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CFE TEXT

TREATY ON CONVENTIONAL ARMED FORCESIN EUROPE (CFE)

Signed: 19 November 1990. Entered into Force*: 9 November 1992. Duration: Unlimited. Depository: The Netherlands. Number of States Parties: 30 — Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Re-public, Denmark, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Moldova, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation*, Slovakia, Spain, Tur-key, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and United States.

*On 14 July 2007, Russia announced that it would suspend implementation of its Treaty obligations, effective after 150 days

The Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Hellenic Republic, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Iceland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic, Romania, the Kingdom of Spain, the Republic of Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, hereinafter referred to as the States Parties,

GUIDED by the Mandate for Negotiation on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of January 10, 1989, and having conducted this negotiation in Vienna beginning on March 9, 1989,

GUIDED by the objectives and the purposes of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, within the framework of which the negotiation of this Treaty was conducted,

RECALLING their obligation to refrain in their mutual relations, as well as in their international relations in general, from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner

inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,

CONSCIOUS of the need to prevent any military conflict in Europe,

CONSCIOUS of the common responsibility which they all have for seeking to achieve greater stability and security in Europe,

Striving to replace military confrontation with a new pattern of security relations among all the States Parties based on peaceful cooperation and thereby to contribute to overcoming the division of Europe,

COMMITTED to the objectives of establishing a secure and stable balance of conventional armed forces in Europe at lower levels than heretofore, of eliminating disparities prejudicial to stability and security and of eliminating, as a matter of high priority, the capability for launching surprise attack and for initiating large-scale offensive action in Europe,

RECALLING that they signed or acceded to the Treaty of Brussels of 1948, the Treaty of Washington of 1949 or the Treaty of Warsaw of 1955 and that they have the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of alliance,

COMMITTED to the objective of ensuring that the numbers of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty within the area of application of this Treaty do not exceed 40,000 battle tanks, 60,000 armored combat vehicles, 40,000 pieces of artillery, 13,600 combat aircraft and 4,000 attack helicopters,

AFFIRMING that this Treaty is not intended to affect adversely the security interests of any State,

AFFIRMING their commitment to continue the conventional arms control process including negotiations, taking into account future requirements for European stability and security in the light of political developments in Europe,

Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes © Center for Nonproliferation Studies

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HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article I

1. Each State Party shall carry out the obligations setforth in this Treaty in accordance with its provisions,including those obligations relating to the followingfive categories of conventional armed forces: battletanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combataircraft and combat helicopters.

2. Each State Party also shall carry out the othermeasures set forth in this Treaty designed to ensuresecurity and stability both during the period of reduc-tion of conventional armed forces and after the com-pletion of reductions.

3. This Treaty incorporates the Protocol on ExistingTypes of Conventional Armaments and Equipment,hereinafter referred to as the Protocol on ExistingTypes, with an Annex thereto; the Protocol on Proce-dures Governing the Reclassification of SpecificModels or Versions of Combat-Capable Trainer Air-craft Into Unarmed Trainer Aircraft, hereinafter re-ferred to as the Protocol on Aircraft Reclassification;the Protocol on Procedures Governing the Reductionof Conventional Armaments and Equipment Limitedby the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces inEurope, hereinafter referred to as the Protocol onReduction; the Protocol on Procedures Governing theCategorization of Combat Helicopters and the Re-categorization of Multi-Purpose Attack Helicopters,hereinafter referred to as the Protocol on HelicopterRecategorization; the Protocol on Notification andExchange of Information, hereinafter referred to asthe Protocol on Information Exchange, with an An-nex on the Format for the Exchange of Information,hereinafter referred to as the Annex on Format; theProtocol on Inspection; the Protocol on the JointConsultative Group; and the Protocol on the Provi-sional Application of Certain Provisions of the Treatyon Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, hereinafterreferred to as the Protocol on Provisional Application.Each of these documents constitutes an integral partof this Treaty.

Article II

1. For the purposes of this Treaty:

(A) The term "group of States Parties"means the group of States Parties that signedthe Treaty of Warsaw* of 1955 consisting ofthe Republic of Bulgaria, the Czech and

Slovak Federal Republic, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Poland, Romania and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the group of States Parties that signed or acceded to the Treaty of Brussels** of 1948 or the Treaty of Washington*** of 1949 consisting of the Kingdom of Belgium, Can-ada, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Hellenic Republic, the Republic of Ice-land, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Nether-lands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Portu-guese Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the Republic of Turkey, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America.

(B) The term "area of application" meansthe entire land territory of the States Partiesin Europe from the Atlantic Ocean to theUral Mountains, which includes all theEuropean island territories of the States Par-ties, including the Faroe Islands of theKingdom of Denmark, Svalbard includingBear Island of the Kingdom of Norway, theislands of Azores and Madeira of the Portu-guese Republic, the Canary Islands of theKingdom of Spain and Franz Josef Land andNovaya Zemlya of the Union of Soviet So-cialist Republics. In the case of the Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics, the area of appli-cation includes all territory lying west of theUral River and the Caspian Sea. In the caseof the Republic of Turkey, the area of appli-cation includes the territory of the Republicof Turkey north and west of a line extendingfrom the point of intersection of the Turkishborder with the 39th parallel to Muradiye,Patnos, Karayazi, Tekman, Kemaliye, Feke,Ceyhan, Dogankent, Gzne and thence to thesea.

(C) The term "battle tank" means a self-propelled armoured fighting vehicle, capableof heavy firepower, primarily of a highmuzzle velocity direct fire main gun neces-sary to engage armoured and other targets,with high cross-country mobility, with ahigh level of self-protection, and which isnot designed and equipped primarily totransport combat troops. Such armoured ve-hicles serve as the principal weapon systemof ground-force tank and other armouredformations. Battle tanks are tracked ar-


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moured fighting vehicles which weigh at least 16.5 metric tonnes unladen weight and which are armed with a 360-degree traverse gun of at least 75 millimeters calibre. In ad-dition, any wheeled armoured fighting vehi-cles entering into service which meet all the other criteria stated above shall also be deemed battle tanks.

(D) The term "armoured combat vehicle" means a self-propelled vehicle with ar-moured protection and cross-country capa-bility. Armoured combat vehicles include armoured personnel carriers, armoured in-fantry fighting vehicles and heavy armament combat vehicles.

The term "armoured personnel carrier" means an armoured combat vehicle which is designed and equipped to transport a combat infantry squad and which, as a rule, is armed with an integral or organic weapon of less than 20 millimeters calibre.

The term "armoured infantry fighting vehi-cle"means an armoured combat vehicle which is designed and equipped primarily to transport a combat infantry squad, which normally provides the capability for the troops to deliver fire from inside the vehicle under armoured protection, and which is armed with an integral or organic cannon of at least 20 millimeters calibre and some-times an antitank missile launcher. Ar-moured infantry fighting vehicles serve as the principal weapon system of armoured in-fantry or mechanized infantry or motorized infantry formations and units of ground forces.

The term "heavy armament combat vehicle" means an armoured combat vehicle with an integral or organic direct fire gun of at least 75 millimeters calibre, weighing at least 6.0 metric tonnes unladen weight, which does not fall within the definitions of an ar-moured personnel carrier, or an armoured infantry fighting vehicle or a battle tank.

(E) The term "unladen weight" means the weight of a vehicle excluding the weight of ammunition; fuel, oil and lubricants; remov-able reactive amour; spare parts, tools and accessories; removable snorkeling equip-ment; and crew and their personal kit.

