Unit 1Unit 1

Georgia:Georgia:

Something For EveryoneSomething For Everyone

Geography vs. GeologyGeography vs. Geology

GeographyGeography: Describes the Earth: Describes the Earth The The RELATIONSHIPRELATIONSHIP between humans and between humans and

their environment. their environment. ““The study of Earth as a home for Man!”The study of Earth as a home for Man!”

GeologyGeology: Study of the Earth: Study of the Earth• The study of the origin, characteristics, The study of the origin, characteristics,

location of non-living materials which location of non-living materials which make up the Earth.make up the Earth.

Why do we need HISTORY?Why do we need HISTORY?

Geography helps Geography helps us interpret the us interpret the past, understand past, understand the present, and the present, and predict the future.predict the future.• Georgia’s history is Georgia’s history is

a timeline of human a timeline of human reactions to their reactions to their physical physical surroundings!surroundings!

““The Fall Line”The Fall Line”

Examples of GeographyExamples of Geography

HUMANHUMAN HistoricalHistorical PoliticalPolitical SocialSocial CulturalCultural UrbanUrban Demography:Demography:

Race, Religion, Age, Race, Religion, Age, Sex, Economics…Sex, Economics…

EconomicsEconomics

PhysicalPhysical CartographyCartography

MapsMaps

SoilSoil HydrologyHydrology

WaterWater

OceanographyOceanography ClimatologyClimatology

Weather, ClimateWeather, Climate

BiogeographyBiogeography EconomicsEconomics

Georgia FactsGeorgia Facts Western and Northern Western and Northern

HemispheresHemispheres North America (Continent)North America (Continent) United States (Country)United States (Country) Southeast (Region)Southeast (Region) Georgia (State)Georgia (State)

• ““Empire State of the South”Empire State of the South”

Cherokee (County)Cherokee (County) Canton (Town)Canton (Town) AddressAddressSectionalismSectionalism::

• NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods• Physical/CulturalPhysical/Cultural• Global/GeographicGlobal/Geographic• Mason-Dixon LineMason-Dixon Line

Named after surveyorsNamed after surveyors• Deep South/ConfederacyDeep South/Confederacy

Reasons for SettlementReasons for Settlement

Pre-historic Indians and the Europeans found Georgia attractive for the following reasons:

Mild weatherMild weather Abundant natural Abundant natural

resources (p. 31)resources (p. 31) Various land areasVarious land areas Rivers and portsRivers and ports

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude LatitudeLatitude: measures : measures

distance north and distance north and south of Equator; lines south of Equator; lines stretch east—west. stretch east—west.

LongitudeLongitude: measures : measures distance east and distance east and west of the Prime west of the Prime Meridian; lines stretch Meridian; lines stretch north—south. north—south.

p. 4 thru 9p. 4 thru 9

Georgia Facts #2Georgia Facts #2 Largest state Largest state EASTEAST of the Mississippi River of the Mississippi River 2121stst largest state U.S. largest state U.S. Highest PointHighest Point: : Brasstown BaldBrasstown Bald Lowest PointLowest Point: : CoastlineCoastline 159 Counties159 Counties

• Largest—WareLargest—Ware• Smallest—ClarkeSmallest—Clarke• Center—Twiggs Center—Twiggs

NorthNorth: : Tennessee and North CarolinaTennessee and North Carolina SouthSouth: : Florida and St. Mary’s RiverFlorida and St. Mary’s River EastEast: : Atlantic Ocean, South Carolina, and Atlantic Ocean, South Carolina, and

Savannah RiverSavannah River WestWest: : Alabama, Chattahoochee RiverAlabama, Chattahoochee River

