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Understanding Understanding Intercultural Intercultural Communication Communication Second Second EditionEditionChapter 4
What are the Keys to Understanding Cultural & Ethnic Identities?
Stella Ting-Toomey & Leeva C. Chung
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
PowerPoint Slides Designed by Alex Flecky and Noorie Baig
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TODAY’S MENUTODAY’S MENUI. Family and Gender Socialization
II. Group Membership: Intercultural Boundary Crossing
III. Group Affiliation and Identity Formation
IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change Process
V. Intercultural Reality Check: Do-Ables
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An Application Exercise An Application Exercise
Who Am I? and
Who Are YOU?
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I. Family and Gender I. Family and Gender SocializationSocializationIdentity: reflective self-conception or self-
image that we derive from family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization processes. “Social identities” cultural, ethnic, gender, sexual orientation, social class, age, disability, or professional identity. “Personal identities” unique attributes we associate with our individuated self in comparison with others.
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I. Family and Gender I. Family and Gender SocializationSocializationA. Families Come in Different Shapes1. Types of families: diverse types2. Two family types: personal and positional
B. Gender Socialization and Interaction Patterns1. Gender identity: Meanings and interpretations concerning gender images
2. Expectations concerning “femaleness” and “maleness” in our socialization process
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II. Group Membership: II. Group Membership: Intercultural Intercultural Boundary Boundary CrossingCrossingA. The Process of Acculturation &
Enculturation Acculturation: incremental identity-related change process of immigrants and refugees in a new environment from a long-term perspective.
Enculturation: sustained, primary socialization process of individuals in their original home culture wherein they have internalized their cultural values.
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II. Group Membership: II. Group Membership: Intercultural Intercultural Boundary Boundary CrossingCrossing
B. Systems-level Factors
C. Individual-level Factors
D. Interpersonal F2F and Network-Level Factors
E. Mass Media–Level Factors
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III. Group Affiliation and Identity III. Group Affiliation and Identity FormationFormationA. Cultural Identity Conceptualizations
Cultural identityCultural identity salience
B. Ethnic Identity ConceptualizationsEthnic identityEthnic value content Ethnic identity salience
Click here to find out about the origin of the Hapa identity.
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IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessProcessA. Cultural–Ethnic Identity Typological Model 1. Ethnic-oriented identity or traditional
option:Identifies strongly with ethnic traditions and values, identifies weakly with dominant culture’s values.
2. Assimilated identity: Identifies weakly with ethnic traditions and values; identifies strongly with larger culture’s values, norms.
3. Bicultural identity or integrative option: Identifies strongly with ethnic traditions and also with the values and practices of larger society.
4. Marginal identity state: Disconnected ties with both ethnic group and larger society, often experiences alienation, invisibility.
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IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessProcess
A. Cultural–Ethnic Identity Typological Model
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B. Racial–Ethnic Identity Development Model
IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessProcess
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IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessChange Processmy.blogs 4.2 and 4.3
Assess your Cultural Identity and Marginal Identity on p. 78
Assess your Ethnic Identity and Bicultural Identity on p. 80
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IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change IV. Ethnic–Racial Identity Change ProcessProcessC. Multiracial and Biracial Identity Social identity complexity theory
a. Intersection: Compound identity with 2 (or more) social membership categories cross to form a single, claimed identity.b. Dominance: Individual adopts one major social identity.c. Compartmentalization: Shifting of social identity category serving as basis of identification based on context or situation.d. Merger: Deep awareness of the complex multifaceted spheres of identity memberships and the importance of multiple ingroups.
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V. Intercultural Reality V. Intercultural Reality Check: Check: Do-Ables Do-Ables
A. Practice Mindful Listening• Thoughtful attention to both verbal and
nonverbal messages.• Check responsively for accuracy.• Involves a consciously competent shift of
perspective. (How do things look from the other’s identity perspective?)
B. Practice Identity Validation Skills • Use verbal and nonverbal confirming
messages.• Recognize group- and person-based
identities.• Validate other people’s experiences as real.
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Parting Thoughts. . . Parting Thoughts. . .
He who knows others
is learned; He who knows himself
is wise.
~ Lao Tzu