(F) The term "artillery" means large calibre systems capable of engaging ground targets by delivering primarily indirect fire. Such artillery systems provide the essential indi-rect fire support to combined arms forma-tions.

Large calibre artillery systems are guns, howitzers, artillery pieces combining the characteristics of guns and howitzers, mor-tars and multiple launch rocket systems with a calibre of 100 millimeters and above. In addition, any future large calibre direct fire system which has a secondary effective indi-rect fire capability shall be counted against the artillery ceilings.

(G) The term "stationed conventional armed forces" means conventional armed forces of a State Party that are stationed within the area of application on the territory of an-other State Party.

(H) The term "designated permanent storage site" means a place with a clearly defined physical boundary containing conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty, which are counted within overall ceilings but which are not subject to limita-tions on conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty in active units.

(I) The term "armoured vehicle launched bridge" means a self-propelled armoured transporter-launcher vehicle capable of car-rying and, through built-in mechanisms, of emplacing and retrieving a bridge structure. Such a vehicle with a bridge structure oper-ates as an integrated system.

(J) The term "conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty" means bat-tle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artil-lery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters subject to the numerical limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and VI.

(K) The term "combat aircraft" means a fixed-wing or variable-geometry wing air-craft armed and equipped to engage targets by employing guided missiles, unguided rockets, bombs, guns, cannons, or other weapons of destruction, as well as any model or version of such an aircraft which


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performs other military functions such as re-connaissance or electronic warfare.

The term "combat aircraft" does not include primary trainer aircraft.

(L) The term "combat helicopter" means a rotary wing aircraft armed and equipped to engage targets or equipped to perform other military functions. The term "combat heli-copter" comprises attack helicopters and combat support helicopters. The term "com-bat helicopter" does not include unarmed transport helicopters.

(M) The term "attack helicopter" means a combat helicopter equipped to employ anti-amour, air-to-ground, or air-to-air guided weapons and equipped with an integrated fire control and aiming system for these weapons. The term "attack helicopter" com-prises specialized attack helicopters and multi-purpose attack helicopters.

(N) The term "specialized attack helicopter" means an attack helicopter that is designed primarily to employ guided weapons.

(O) The term "multi-purpose attack helicop-ter" means an attack helicopter designed to perform multiple military functions and equipped to employ guided weapons.

(P) The term "combat support helicopter" means a combat helicopter which does not fulfill the requirements to qualify as an at-tack helicopter and which may be equipped with a variety of self-defense and area sup-pression weapons, such as guns, cannons and unguided rockets, bombs or cluster bombs, or which may be equipped to per-form other military functions.

(Q) The term "conventional armaments and equipment subject to the Treaty" means bat-tle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artil-lery, combat aircraft, primary trainer aircraft, unarmed trainer aircraft, combat helicopters, unarmed transport helicopters, armoured ve-hicle launched bridges, armoured personnel carrier look-alikes and armoured infantry fighting vehicle look-alikes subject to in-formation exchange in accordance with the Protocol on Information Exchange.

(R) The term "in service," as it applies to conventional armed forces and conventional armaments and equipment, means battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft, primary trainer aircraft, un-armed trainer aircraft, combat helicopters, unarmed transport helicopters, armoured ve-hicle launched bridges, armoured personnel carrier look-a-likes and armoured infantry fighting vehicle look-a-likes that are within the area of application, except for those that are held by organizations designed and structured to perform in peacetime internal security functions or that meet any of the exceptions set forth in Article III.

(S) The terms "armoured personnel carrier look-alike" and "armoured infantry fighting vehicle look-alike" mean an armoured vehi-cle based on the same chassis as, and exter-nally similar to, an armoured personnel car-rier or armoured infantry fighting vehicle, respectively, which does not have a cannon or gun of 20 millimeters calibre or greater and which has been constructed or modified in such a way as not to permit the transpor-tation of a combat infantry squad. Taking into account the provisions of the Geneva Convention "For the Amelioration of the Conditions of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field" of 12 August 1949 that confer a special status on ambu-lances, armoured personnel carrier ambu-lances shall not be deemed armoured combat vehicles or armoured personnel carrier look-alike.

(T) The term "reduction site" means a clearly designated location where the reduc-tion of conventional armaments and equip-ment limited by the Treaty in accordance with Article VIII takes place.

(U) The term "reduction liability" means the number in each category of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty that a State Party commits itself to reduce during the period of 40 months fol-lowing the entry into force of this Treaty in order to ensure compliance with Article VII.

2. Existing types of conventional armaments and equipment subject to the Treaty are listed in the Pro-tocol on Existing Types. The lists of existing types shall be periodically updated in accordance with Ar-


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ticle XVI, paragraph 2, subparagraph (D) and Section IV of the Protocol on Existing Types. Such updates to the existing types lists shall not be deemed amendments to this Treaty.

3. The existing types of combat helicopters listed in the Protocol on Existing Types shall be categorized in accordance with Section I of the Protocol on Heli-copter Recategorization.

Article III

1. For the purposes of this Treaty, the States Parties shall apply the following counting rules:

All battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters, as defined in Article II, within the area of application shall be sub-ject to the numerical limitations and other provisions set forth in Articles IV, V and VI, with the exception of those which in a manner consistent with a State Party's normal practices:

(A) are in the process of manufacture, in-cluding manufacturing-related testing;

(B) are used exclusively for the purposes of research and development;

(C) belong to historical collections;

(D) are awaiting disposal, having been de-commissioned from service in accordance with the provisions of Article IX;

(E) are awaiting, or are being refurbished for, export or re-export and are temporarily re-tained within the area of application. Such battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, ar-tillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters shall be located elsewhere than at sites de-clared under the terms of Section V of the Protocol on Information Exchange or at no more than 10 such declared sites which shall have been notified in the previous year's an-nual information exchange. In the latter case, they shall be separately distinguishable from conventional armaments and equipment lim-ited by the Treaty;

(F) are, in the case of armoured personnel carriers, armoured infantry fighting vehicles, heavy armament combat vehicles or multi-purpose attack helicopters, held by organiza-

tions designed and structured to perform in peacetime internal security functions; or

(G) are in transit through the area of applica-tion from a location outside the area of ap-plication to a final destination outside the area of application, and are in the area of application for no longer than a total of seven days.

2. If, in respect of any such battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft or attack helicopters, the notification of which is required un-der Section IV of the Protocol on Information Ex-change, a State Party notifies an unusually high num-ber in more than two successive annual information exchanges, it shall explain the reasons in the Joint Consultative Group, if so requested.

Article IV

1. Within the area of application, as defined in Article II, each State Party shall limit and, as necessary, re-duce its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artil-lery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters so that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and there-after, for the group of States Parties to which it be-longs, as defined in Article II, the aggregate numbers do not exceed:

(A) 20,000 battle tanks, of which no more than 16,500 shall be in active units;

(B) 30,000 armoured combat vehicles, of which no more than 27,300 shall be in active units. Of the 30,000 armoured combat vehi-cles, no more than 18,000 shall be armoured infantry fighting vehicles and heavy arma-ment combat vehicles; of armoured infantry fighting vehicles and heavy armament com-bat vehicles, no more than 1,500 shall be heavy armament combat vehicles;

(C) 20,000 pieces of artillery, of which no more than 17,000 shall be in active units;

(D) 6,800 combat aircraft; and

(E) 2,000 attack helicopters.

Battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery not in active units shall be placed in designated per-manent storage sites, as defined in Article II, and shall be located only in the area described in para-


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graph 2 of this Article. Such designated permanent storage sites may also be located in that part of the territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics comprising the Odessa Military District and the southern part of the Leningrad Military District. In the Odessa Military District, no more than 400 battle tanks and no more than 500 pieces of artillery may be thus stored. In the southern part of the Leningrad Military District, no more than 600 battle tanks, no more than 800 armoured combat vehicles, including no more than 300 armoured combat vehicles of any type with the remaining number consisting of ar-moured personnel carriers, and no more than 400 pieces of artillery may be thus stored. The southern part of the Leningrad Military District is understood to mean the territory within that military district south of the line East-West 60 degrees 15 minutes northern latitude.

2. Within the area consisting of the entire land terri-tory in Europe, which includes all the European is-land territories, of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark including the Faroe Islands, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Re-public of Hungary, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Nether-lands, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Repub-lic including the islands of Azores and Madeira, the Kingdom of Spain including the Canary Islands, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire-land and that part of the territory of the Union of So-viet Socialist Republics west of the Ural Mountains comprising the Baltic, Byelorussian, Carpathian, Kiev, Moscow and Volga-Ural Military Districts, each State Party shall limit and, as necessary, reduce its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artil-lery so that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter, for the group of States Parties to which it belongs the aggregate numbers do not exceed:

(A) 15,300 battle tanks, of which no more than 11,800 shall be in active units;

(B) 24,100 armoured combat vehicles, of which no more than 21,400 shall be in active units; and

(C) 14,000 pieces of artillery, of which no more than 11,000 shall be in active units.

3. Within the area consisting of the entire land terri-tory in Europe, which includes all the European is-land territories, of the Kingdom of Belgium, the

Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark including the Faroe Islands, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Re-public of Hungary, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Nether-lands, the Republic of Poland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and that part of the territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-lics comprising the Baltic, Byelorussian, Carpathian and Kiev Military Districts, each State Party shall limit and, as necessary, reduce its battle tanks, ar-moured combat vehicles and artillery so that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and there-after, for the group of States Parties to which it be-longs the aggregate numbers in active units do not exceed:

(A) 10,300 battle tanks;

(B) 19,260 armoured combat vehicles; and

(C) 9,100 pieces of artillery; and

(D) in the Kiev Military District, the aggre-gate numbers in active units and designated permanent storage sites together shall not exceed:

(1) 2,250 battle tanks;

(2) 2,500 armoured combat vehi-cles; and

(3) 1,500 pieces of artillery.

4. Within the area consisting of the entire land terri-tory in Europe, which includes all the European is-land territories, of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, the Federal Re-public of Germany, the Republic of Hungary, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Poland, each State Party shall limit and, as necessary, reduce its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery so that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter, for the group of States Parties to which it belongs the aggregate numbers in active units do not exceed:




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(C) 5,000 pieces of artillery.

5. States Parties belonging to the same group of States Parties may locate battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery in active units in each of the areas described in this Article and Article V, paragraph 1, subparagraph (A) up to the numerical limitations applying in that area, consistent with the maximum levels for holdings notified pursuant to Article VII and provided that no State Party stations conventional armed forces on the territory of another State Party without the agreement of that State Party.

6. If a group of States Parties' aggregate numbers of battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery in active units within the area described in paragraph 4 of this Article are less than the numerical limita-tions set forth in paragraph 4 of this Article, and pro-vided that no State Party is thereby prevented from reaching its maximum levels for holdings notified in accordance with Article VII, paragraphs 2, 3 and 5, then amounts equal to the difference between the aggregate numbers in each of the categories of battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery and the specified numerical limitations for that area may be located by States Parties belonging to that group of States Parties in the area described in paragraph 3 of this Article, consistent with the numerical limitations specified in paragraph 3 of this Article.

Article V

1. To ensure that the security of each State Party is not affected adversely at any stage:

(A) within the area consisting of the entire land territory in Europe, which includes all the European island territories, of the Re-public of Bulgaria, the Hellenic Republic, the Republic of Iceland, the Kingdom of Norway, Romania, the part of the Republic of Turkey within the area of application and that part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics comprising the Leningrad, Odessa, Transcaucasus and North Caucasus Military Districts, each State Party shall limit and, as necessary, reduce its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery so that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter, for the group of States Parties to which it belongs the aggregate numbers in active units do not exceed the difference be-tween the overall numerical limitations set forth in Article IV, paragraph 1 and those in Article IV, paragraph 2, that is:

(1) 4,700 battle tanks;

(2) 5,900 armoured combat vehi-cles; and

(3) 6,000 pieces of artillery;

(B) notwithstanding the numerical limita-tions set forth in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, a State Party or States Parties may on a temporary basis deploy into the territory belonging to the members of the same group of States Parties within the area described in subparagraph (A) of this para-graph additional aggregate numbers in ac-tive units for each group of States Parties not to exceed:

(1) 459 battle tanks;

(2) 723 armoured combat vehicles; and

(3) 420 pieces of artillery; and

(C) provided that for each group of States Parties no more than one-third of each of these additional aggregate numbers shall be deployed to any State Party with territory within the area described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, that is:

(1) 153 battle tanks;

(2) 241 armoured combat vehicles; and

(3) 140 pieces of artillery.

2. Notification shall be provided to all other States Parties no later than at the start of the deployment by the State Party or States Parties conducting the de-ployment and by the recipient State Party or States Parties, specifying the total number in each category of battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artil-lery deployed. Notification also shall be provided to all other States Parties by the State Party or States Parties conducting the deployment and by the recipi-ent State Party or States Parties within 30 days of the withdrawal of those battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery that were temporarily deployed.

Article VI


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With the objective of ensuring that no single State Party possesses more than approximately one-third of the conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty within the area of application, each State Party shall limit and, as necessary, reduce its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters so that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and there-after, the numbers within the area of application for that State Party do not exceed:


(B) 20,000 armoured combat vehicles;

(C) 13,700 pieces of artillery;

(D) 5,150 combat aircraft; and

Article VII

1. In order that the limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and VI are not exceeded, no State Party shall ex-ceed, from 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty, the maximum levels which it has previously agreed upon within its group of States Parties, in ac-cordance with paragraph 7 of this Article, for its holdings of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty and of which it has provided notification pursuant to the provisions of this Article.

2. Each State Party shall provide at the signature of this Treaty notification to all other States Parties of the maximum levels for its holdings of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty. The notification of the maximum levels for holdings of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty provided by each State Party at the signa-ture of this Treaty shall remain valid until the date specified in a subsequent notification pursuant to paragraph 3 of this Article.

3. In accordance with the limitations set forth in Arti-cles IV, V and VI, each State Party shall have the right to change the maximum levels for its holdings of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty. Any change in the maximum levels for holdings of a State Party shall be notified by that State Party to all other States Parties at least 90 days in advance of the date, specified in the notification, on which such a change takes effect. In order not to exceed any of the limitations set forth in Articles IV and V, any increase in the maximum levels for hold-ings of a State Party that would otherwise cause those

limitations to be exceeded shall be preceded or ac-companied by a corresponding reduction in the pre-viously notified maximum levels for holdings of con-ventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty of one or more States Parties belonging to the same group of States Parties. The notification of a change in the maximum levels for holdings shall re-main valid from the date specified in the notification until the date specified in a subsequent notification of change pursuant to this paragraph.

4. Each notification required pursuant to paragraph 2 or 3 of this Article for armoured combat vehicles shall also include maximum levels for the holdings of armoured infantry fighting vehicles and heavy arma-ment combat vehicles of the State Party providing the notification.

