microanatomy - ________________________________

______________________________________________

Structure viewed under magnification

Ex – bone tissue

C. Regional Anatomy - ____________________________

_____________________________________________

all structures for a given area (both gross and microanatomy)

Ex. Head and neck

D. Systemic Anatomy - ____________________________

______________________________________________

all of the structures for a given organ system (includes gross anatomy and microanatomy)

Ex. – Respiratory System

III. Levels of Body OrganizationA. Chemical

1. ___________________ - especially C, H, O, N

2. ___________________-water, carbs, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)

Atoms

Compounds

B. _______________________ 1. ______________- the basic unit of structure and function of living things

a. Cells contain _________________ that perform certain functions

b. Cells differ in their _____________ and _________________.

CELLULAR

Cells

organelles

structurefunction

Ex. Nerve cells are long and thin to carry info

C. _______________________1. Tissue -____________________________________

___________________ (there are four types – epithelial, connective, muscular, & nervous……which we will study in detail in a later unit)

TISSUE

A group of cells that work together to perform a certain task

D. _____________________1. Organs - ___________________________________

__________________________________________

Have 2 or more types of tissues working together to perform a certain function

Ex – the stomach has epithelial tissue inside and outside and muscle tissue between them. It also has nervous tissue and blood (which is connective tissue.) They all work together to help you digest your BIG MAC!

ORGANS

E. _____________________1. Organ Systems - ____________________________

__________________________________________2. The Major organ systems of the human body

are:

1. __________________7.___________________

2. __________________8.___________________ 3. __________________ 9.___________________

4.__________________ 10. __________________

5. __________________ 11.__________________

6. __________________

A group of organs that work together to perform the same function

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Integumentary

Skeletal Nervous

Muscular

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic Digestive

Respiratory

Urinary Reproductive

Endocrine

a. Organ systems work with each other to ___________ the organism.maintai

n

Ex – digestive system

F. _____________________1. ___________________________________________

__________________________________________

All of the organ systems combine to form the organism (such as a human)

ORGANISMAL

IV. 6 Life Processes in HumansA. Metabolism - ______________________________

__________________________________________1. Types of metabolism

a. Anabolism - __________________________ _____________________________________

b. Catabolism - ___________________________ ______________________________________

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

when simple molecules join to make larger molecules requires energy (ATP)Ex – monosaccharides join to make glucose when large molecules break into into simpler ones releases energy (ATP)

Ex – breaking down glucose into CO2 and H2O

B. _________________________ - the ability of the body to react to a changing internal and external environment

C. _______________________ - Including that of the entire body, body parts, cells and organelles within the cells.

D. ________________________ - an increase in body size due to increasing the number of cells, the size of cells, or the amount of material around the cells.

RESPONSIVENESS

MOVEMENT

GROWTH

E. _________________________- when unspecialized cells (like _______________) develop into a specific cell type such as a white blood cell or a muscle cell.

F. __________________________ - production of new cells or an entire new human.

DIFFERENTIATIONSTEM CELLS

REPRODUCTION

V. Body Plan

A. Anatomical Position - _________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Subject stands in front of the observer with head and feet facing forward, arms down at side and palms out to the observer

B. Major Regions of the Body

Head (cephalic)Neck

(cervical) Trunk

Upper Limb

Lower Limb

C. Minor Body Regions 1. Head (cephalic)

Forehead (frontal)

Eye (orbital)

Ear (otic)Cheek (buccal)

Nose (nasal)

Mouth (oral)Chin (mental)

2. Neck (cervical)

There is none

3. Upper Limb

Armpit (axillary)

Upper arm (brachial)

Front of elbow (antecubital) Forearm

(antebracheal)Wrist

(carpel) Palm (palmer)Fingers

(digital)

Shoulder (acromial)

Manual = wrist, fingers and palm

4. Lower Limb

Thigh (femoral)

Kneecap (patellar)

shin (crural)

Ankle (tarsel)Toes (digital)

Foot (pedal)

Hollow behind knee (popliteal)Calf (sural)

Heel (calcaneal)Sole (plantar)

5. Trunk - anterior

Chest (Thoracic)

Abdomen (Abdominal)Pelvis (pelvic)

Breast (mammary)Naval (umbilical)

Pubis (pubic)

Hip (coxal)

Groin (inguinal)

5. Trunk - posterior

Shoulder blade (scapular)

Back (dorsal)

Loin (lumbar)

Buttock (gluteal)

Spinal Column (vertebral)

Between Hips (sacral)

VI. Directional Terms

A. Why? ______________________________________

___________________________________________

We need these in order to describe the position of one part as compared to the position of another part.

TERM Definition Example

** The terms ventral and anterior are synonymous in humans, but not in four legged animals.

Superior or Cranial Toward the head

Inferior or caudal Toward the feet

Ventral or anterior Toward or at the

front of the body (in front of)Dorsal or posterior Toward or at the

back of the body

(behind)

TERM Definition Example

Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part on the body trunk

Distal Farther from the origin of a body part on the body trunk

Superficial or External Toward or at the body surface

Deep or Internal Away from the

body surface

TERM Definition Example

Medial Toward or at the midline of the body

Lateral Away from the

midline of the body

YOU NEED TO ADD THIS TO YOUR NOTES!

Prone: _________________________________________

_______________________________________________

Supine:_____________________________________________________________________________________

When the subject is lying with the ventral surface down (“Face down”)

When the subject is lying with the dorsal surface down (“Face up”)

VII. Types of Body Planes A. ____________________ - divides the body

horizontallyTransverse

B. ____________________ - divides the body into front and back (anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal)

Frontal

C. ____________________ - divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves

Midsagittal

D. ____________________ - divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left halves

E. ____________________ - Cuts at an odd angle

Parasagittal

Oblique

VIII. Body Cavities

A. Definition: _________________________________

__________________________________________

Space inside the body to contain, protect, separate and support internal organs

Thoracic Cavity

Abdomino-pelvic Cavity

Ven

tral B

od

y

Cavity

B. Ventral Body Cavity

Mediastinum Cavity (contains parts of trachea, esophagus & bronchi)

Right Pleural Cavity (contains right lung)

Left Pleural Cavity(contains left lung)

Pericardial cavity(contains heart)

1. Sub-Cavities within the Thoracic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity (contains digestive organs, liver, spleen & kidneys) Pelvic Cavity(contains urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs & rectum)

2. Two Sub-cavities of the Abdomino-pelvic cavity

C. Dorsal Body Cavity

Cranial Cavity(contains brain)

Vertebral Cavity(contains spinal cord)

Dorsal Body Cavity

Right Upper Quadrant(RUQ)Unique to the gall bladder & contains majority of the liver

IX. Body Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Right LowerQuadrant(RLQ)Unique to the appendix & contains part of large intestines & small intestines

Left UpperQuadrant(LUQ)Contains majority of the stomach

Left LowerQuadrant(LLQ)Contains small intestines & large intestines