5 Regions of Georgia5 Regions of Georgia Also known as Also known as

Physiographic RegionsPhysiographic Regions

Appalachian PlateauAppalachian Plateau• Cumberland, LookoutCumberland, Lookout

Blue RidgeBlue Ridge

Ridge and ValleyRidge and Valley

PiedmontPiedmont

Coastal PlainCoastal Plain

Blue RidgeBlue Ridge Highest and largest group of Highest and largest group of

mountains in Georgiamountains in Georgia

Acts as a barrier to keep Acts as a barrier to keep warm, moist from the gulf warm, moist from the gulf causing causing precipitationprecipitation--

Rain, sleet, snow, hail

LandmarksLandmarks::• Tallulah GorgeTallulah Gorge• HelenHelen• Brasstown Bald

Beginning of Appalachian TrailBeginning of Appalachian Trail

Apples, corn, vegetables, and Apples, corn, vegetables, and hardwood timberhardwood timber

Appalachian PlateauAppalachian Plateau

Smallest regionSmallest region TAG CornerTAG Corner

Tennessee Alabama Georgia

Hardwood forest, Hardwood forest, pastures for livestock, pastures for livestock, corn and soybean.corn and soybean.

Only known source of Only known source of coal in Georgia.coal in Georgia.

Most scenic but least Most scenic but least traveled traveled

Ridge and ValleyRidge and Valley Low open valleys and Low open valleys and

narrow ridges-narrow ridges- ”Wrinkles”

Flat fertile farmlandsFlat fertile farmlands• Harwood forest and Harwood forest and

pasturespastures

IndustrialIndustrial: textile and : textile and carpet manufacturingcarpet manufacturing

DALTONDALTON: : “Carpet “Carpet Capital of the World”Capital of the World”

The textile industryThe textile industry

PiedmontPiedmont Cherokee County/AtlantaCherokee County/Atlanta

Gently sloping and rolling hillsGently sloping and rolling hills

““Foot of the Mountains”Foot of the Mountains”

Georgia “Red Clay”Georgia “Red Clay”

Over 50% of the states Over 50% of the states populationpopulation

Business and IndustryBusiness and Industry

Encompasses 30% of state’s Encompasses 30% of state’s areaarea

Cotton, soybean, wheat, beef Cotton, soybean, wheat, beef and dairy cattle, chicken…and dairy cattle, chicken…

Atlanta skyline…The CapitolAtlanta skyline…The Capitol

Coastal PlainsCoastal Plains Largest region (60%)Largest region (60%)

• InnerInner (Northern) (Northern) AgriculturalAgricultural Vidalia UplandVidalia Upland Dougherty PlainDougherty Plain Peanuts, peaches, pecansPeanuts, peaches, pecans

• OuterOuter (Southern) (Southern) CoastalCoastal Swamp/MarshSwamp/Marsh Okefenokee SwampOkefenokee Swamp Barrier IslandsBarrier Islands::

• ““Golden Isles”Golden Isles”• Protect beachesProtect beaches

Continental ShelfContinental Shelf:: Protects our coast from Protects our coast from

hurricaneshurricanes

Coastal Plains IICoastal Plains II Prehistoric ocean extended to the Prehistoric ocean extended to the Fall LineFall Line

• Fossils of shark teeth, whale bones and various ocean life Fossils of shark teeth, whale bones and various ocean life found in Coastal Plainsfound in Coastal Plains

75 miles from coast line inland is known as 75 miles from coast line inland is known as “The Pine Barrens”“The Pine Barrens”• Hardly anything except pine trees grows in this region!Hardly anything except pine trees grows in this region!

Swamps rivers, streams, estuaries, and islands.Swamps rivers, streams, estuaries, and islands.• Slow, meandering, widening riversSlow, meandering, widening rivers• Tidal riversTidal rivers along coastline…saltwater and freshwater share along coastline…saltwater and freshwater share

areas during the tides as far as 10 miles inland.areas during the tides as far as 10 miles inland.