5. Ninety days before expiration of the 40-month period of reductions set forth in Article VIII and sub-sequently at the time of any notification of a change pursuant to paragraph 3 of this Article, each State Party shall provide notification of the maximum lev-els for its holdings of battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artillery with respect to each of the areas described in Article IV, paragraphs 2 to 4 and Article V, paragraph 1, subparagraph (A).

6. A decrease in the numbers of conventional arma-ments and equipment limited by the Treaty held by a State Party and subject to notification pursuant to the Protocol on Information Exchange shall by itself con-fer no right on any other State Party to increase the maximum levels for its holdings subject to notifica-tion pursuant to this Article.

7. It shall be the responsibility solely of each individ-ual State Party to ensure that the maximum levels for its holdings notified pursuant to the provisions of this Article are not exceeded. States Parties belonging to the same group of States Parties shall consult in order to ensure that the maximum levels for holdings noti-fied pursuant to the provisions of this Article, taken together as appropriate, do not exceed the limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and VI.

Article VIII

1. The numerical limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and VI shall be achieved only by means of reduc-tion in accordance with the Protocol on Reduction, the Protocol on Helicopter Recategorization, the Pro-tocol on Aircraft Reclassification, the Footnote to Section I, paragraph 2, subparagraph (A) of the Pro-


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tocol on Existing Types and the Protocol on Inspec-tion.

2. The categories of conventional armaments and equipment subject to reductions are battle tanks, ar-moured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters. The specific types are listed in the Protocol on Existing Types.

(A) Battle tanks and armoured combat vehi-cles shall be reduced by destruction, conver-sion for non-military purposes, placement on static display, use as ground targets, or, in the case of armoured personnel carriers, modification in accordance with the Foot-note to Section I, paragraph 2, subparagraph (A) of the Protocol on Existing Types.

(B) Artillery shall be reduced by destruction or placement on static display, or, in the case of self-propelled artillery, by use as ground targets.

(C) Combat aircraft shall be reduced by de-struction, placement on static display, use for ground instructional purposes, or, in the case of specific models or versions of com-bat-capable trainer aircraft, reclassification into unarmed trainer aircraft.

(D) Specialized attack helicopters shall be reduced by destruction, placement on static display, or use for ground instructional pur-poses.

(E) Multi-purpose attack helicopters shall be reduced by destruction, placement on static display, use for ground instructional pur-poses, or recategorization.

3. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty shall be deemed to be reduced upon execu-tion of the procedures set forth in the Protocols listed in paragraph 1 of this Article and upon notification as required by these Protocols. Armaments and equip-ment so reduced shall no longer be counted against the numerical limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and VI.

4. Reductions shall be effected in three phases and completed no later than 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty, so that:

(A) by the end of the first reduction phase, that is, no later than 16 months after entry into force of this Treaty, each State Party shall have ensured that at least 25 percent of its total reduction liability in each of the categories of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty has been reduced;

(B) by the end of the second reduction phase, that is, no later than 28 months after entry into force of this Treaty, each State Party shall have ensured that at least 60 percent of its total reduction liability in each of the categories of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty has been reduced;

(C) by the end of the third reduction phase, that is, no later than 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty, each State Party shall have reduced its total reduction liabil-ity in each of the categories of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty. States Parties carrying out conver-sion for non-military purposes shall have en-sured that the conversion of all battle tanks in accordance with Section VIII of the Pro-tocol on Reduction shall have been com-pleted by the end of the third reduction phase; and

(D) armoured combat vehicles deemed re-duced by reason of having been partially de-stroyed in accordance with Section VIII, paragraph 6 of the Protocol on Reduction shall have been fully converted for non-military purposes, or destroyed in accor-dance with Section IV of the Protocol on Reduction, no later than 64 months after en-try into force of this Treaty.

5. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty to be reduced shall have been declared present within the area of application in the exchange of information at signature of this Treaty.

6. No later than 30 days after entry into force of this Treaty, each State Party shall provide notification to all other States Parties of its reduction liability.

7. Except as provided for in paragraph 8 of this Arti-cle, a State Party's reduction liability in each category shall be no less than the difference between its hold-ings notified, in accordance with the Protocol on In-


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formation Exchange, at signature or effective upon entry into force of this Treaty, whichever is the greater, and the maximum levels for holdings it noti-fied pursuant to Article VII.

8. Any subsequent revision of a State Party's holdings notified pursuant to the Protocol on Information Ex-change or of its maximum levels for holdings notified pursuant to Article VII shall be reflected by a notified adjustment to its reduction liability. Any notification of a decrease in a State Party's reduction liability shall be preceded or accompanied by either a notifi-cation of a corresponding increase in holdings not exceeding the maximum levels for holdings notified pursuant to Article VII by one or more States Parties belonging to the same group of States Parties, or a notification of a corresponding increase in the reduc-tion liability of one or more such States Parties.

9. Upon entry into force of this Treaty, each State Party shall notify all other States Parties, in accor-dance with the Protocol on Information Exchange, of the locations of its reduction sites, including those where the final conversion of battle tanks and ar-moured combat vehicles for non-military purposes will be carried out.

10. Each State Party shall have the right to designate as many reduction sites as it wishes, to revise without restriction its designation of such sites and to carry out reduction and final conversion simultaneously at a maximum of 20 sites. States Parties shall have the right to share or co-locate reduction sites by mutual agreement.

11. Notwithstanding paragraph 10 of this Article, during the baseline validation period, that is, the in-terval between entry into force of this Treaty and 120 days after entry into force of this Treaty, reduction shall be carried out simultaneously at no more than two reduction sites for each State Party.

12. Reduction of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty shall be carried out at reduction sites, unless otherwise specified in the Protocols listed in paragraph 1 of this Article, within the area of application.

13. The reduction process, including the results of the conversion of conventional armaments and equip-ment limited by the Treaty for non-military purposes both during the reduction period and in the 24 months following the reduction period, shall be subject to inspection, without right of refusal, in accordance with the Protocol on Inspection.

Article IX

1. Other than removal from service in accordance with the provisions of Article VIII, battle tanks, ar-moured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters within the area of application shall be removed from service only by decommis-sioning, provided that:

(A) such conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty are de-commissioned and awaiting disposal at no more than eight sites which shall be notified as declared sites in accordance with the Pro-tocol on Information Exchange and shall be identified in such notifications as holding areas for decommissioned conventional ar-maments and equipment limited by the Treaty. If sites containing conventional ar-maments and equipment limited by the Treaty decommissioned from service also contain any other conventional armaments and equipment subject to the Treaty, the de-commissioned conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty shall be separately distinguishable; and

(B) the numbers of such decommissioned conventional armaments and equipment lim-ited by the Treaty do not exceed, in the case of any individual State Party, one percent of its notified holdings of conventional arma-ments and equipment limited by the Treaty, or a total of 250, whichever is greater, of which no more than 200 shall be battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles and pieces of ar-tillery, and no more than 50 shall be attack helicopters and combat aircraft.

2. Notification of decommissioning shall include the number and type of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty decommissioned and the location of decommissioning and shall be pro-vided to all other States Parties in accordance with Section IX, paragraph 1, subparagraph (B) of the Protocol on Information Exchange.

Article X

1. Designated permanent storage sites shall be noti-fied in accordance with the Protocol on Information Exchange to all other States Parties by the State Party to which the conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty contained at designated perma-nent storage sites belong. The notification shall in-


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clude the designation and location, including geo-graphic coordinates, of designated permanent storage sites and the numbers by type of each category of its conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty at each such storage site.

