Understanding Understanding Intercultural Intercultural Communication Communication Second Second EditionEditionChapter 4

What are the Keys to Understanding Cultural & Ethnic Identities?

Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva C. Chung

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

PowerPoint Slides Designed by Alex Flecky and Noorie Baig

TODAY’S MENUTODAY’S MENUI. Family and Gender Socialization

II. Group Membership: Intercultural Boundary Crossing

III. Group Affiliation and Identity Formation

IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change Process

V. Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables

An Application Exercise An Application Exercise

Who Am I? and

Who Are YOU?

I. Family and Gender I. Family and Gender SocializationSocializationIdentity: reflective self-conception or self-

image that we derive from family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization processes. “Social identities” cultural, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, social class, age, disability, or professional identity. “Personal identities” unique attributes we associate with our individuated self in comparison with others.

I. Family and Gender I. Family and Gender SocializationSocializationA. Families Come in Different Shapes1. Types of families: diverse types2. Two family types: personal and positional

B. Gender Socialization and Interaction Patterns1. Gender identity: Meanings and interpretations concerning gender images

2. Expectations concerning “femaleness” and “maleness” in our socialization process

II. Group Membership: II. Group Membership: Intercultural Intercultural Boundary Boundary CrossingCrossingA. The Process of Acculturation &

Enculturation Acculturation: incremental identity-related change process of immigrants and refugees in a new environment from a long-term perspective.

Enculturation: sustained, primary socialization process of individuals in their original home culture wherein they have internalized their cultural values.

II. Group Membership: II. Group Membership: Intercultural Intercultural Boundary Boundary CrossingCrossing

B. Systems-level Factors

C. Individual-level Factors

D. Interpersonal F2F and Network-Level Factors

E. Mass Media–Level Factors

III. Group Affiliation and Identity III. Group Affiliation and Identity FormationFormationA. Cultural Identity Conceptualizations

Cultural identityCultural identity salience

B. Ethnic Identity ConceptualizationsEthnic identityEthnic value content Ethnic identity salience

Click here to find out about the origin of the Hapa identity.

IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessProcessA. Cultural–Ethnic Identity Typological Model 1. Ethnic-oriented identity or traditional

option:Identifies strongly with ethnic traditions and values, identifies weakly with dominant culture’s values.

2. Assimilated identity: Identifies weakly with ethnic traditions and values; identifies strongly with larger culture’s values, norms.

3. Bicultural identity or integrative option: Identifies strongly with ethnic traditions and also with the values and practices of larger society.

4. Marginal identity state: Disconnected ties with both ethnic group and larger society, often experiences alienation, invisibility.

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IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessProcess

A. Cultural–Ethnic Identity Typological Model

B. Racial–Ethnic Identity Development Model

IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessProcess

IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessChange Processmy.blogs 4.2 and 4.3

Assess your Cultural Identity and Marginal Identity on p. 78

Assess your Ethnic Identity and Bicultural Identity on p. 80

IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessProcessC. Multiracial and Biracial Identity Social identity complexity theory

a. Intersection: Compound identity with 2 (or more) social membership categories cross to form a single, claimed identity.b. Dominance: Individual adopts one major social identity.c. Compartmentalization: Shifting of social identity category serving as basis of identification based on context or situation.d. Merger: Deep awareness of the complex multifaceted spheres of identity memberships and the importance of multiple ingroups.

V. Intercultural Reality V. Intercultural Reality Check: Check: Do-Ables Do-Ables

A. Practice Mindful Listening• Thoughtful attention to both verbal and

nonverbal messages.• Check responsively for accuracy.• Involves a consciously competent shift of

perspective. (How do things look from the other’s identity perspective?)

B. Practice Identity Validation Skills • Use verbal and nonverbal confirming

messages.• Recognize group- and person-based

identities.• Validate other people’s experiences as real.

Parting Thoughts. . . Parting Thoughts. . .

He who knows others

is learned; He who knows himself

is wise.

~ Lao Tzu