Coastal wetlands…Okeefenokee SwampCoastal wetlands…Okeefenokee Swamp• Glynn County’s wetlands inspired poet Sydney Lanier to write Glynn County’s wetlands inspired poet Sydney Lanier to write

“The Marshes of the Glynn” “The Marshes of the Glynn”

The Fall LineThe Fall Line

Important to development of GeorgiaImportant to development of Georgia Natural boundary that separates the Piedmont from the Natural boundary that separates the Piedmont from the

Coastal regionCoastal region Settlers were forced to stop by steep fallsSettlers were forced to stop by steep falls Waterfalls and fast running rivers excellent source of powerWaterfalls and fast running rivers excellent source of power

Columbus, Macon, Augusta…”CMA Awards”Columbus, Macon, Augusta…”CMA Awards”

Georgia WaterwaysGeorgia Waterways Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

Inter-coastal Waterway:Inter-coastal Waterway:• Method of boat travel along Method of boat travel along

the Eastern coast of the the Eastern coast of the United States.United States.

RiversRivers::• ChattahoocheeChattahoochee• SavannahSavannah

LakesLakes::• AllatoonaAllatoona• Sidney LanierSidney Lanier (Poet) (Poet)

Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

A little more than 100 miles of coastline Industry: fishing, boat building, tourism… Protected saltwater marshes and wildlife

refuges Inlets, creeks and islands where pirates hid

to attack merchant ships

The pirates using Georgia’s coastThe pirates using Georgia’s coast

RiversRivers

Savannah RiverSavannah River:: Discovered by Hernando de SotoDiscovered by Hernando de Soto Spreads into 3 lakes (Man-made):Spreads into 3 lakes (Man-made):

J. Strom Thurmond, Russell, HartwellJ. Strom Thurmond, Russell, Hartwell

Chattahoochee RiverChattahoochee River:: ““River of Painted Rocks”River of Painted Rocks” Supplies water to Atlanta and cities southSupplies water to Atlanta and cities south One of the 10 most endangered rivers in the U.S.One of the 10 most endangered rivers in the U.S.

All rivers provide transportation, recreation, water All rivers provide transportation, recreation, water supply, irrigation, and replenishing soils.supply, irrigation, and replenishing soils.

LakesLakes There are NO large There are NO large

natural lakes in natural lakes in Georgia.Georgia.• Created by the U.S. Created by the U.S.

Army Corps of Army Corps of Engineers and the Engineers and the Georgia Power Georgia Power Company.Company.

““Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?”Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?”

Provides recreation, reservoirs, and hydroelectric power.

Climate Terms (p. 33)Climate Terms (p. 33) Climate: weather over a : weather over a

period of time.period of time. Weather: day to day : day to day

changes in temperature , changes in temperature , precipitation, wind,…precipitation, wind,…

Temperature: a result of : a result of latitude, longitude, and latitude, longitude, and elevation.elevation.

Highest: JulyHighest: July Coldest: JanuaryColdest: January

Precipitation: rain, snow, : rain, snow, sleet, hail,…sleet, hail,…

Wettest: JulyWettest: July Driest: OctoberDriest: October

Drought: far below normal : far below normal rainfall…affects lake levels, rainfall…affects lake levels, water tables, hydroelectric water tables, hydroelectric power, recreation, and power, recreation, and agriculture.agriculture.

Winds: control weather: control weather Winter: Alaska/CanadaWinter: Alaska/Canada Summer: Gulf of Mexico Summer: Gulf of Mexico

and Atlantic Oceanand Atlantic Ocean Wind Currents: : flow or flow or

movement of air.movement of air. Jet Stream: 30,000 feet Jet Stream: 30,000 feet

above sea levelabove sea level Trade Winds: explorers Trade Winds: explorers

used to go to New Worldused to go to New World Westerlies: explorers used Westerlies: explorers used

to go hometo go home

Geographic TermsGeographic Terms Cardinal DirectionsCardinal Directions:: North, south, east, and west North, south, east, and west

Intermediate DirectionsIntermediate Directions:: Northeast, southeast, northwest, Northeast, southeast, northwest, southwestsouthwest

Absolute LocationAbsolute Location:: Latitude and longitude Latitude and longitude• Grid workGrid work

Relative locationRelative location:: position of one place compared to another position of one place compared to another• Distance, direction, locationDistance, direction, location

Population DensityPopulation Density:: amount of people per square mile amount of people per square mile

Metropolitan Statistical AreaMetropolitan Statistical Area:: has a central city of at least has a central city of at least 50,000 people50,000 people

Political RegionsPolitical Regions:: legal boundaries created by the government legal boundaries created by the government for election purposesfor election purposes

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents

71% of Earth covered in water. Current: “river” of ocean water.