2. Designated permanent storage sites shall contain only facilities appropriate for the storage and mainte-nance of armaments and equipment (e.g., warehouses, garages, workshops and associated stores as well as other support accommodation). Designated perma-nent storage sites shall not contain firing ranges or training areas associated with conventional arma-ments and equipment limited by the Treaty. Desig-nated permanent storage sites shall contain only ar-maments and equipment belonging to the conven-tional armed forces of a State Party.

3. Each designated permanent storage site shall have a clearly defined physical boundary that shall consist of a continuous perimeter fence at least 1.5 meters in height. The perimeter fence shall have no more than three gates providing the sole means of entrance and exit for armaments and equipment.

4. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty located within designated permanent stor-age sites shall be counted as conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty not in active units, including when they are temporarily removed in accordance with paragraphs 7, 8, 9 and 10 of this Article. Conventional armaments and equipment lim-ited by the Treaty in storage other than in designated permanent storage sites shall be counted as conven-tional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty in active units.

5. Active units or formations shall not be located within designated permanent storage sites, except as provided for in paragraph 6 of this Article.

6. Only personnel associated with the security or op-eration of designated permanent storage sites, or the maintenance of the armaments and equipment stored therein, shall be located within the designated perma-nent storage sites.

7. For the purpose of maintenance, repair or modifi-cation of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty located within designated per-manent storage sites, each State Party shall have the right, without prior notification, to remove from and retain outside designated permanent storage sites simultaneously up to 10 percent, rounded up to the nearest even whole number, of the notified holdings

of each category of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty in each designated permanent storage site, or 10 items of the conven-tional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty in each category in each designated permanent storage site, whichever is less.

8. Except as provided for in paragraph 7 of this Arti-cle, no State Party shall remove conventional arma-ments and equipment limited by the Treaty from des-ignated permanent storage sites unless notification has been provided to all other States Parties at least 42 days in advance of such removal. Notification shall be given by the State Party to which the conven-tional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty belong. Such notification shall specify:

(A) the location of the designated permanent storage site from which conventional arma-ments and equipment limited by the Treaty are to be removed and the numbers by type of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty of each category to be removed;

(B) the dates of removal and return of con-ventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty; and

(C) the intended location and use of conven-tional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty while outside the designated per-manent storage site.

9. Except as provided for in paragraph 7 of this Arti-cle, the aggregate numbers of conventional arma-ments and equipment limited by the Treaty removed from and retained outside designated permanent stor-age sites by States Parties belonging to the same group of States Parties shall at no time exceed the following levels:

(A) 550 battle tanks;


(C) 300 pieces of artillery.

10. Conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty removed from designated permanent storage sites pursuant to paragraphs 8 and 9 of this Article shall be returned to designated permanent storage sites no later than 42 days after their removal, except for those items of conventional armaments


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and equipment limited by the Treaty removed for industrial rebuild. Such items shall be returned to designated permanent storage sites immediately on completion of the rebuild.

11. Each State Party shall have the right to replace conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty located in designated permanent storage sites. Each State Party shall notify all other States Parties, at the beginning of replacement, of the num-ber, location, type and disposition of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty be-ing replaced.

Article XI

1. Each State Party shall limit its armoured vehicle launched bridges so that, 40 months after entry into force of this Treaty and thereafter, for the group of States Parties to which it belongs the aggregate num-ber of armoured vehicle launched bridges in active units within the area of application does not exceed 740.

2. All armoured vehicle launched bridges within the area of application in excess of the aggregate number specified in paragraph 1 of this Article for each group of States Parties shall be placed in designated perma-nent storage sites, as defined in Article II. When ar-moured vehicle launched bridges are placed in a des-ignated permanent storage site, either on their own or together with conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty, Article X, paragraphs 1 to 6 shall apply to armoured vehicle launched bridges as well as to conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty. Armoured vehicle launched bridges placed in designated permanent storage sites shall not be considered as being in active units.

3. Except as provided for in paragraph 6 of this Arti-cle, armoured vehicle launched bridges may be re-moved, subject to the provisions of paragraphs 4 and 5 of this Article, from designated permanent storage sites only after notification has been provided to all other States Parties at least 42 days prior to such re-moval. This notification shall specify:

(A) the locations of the designated perma-nent storage sites from which armoured ve-hicle launched bridges are to be removed and the numbers of armoured vehicle launched bridges to be removed from each such site;

(B) the dates of removal of armoured vehi-cle launched bridges from and return to des-ignated permanent storage sites; and

(C) the intended use of armoured vehicle launched bridges during the period of their removal from designated permanent storage sites.

4. Except as provided for in paragraph 6 of this Arti-cle, armoured vehicle launched bridges removed from designated permanent storage sites shall be re-turned to them no later than 42 days after the actual date of removal.

5. The aggregate number of armoured vehicle launched bridges removed from and retained outside of designated permanent storage sites by each group of States Parties shall not exceed 50 at any one time.

6. States Parties shall have the right, for the purpose of maintenance or modification, to remove and have outside of designated permanent storage sites simul-taneously up to 10 percent, rounded up to the nearest even whole number, of their notified holdings of ar-moured vehicle launched bridges in each designated permanent storage site, or 10 armoured vehicle launched bridges from each designated permanent storage site, whichever is less.

7. In the event of natural disasters involving flooding or damage to permanent bridges, States Parties shall have the right to withdraw armoured vehicle launched bridges from designated permanent storage sites. Notification to all other States Parties of such withdrawals shall be given at the time of withdrawal.

Article XII

1. Armoured infantry fighting vehicles held by or-ganizations of a State Party designed and structured to perform in peacetime internal security functions, which are not structured and organized for ground combat against an external enemy, are not limited by this Treaty. The foregoing notwithstanding, in order to enhance the implementation of this Treaty and to provide assurance that the number of such armaments held by such organizations shall not be used to cir-cumvent the provisions of this Treaty, any such ar-maments in excess of 1,000 armoured infantry fight-ing vehicles assigned by a State Party to organiza-tions designed and structured to perform in peacetime internal security functions shall constitute a portion of the permitted levels specified in Articles IV, V and


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VI. No more than 600 such armoured infantry fight-ing vehicles of a State Party, assigned to such organi-zations, may be located in that part of the area of ap-plication described in Article V, paragraph 1, sub-paragraph (A). Each State Party shall further ensure that such organizations refrain from the acquisition of combat capabilities in excess of those necessary for meeting internal security requirements.

2. A State Party that intends to reassign battle tanks, armoured infantry fighting vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft, attack helicopters and armoured vehicle launched bridges in service with its conventional armed forces to any organization of that State Party not a part of its conventional armed forces shall no-tify all other States Parties no later than the date such reassignment takes effect. Such notification shall specify the effective date of the reassignment, the date such equipment is physically transferred, as well as the numbers, by type, of the conventional arma-ments and equipment limited by the Treaty being reassigned.

Article XIII

1. For the purpose of ensuring verification of compli-ance with the provisions of this Treaty, each State Party shall provide notifications and exchange infor-mation pertaining to its conventional armaments and equipment in accordance with the Protocol on Infor-mation Exchange.

2. Such notifications and exchange of information shall be provided in accordance with Article XVII.

3. Each State Party shall be responsible for its own information; receipt of such information and of noti-fications shall not imply validation or acceptance of the information provided.

