1. A coaches role in adolescent injury prevention A review of the literature surrounding injury prevention strategies in children and the importance of education for coaches in this area.

2. Overview O Exercising in Children O Adolescent Injuries O Injury Prevention in Children O Prehabilitation O Examples of overuse injuries O Literature O Conclusion 3. Exercising in Children O Obesity has become an epidemic [14] O Rise in obesity places importance on exercise at a young age O Evidence shows that physical activity at a young age often leads to continued activity as adults [8] O Enjoyment levels are key O Persistent injuries are a major deterrent for exercise in adolescents 4. Adolescents Injuries O Over one-third of school aged children will sustain an injury severe enough to be medically treated [1] O Childrens physiological differences put them at an increased risk O Sports injuries in children is an area of research that has been overlooked in medical and sport science literature [2] 5. Adolescents Injuries O Most commonly injured areas include ankle and knee. O Injuries can have lasting affects on children [3] 6. Injury Prevention in Children O The research into injury prevention in children is so far fairly minimal. O Up to half of all injuries children sustain in sport are preventable [3] O Proper coaching is a key way to help prevent injury [1] O Majority of adolescent teams are coached by parents who are relatively untrained 7. Prehabilitation O A system of educating young athletes and coaches to reduce the risk of injury [11] O Preventing injuries before they occur O A coach should utilize physical conditioning [10] O Correct lifting technique, improving core stabilizers, strengthening vulnerable areas O Larger emphasis on warm up and cool down [12] 8. Prehabilitation O Physical conditioning -designed to prevent injuries O Some articles indicate that resistance training can be harmful [11] There is little evidence to suggest this O Most research conducted indicates resistance training is beneficial in adolescents [3] O Need to monitor load- body weight exercises 9. Examples of Adolescent Specific Injuries O Osgood-Schlatter Disease O Severs Disease O Strategies exist for both conditions that can help reduce the likelihood of onset 10. Osgood-Schlatter Disease O Painful knee condition common in Children O Occurs during growth spurt O Prevention: -Stretching - Controlling load -minimize plyometrics [7] 11. Severs Disease O Painful inflammation of the heel O Commonly seen in growing adolescents O Large strain placed on Achilles tendon O Prevention -Stretching - Identifying podiatry imbalances [9] 12. Balance exercises to increase ankle stability O Research conducted on the benefits balance exercises have on ankle stability O Adolescent injuries can lead to osteoarthritis later in life O Study focuses on proprioceptive balance using a wobble board O Results were positive O This type of training can be applied to other at risk areas [5] 13. Literature O Not many studies have been designed to determine the effect of injury prevention measures in pediatric sports [2] O Of the available articles there is a strong support for prehabilation exercise as a way to reduce injury risk [6] O More adolescent specific needs to be done [4] O A major focus on coach education should be considered 14. Summary O Majority of literature supports the idea of injury prevention in adolescents O Coaches must be aware of these strategies O Research is minimal O Some negative results state that warm up is not a proven form of injury prevention and that physically conditioning can harm growing bodies O As long as coaches know how to properly manage training loads, resistance training is key for injury prevention O More research needs to be done and strategies to educated our coaches need to be put in place 15. References O 1. Adirim, TA, Cheng, TZ, 2003. Overview of Injuries in the Young Athlete. Sports Medicine, 33(1), 75-81. O 2. Caine, D, Maffulli, N, Caine, C, 2008. Epidemiology of Injury in Child and Adolescent Sports: Injury Rates, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 27(1), 19-50. O 3. Castiglia, PT, 1995. Sports Injuries in Children. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 9, 32-33. O 4. Emery, CA, 2003. Risk Factors for Injury In Child and Adolescent sport: A systematic Review of the Literature. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 13(4), 256-268. O 5. Emery, CA, Cassidy, D, Klassen, TP, Rosychuk, RJ, Rowe, BH, 2005. Effectiveness of a him-based balance-training program in reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172(6), 749-752. O 6. Hubscher, M, Zech, A, Pfeifer, K, Hansel, F, Vogt, L, Banzer, W, 2010. Neuromuscular Training for Sports Injury Prevention. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(3), 413-421. 16. References O 7. Krause, BL, Williams, JP, Catterall, A, 1990. Natural History of Osgood-Schlatter Disease. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 10(1), 65-68. O 8. Lobstein, T, Baur, L, Uauy, R, 2004. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews, 5, 4-85. O 9. Madden, CC, Mellion, MB, 1996. Sever's Disease and Other Causes of Heel Pain in Adolescents. journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians, 54(6), 1995-2000. O 10. Noble, RM, Linder, M, Janssen, E, Williams, B, Kinard, J, Tolman, M, Fox, J, 1997. Prehabilitation Exercises for the Lower Extremities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning, 19(1), 22-33. O 11. Pearce, PZ, 2006. Prehabilitation: Preparing Young Athletes for Sports. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 5, 155-160. O 12. Safran, MR, Seaber, AV, Garrett, WE, 1989. Warm-up and muscular injury prevention. Sports Medicine, 8(4), 239-249. 17. References O 13. Van Mechelen, W, Hlobil, H, Kemper, HC, 1992. Incidence, Severity, Aetiology and Prevention of Sports Injuries. Sports Medicine, 14(2), 82-99. O 14. Watts, K, Jones, TW, Davis, EA, Green, D 2005. Exercise Training in Obese Children and Adolescents. Sports Medicine, 35(5), 375-392.