Caused by the uneven cooling and heating Caused by the uneven cooling and heating of the Earth’s surfaceof the Earth’s surface

Gulf Stream: current along the east coast of the U.S. going from Florida to Maine.

Ships used this to move towards EuropeShips used this to move towards Europe Steers hurricanes away from GeorgiaSteers hurricanes away from Georgia

Hurricanes

CategoryCategory Wind MPHWind MPH Storm Storm SurgeSurge

Expected Expected DamageDamage

11 74-9574-95 4-4.9 Feet4-4.9 Feet MinimalMinimal

22 96-11096-110 5-7.95-7.9 ModerateModerate

33 111-130111-130 8-11.98-11.9 ExtensiveExtensive

44 131-155131-155 12-1812-18 ExtremeExtreme

55 >155>155 >18>18 CatastrophicCatastrophic

Hurricanes occur in water of 80 degrees or more!Season: beginning of June to end of November.

TornadoesTornadoes

RatingRating MPHMPH Expected Expected DamageDamage

F-0F-0 40-7240-72 Light (Loose debris)Light (Loose debris)

F-1F-1 73-11273-112 Moderate (Broken Moderate (Broken Windows)Windows)

F-2F-2 113-157113-157 Considerable (Broken Considerable (Broken Trees)Trees)

F-3F-3 158-206158-206 Severe (Outer Walls)Severe (Outer Walls)

F-4F-4 207-260207-260 Devastating Devastating (Structural)(Structural)

F-5F-5 261-318261-318 Forget About It!Forget About It!

Tornadoes are very unpredictable! Georgia averages 19/year.Tornadoes are very unpredictable! Georgia averages 19/year.

Georgia WildlifeGeorgia Wildlife

Wildlife (Fauna)Wildlife (Fauna) Whitetail DeerWhitetail Deer found in all 159

counties of Georgia. Endangered in early 1900s

Bald Eagle Bald Eagle hunting forbidden!

6 types of poisonous snakessnakes..

American Alligator American Alligator protected by the Federal government.

Loggerhead Sea TurtlesLoggerhead Sea Turtles:: Laws protect them on the

coast of GA and SC. No lights facing the

beach!• Guided by the MOON!

Pogo The PossumPogo The Possum

Georgia Trees and PlantsGeorgia Trees and Plants

Loblolly PineLoblolly Pine

AzaleaAzalea

AloeAloe

Trees and Plants (Flora)Trees and Plants (Flora)

HardwoodsHardwoods (North Georgia): (North Georgia): Hickory, Spruce, Maple

PinesPines (Piedmont and Coastal Plains): (Piedmont and Coastal Plains): Loblolly

Cypress and CedarCypress and Cedar (Okefenokee) (Okefenokee)

Flora in IndustryFlora in Industry

Economy:Economy: peaches and pecans Tourism:Tourism: azaleas, dogwood, iris… Medicine:Medicine:

Aloe (healing)Aloe (healing) Purple cornflower (insect repellant)Purple cornflower (insect repellant) Goldenrod (snakebites)Goldenrod (snakebites) Jewelweed (itch…poison ivy, bites)Jewelweed (itch…poison ivy, bites)

Kudzu:Kudzu: cascading plant…tough to kill. Can be used in health foods and starch.Can be used in health foods and starch.

CREDITSCREDITS

My apologies to those people whose My apologies to those people whose pictures I used as I had not learned pictures I used as I had not learned how to credit.how to credit.