Article XIV

1. For the purpose of ensuring verification of compli-ance with the provisions of this Treaty, each State Party shall have the right to conduct, and the obliga-tion to accept, within the area of application, inspec-tions in accordance with the provisions of the Proto-col on Inspection.

2. The purpose of such inspections shall be:

(A) to verify, on the basis of the information provided pursuant to the Protocol on Infor-mation Exchange, the compliance of States

Parties with the numerical limitations set forth in Articles IV, V and VI;

(B) to monitor the process of reduction of battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, ar-tillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters carried out at reduction sites in accordance with Article VIII and the Protocol on Reduc-tion; and

(C) to monitor the certification of recatego-rized multi-purpose attack helicopters and reclassified combat-capable trainer aircraft carried out in accordance with the Protocol on Helicopter Recategorization and the Pro-tocol on Aircraft Reclassification, respec-tively.

3. No State Party shall exercise the rights set forth in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article in respect of States Parties which belong to the group of States Parties to which it belongs in order to elude the objectives of the verification regime.

4. In the case of an inspection conducted jointly by more than one State Party, one of them shall be re-sponsible for the execution of the provisions of this Treaty.

5. The number of inspections pursuant to Sections VII and VIII of the Protocol on Inspection which each State Party shall have the right to conduct and the obligation to accept during each specified time period shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Section II of that Protocol.

6. Upon completion of the 120-day residual level validation period, each State Party shall have the right to conduct, and each State Party with territory within the area of application shall have the obliga-tion to accept, an agreed number of aerial inspections within the area of application. Such agreed numbers and other applicable provisions shall be developed during negotiations referred to in Article XVIII.

Article XV

1. For the purpose of ensuring verification of compli-ance with the provisions of this Treaty, a State Party shall have the right to use, in addition to the proce-dures referred to in Article XIV, national or multina-tional technical means of verification at its disposal in a manner consistent with generally recognized principles of international law.


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2. A State Party shall not interfere with national or multinational technical means of verification of an-other State Party operating in accordance with para-graph 1 of this Article.

3. A State Party shall not use concealment measures that impede verification of compliance with the pro-visions of this Treaty by national or multinational technical means of verification of another State Party operating in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Ar-ticle. This obligation does not apply to cover or con-cealment practices associated with normal personnel training, maintenance or operations involving con-ventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty.

Article XVI

1. To promote the objectives and implementation of the provisions of this Treaty, the States Parties hereby establish a Joint Consultative Group.

2. Within the framework of the Joint Consultative Group, the States Parties shall:

(A) address questions relating to compliance with or possible circumvention of the provi-sions of this Treaty;

(B) seek to resolve ambiguities and differ-ences of interpretation that may become ap-parent in the way this Treaty is implemented;

(C) consider and, if possible, agree on measures to enhance the viability and effec-tiveness of this Treaty;

(D) update the lists contained in the Protocol on Existing Types, as required by Article II, paragraph 2;

(E) resolve technical questions in order to seek common practices among the States Parties in the way this Treaty is imple-mented;

(F) work out or revise, as necessary, rules of procedure, working methods, the scale of distribution of expenses of the Joint Consul-tative Group and of conferences convened under this Treaty and the distribution of costs of inspections between or among States Parties;

(G) consider and work out appropriate measures to ensure that information ob-tained through exchanges of information among the States Parties or as a result of in-spections pursuant to this Treaty is used solely for the purposes of this Treaty, taking into account the particular requirements of each State Party in respect of safeguarding information which that State Party specifies as being sensitive;

(H) consider, upon the request of any State Party, any matter that a State Party wishes to propose for examination by any conference to be convened in accordance with Article XXI; such consideration shall not prejudice the right of any State Party to resort to the procedures set forth in Article XXI; and

(I) consider matters of dispute arising out of the implementation of this Treaty.

3. Each State Party shall have the right to raise before the Joint Consultative Group, and have placed on its agenda, any issue relating to this Treaty.

4. The Joint Consultative Group shall take decisions or make recommendations by consensus. Consensus shall be understood to mean the absence of any ob-jection by any representative of a State Party to the taking of a decision or the making of a recommenda-tion.

5. The Joint Consultative Group may propose amendments to this Treaty for consideration and con-firmation in accordance with Article XX. The Joint Consultative Group may also agree on improvements to the viability and effectiveness of this Treaty, con-sistent with its provisions. Unless such improvements relate only to minor matters of an administrative or technical nature, they shall be subject to considera-tion and confirmation in accordance with Article XX before they can take effect.

6. Nothing in this Article shall be deemed to prohibit or restrict any State Party from requesting informa-tion from or undertaking consultations with other States Parties on matters relating to this Treaty and its implementation in channels or fora other than the Joint Consultative Group.

7. The Joint Consultative Group shall follow the pro-cedures set forth in the Protocol on the Joint Consul-tative Group.


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Article XVII

The States Parties shall transmit information and no-tifications required by this Treaty in written form. They shall use diplomatic channels or other official channels designated by them, including in particular a communications network to be established by a separate arrangement.

Article XVIII

1. The States Parties, after signature of this Treaty, shall continue the negotiations on conventional armed forces with the same Mandate and with the goal of building on this Treaty.

2. The objective for these negotiations shall be to conclude an agreement on additional measures aimed at further strengthening security and stability in Europe, and pursuant to the Mandate, including measures to limit the personnel strength of their con-ventional armed forces within the area of application.

3. The States Parties shall seek to conclude these ne-gotiations no later than the follow-up meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe to be held in Helsinki in 1992.

Article XIX

1. This Treaty shall be of unlimited duration. It may be supplemented by a further treaty.

2. Each State Party shall, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of this Treaty have jeopardized its supreme interests. A State Party intending to with-draw shall give notice of its decision to do so to the Depositary and to all other States Parties. Such notice shall be given at least 150 days prior to the intended withdrawal from this Treaty. It shall include a state-ment of the extraordinary events the State Party re-gards as having jeopardized its supreme interests.

3. Each State Party shall, in particular, in exercising its national sovereignty, have the right to withdraw from this Treaty if another State Party increases its holdings in battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft or attack helicopters, as de-fined in Article II, which are outside the scope of the limitations of this Treaty, in such proportions as to pose an obvious threat to the balance of forces within the area of application.

Article XX

1. Any State Party may propose amendments to this Treaty. The text of a proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary, which shall circulate it to all the States Parties.

2. If an amendment is approved by all the States Par-ties, it shall enter into force in accordance with the procedures set forth in Article XXII governing the entry into force of this Treaty.

Article XXI

1. Forty-six months after entry into force of this Treaty, and at five-year intervals thereafter, the De-positary shall convene a conference of the States Par-ties to conduct a review of the operation of this Treaty.

2. The Depositary shall convene an extraordinary conference of the States Parties, if requested to do so by any State Party which considers that exceptional circumstances relating to this Treaty have arisen, in particular, in the event that a State Party has an-nounced its intention to leave its group of States Par-ties or to join the other group of States Parties, as defined in Article II, paragraph 1, subparagraph (A). In order to enable the other States Parties to prepare for this conference, the request shall include the rea-son why that State Party deems an extraordinary con-ference to be necessary. The conference shall con-sider the circumstances set forth in the request and their effect on the operation of this Treaty. The con-ference shall open no later than 15 days after receipt of the request and, unless it decides otherwise, shall last no longer than three weeks.

3. The Depositary shall convene a conference of the States Parties to consider an amendment proposed pursuant to Article XX, if requested to do so by three or more States Parties. Such a conference shall open no later than 21 days after receipt of the necessary requests.

4. In the event that a State Party gives notice of its decision to withdraw from this Treaty pursuant to Article XIX, the Depositary shall convene a confer-ence of the States Parties which shall open no later than 21 days after receipt of the notice of withdrawal in order to consider questions relating to the with-drawal from this Treaty.

Article XXII


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1. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by each State Party in accordance with its constitutional pro-cedures. Instruments of ratification shall be deposited with the Government of the Kingdom of the Nether-lands, hereby designated the Depositary.

2. This Treaty shall enter into force 10 days after in-struments of ratification have been deposited by all States Parties listed in the Preamble.

3. The Depositary shall promptly inform all States Parties of:

(A) the deposit of each instrument of ratifi-cation;

(B) the entry into force of this Treaty;

(C) any withdrawal in accordance with Arti-cle XIX and its effective date;

(D) the text of any amendment proposed in accordance with Article XX;

(E) the entry into force of any amendment to this Treaty;

(F) any request to convene a conference in accordance with Article XXI;

(G) the convening of a conference pursuant to Article XXI; and

(H) any other matter of which the Deposi-tary is required by this Treaty to inform the States Parties.

4. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article XXIII

The original of this Treaty, of which the English, French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the ar-chives of the Depositary. Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall be transmitted by the Depositary to all the States Parties.

_____________________

* The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance signed in Warsaw, 14 May 1955

** The Treaty of Economic, Social and Cultural Col-laboration and Collective Self-Defense signed in Brussels, 17 March 1948

*** The North Atlantic Treaty signed in Washington, 4 April 1949

___________________________________________

ADDENDUM To

Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and Related Documents

I.

Final Document of the First Conference to Review the Operation of the Treaty on Conventional

Armed Forces in Europe and the Concluding Act of the Negotiation on Personnel Strength

Vienna, 15-31 May 1996

The Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Republic, the Republic of Belarus, the Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech Repub-lic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, Georgia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Hel-lenic Republic, the Republic of Hungary, the Repub-lic of Iceland, the Italian Republic, the Republic of Kazakstan, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Republic of Moldova, the Kingdom of the Nether-lands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Republic of Po-land, the Portuguese Republic, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the Republic of Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, which are the States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of 19 November 1990, hereinafter referred to as the States Parties,

Fulfilling the obligation set forth in Article XXI, paragraph 1, of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, hereinafter referred to as the Treaty, to conduct a review of the operation of the Treaty, and thereby taking into account the Final Documents of the Extraordinary Conferences of the States Parties of 10 July 1992 in Helsinki and 13 November 1992 in Vienna,


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Acting in accordance with the provision of Section VII, paragraph 3, of the Concluding Act of the Nego-tiation on Personnel Strength of Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of 10 July 1992, hereinafter referred to as the Concluding Act,

Recalling the results of the Extraordinary Confer-ences held thus far,

Reaffirming all the decisions of the Joint Consulta-tive Group made thus far,

Having met at the First Review Conference, chaired by the Kingdom of the Netherlands, from 15 to 31 May 1996 in Vienna,

Have adopted the following:

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The States Parties reaffirm the fundamental role of the Treaty as a cornerstone of European security and their adherence to its goals and objectives. It is in their common interest to preserve the integrity of the Treaty and the Concluding Act as well as the predict-ability and transparency they have created. The States Parties reaffirm their determination to fulfil in good faith all obligations and commitments arising from the Treaty and its associated documents. Bearing that in mind, they commit themselves to enhance the vi-ability and effectiveness of the Treaty.

2. The negotiation, conclusion and implementation of the Treaty and the Concluding Act, as well as the ratification of the Treaty, took place in times of change during which the European security environ-ment evolved significantly. The Warsaw Treaty Or-ganization has ceased to exist. New States have emerged and became States Parties to the Treaty. At the same time, new risks and challenges to security have come to the fore. As a result of common efforts of the States Parties, the Treaty and the Concluding Act have remained vital stabilizing factors in this period of transition and contributed to its peaceful unfolding.

3. The States Parties stress that security and stability in Europe are vitally underpinned by the continuation and enhancement of robust arms control measures. Recognizing the evolution of the European political and security environment, the States Parties are re-solved to continue the conventional arms control process, including through the enhancement of the

viability and effectiveness of the Treaty. They see this as a common responsibility.

4. The States Parties recognize that the Treaty and the Concluding Act are essential contributions to the achievement of the goals and purposes of the Organi-zation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), in particular the promotion of confidence, stability and security in an undivided Europe. In that context, they stress the importance of the develop-ment of a common and comprehensive security model for Europe for the twenty-first century, of the implementation of the Treaty on Open Skies and of the ongoing security dialogue and negotiations in the Forum for Security Co-operation.

II. REVIEW OF THE OPERATION OF THE TREATY AND THE CONCLUDING ACT

5. The States Parties note with satisfaction that more than 58,000 pieces of conventional armaments and equipment have been reduced, and that the overall holdings of conventional armaments and equipment within the area of application are substantially lower than the limits set in the Treaty.

More than 2,500 inspections have taken place. A permanent system for regular and routine exchange of Treaty notifications and other information has been developed. The Joint Consultative Group has been firmly established and has demonstrated its util-ity and importance as the ongoing Treaty forum.

With regard to the Concluding Act, the States Parties note with satisfaction that the personnel strength of conventional armed forces in the area of application was reduced by 1.2 million persons.

6. The States Parties note that the Treaty established a high degree of transparency in military relations through its comprehensive system for exchange of information and for verification. Together with the extensive reductions of conventional armaments and equipment, this has led to greater predictability and confidence in security relations. The Treaty has also nurtured the development of new patterns of co-operation in Europe and provides a basis for stability and enhanced security in Europe at substantially lower levels of conventional armaments and equip-ment than heretofore. Although risks and challenges still exist in some parts of Europe, the capability for launching surprise attack and the danger of large-scale offensive action in Europe as a whole have been diminished substantially. Nevertheless, the achieve-ment of the goals of the Treaty in the whole area of


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its application requires continuous efforts by the States Parties.

7. The States Parties reaffirm the continued relevance of the basic structures of the Treaty, including the principle of zonal limitations, as embodied in Articles IV and V of the Treaty. In this respect, and in line with the Decision of the Joint Consultative Group of 17 November 1995, the States Parties have agreed on a Document, which is contained in Annex A, reflect-ing a combination of measures agreed in co-operative fashion and acceptable to all Parties to the Treaty.

8. The States Parties regret that not all reduction ob-ligations pursuant to the Treaty have been met. They stress the necessity to complete as soon as possible reductions of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty (TLE) in accordance with obli-gations under the Treaty. They note with satisfaction the reiterated commitment of those States Parties which still have to complete reductions to comply with the provisions of the Treaty and its associated documents. All States Parties express their readiness to follow this process to its completion in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty. In this context, being aware of difficulties which have delayed the completion of reductions, they take positive note of efforts undertaken in order to meet fully obligations under the Treaty.

9. The States Parties express their concern with seri-ous difficulties of some States Parties to comply fully, within their territory, with the provisions of the Treaty and its related documents due to TLE unac-counted for and uncontrolled within the Treaty. This situation adversely affects the operation of the Treaty and complicates its implementation.

They stress the need to reach as soon as possible relevant political solutions and to elaborate necessary measures to enable the implementation of the Treaty in accordance with its provisions.

They express their readiness to address the issue of this TLE in the Joint Consultative Group, including the ways and means to facilitate the resolution of this issue.

10. The States Parties have adopted the understand-ings and agreed interpretations with regard to imple-mentation and ways and means to improve the viabil-ity and effectiveness of the Treaty as specified in Annex B of this Final Document.

11. The States Parties have agreed that the implemen-tation issues contained in Annex C of this Final Document require further consideration and resolu-tion in the Joint Consultative Group.

12. The States Parties reaffirm the arrangements re-garding Article XII reached at the Extraordinary Con-ference in Oslo in 1992.

They understand that for successor States that had become States Parties by 1992, paragraph 2 of the Article XII part of the Oslo arrangement should be read as: 'In particular, no State Party will increase within the area of application its holdings of ar-moured infantry fighting vehicles held by organiza-tions designed and structured to perform in peacetime internal security functions above that aggregate num-ber held by such organizations at the time of signa-ture of the Treaty, as notified on their territory pursu-ant to the information exchange as of November 19, 1990.'

They agree to work further on the issue of Article XII in the Joint Consultative Group, taking into account the proposals made at the Review Conference.

13. The States Parties stressed the importance of full and continuous respect for the provisions of Article IV, paragraph 5, in the context of maintaining the viability of the Treaty, as well as for the sovereignty of the States Parties involved.

The States Parties noted that, in certain instances, bilateral agreements are under negotiation -- or in the process of ratification or implementation -- which relate to the provisions of Article IV, paragraph 5. The States Parties expressed their support for early and positive results of the ongoing process.

The States Parties consider that the importance of the Article IV provisions on stationing forces should be recognized in the context of the process foreseen in Section III of this Final Document.

14. In the context of the process foreseen in Section III of this Final Document, the States Parties will examine different interpretations of temporary de-ployments so as to ensure that these temporary de-ployments do not become indefinite.

15. The States Parties recall that, according to Article II, paragraph 2, of the Treaty, the lists of existing types contained in the Protocol on Existing Types of Conventional Armaments and Equipment (POET)


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shall be updated periodically by the Joint Consulta-tive Group in accordance with Section IV of the POET. However, it has not been updated since the Treaty's conclusion.

The States Parties instruct their delegations to the Joint Consultative Group to update the POET. They further agreed that:

• any inaccuracies should be corrected, in-cluding by removal of types, models and versions of conventional armaments and equipment that do not meet Treaty criteria;

• the Joint Consultative Group should con-sider if a yearly update of the lists would be appropriate;

• the Joint Consultative Group should con-sider an electronic version of the lists in all official languages.

16. The States Parties also discussed the topics con-tained in Annex D of this Final Document.

17. The States Parties welcome the statement of the representative of the Russian Federation to promote the implementation of the statement of the represen-tative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the Joint Consultative Group on 14 June 1991 in Vi-enna. The text of the Russian statement is given in Annex E of this Final Document.

18. The States Parties recommend that, in view of the issues that have been referred to the Joint Consulta-tive Group, most effective use is made of the provi-sions of Article XVI and the Protocol on the Joint Consultative Group in order to allow the Joint Con-sultative Group to address all those issues in a proper manner.

III. FUTURE WORK ON THE TREATY

19. In view of Sections I and II of this Final Docu-ment, the States Parties instruct their delegations to the Joint Consultative Group to expand upon their work in accordance with Article XVI of the Treaty. Taking fresh impetus from this Review Conference, they will immediately start a thorough process aimed at improving the operation of the Treaty in a chang-ing environment and, through that, the security of each State Party, irrespective of whether it belongs to a politico-military alliance. As part of this process, the States Parties will consider measures and adapta-tions with the aim of promoting the objectives of the Treaty and of enhancing its viability and effective-

ness, including but not limited to the consideration of proposals already made to that effect. The character of this process should be such as to permit the Treaty to sustain its key role in the European security archi-tecture. Its scope and parameters should be defined as a matter of priority.

20. Until the entry into force of such measures and adaptations, the States Parties will observe all provi-sions of the Treaty and its associated documents.

21. The States Parties will consider a progress report on the intermediate results of this process at the time of the OSCE Lisbon Summit. That report will, inter alia, include recommendations on the way ahead.

*****

In accordance with Article XXI, paragraph 1, the States parties look forward to gathering again in five years' time at the Second Conference to Review the Operation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.

This Final Document, together with its Annexes A, B, C, D and E, which are integral to it, having been drawn up in all the official languages of the Organi-zation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, shall be deposited with the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as the designated Depositary for the Treaty, which shall circulate copies of this Final Document to all States Parties.

Annex A: Document agreed among the States Parties to the

Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of Novem-

ber 19, 1990 The 30 States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of November 19, 1990, hereinafter referred to as the Treaty,

Have agreed as follows:

I

1. Each State Party shall, taking into account the clarification set forth in this Document relating to the area described in Article V, subparagraph 1(A), of the Treaty and taking into account the understandings on flexibility set forth in this Document, comply fully with the numerical limitations set forth in the Treaty, including Article V thereof, no later than 31 May 1999.


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2. Paragraph 1 of this Section shall be understood as not giving any State Party, which was in compliance with the numerical limitations set forth in the Treaty, including Article V thereof, as of 1 January 1996, the right to exceed any of the numerical limitations set forth in the Treaty.

3. Pursuant to the Decision of the Joint Consultative Group of 17 November 1995, the States Parties shall co-operate to the maximum extent possible to ensure the full implementation of the provisions of this Document.

II

1. Within the area described in Article V, subpara-graph 1(A), of the Treaty, as understood by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at the time the Treaty was signed, Russian Federation shall limit its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, and artillery so that, no later than 31 May 1999 and thereafter, the aggre-gate numbers do not exceed:


(B) 3,700 armoured combat vehicles, of which no more than 552 shall be located within the Astrakhan oblast; no more than 552 shall be located within the Volgograd oblast; no more than 310 shall be located within the eastern part of the Rostov oblast described in Section III, paragraph 1, of this Document; and no more than 600 shall be located within the Pskov oblast; and


2. Within the Odessa oblast, Ukraine shall limit its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, and artillery so that, upon provisional application of this Docu-ment and thereafter, the aggregate numbers do not exceed:

(A) 400 battle tanks;

(B) 400 armoured combat vehicles; and

(C) 350 pieces of artillery.

3. Upon provisional application of this Document and until 31 May 1999, the Russian Federation shall limit its battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, and artil-lery, within the area described in Article V, subpara-

graph 1(A), of the Treaty, as understood by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at the time the Treaty was signed, so that the aggregate numbers do not exceed:




III

1. For the purposes of this Document and the Treaty, the following territory, as constituted on 1 January 1996, of the Russian Federation shall be deemed to be located in the area described in Article IV, para-graph 2, of the Treaty rather than in the area de-scribed in Article V, subparagraph 1(A), of the Treaty: the Pskov oblast; the Volgograd oblast; the Astrakhan oblast; that part of the Rostov oblast east of the line extending from Kushchevskaya to Vol-godonsk to the Volgograd oblast border, including Volgodonsk; and Kushchevskaya and a narrow corri-dor in Krasnodar kray leading to Kushchevskaya.

2. For the purposes of this Document and the Treaty, the territory of the Odessa oblast, as constituted on 1 January 1996, of Ukraine shall be deemed to be lo-cated in the area described in Article IV, paragraph 3, of the Treaty rather than in the area described in Arti-cle V, subparagraph 1(A), of the Treaty.

IV

1. The States Parties shall, during the period before 31 May 1999, examine the Treaty provisions on des-ignated permanent storage sites so as to allow all battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, and artillery in designated permanent storage sites, including those subject to regional numerical limitations, to be lo-cated with active units.

2. The Russian Federation shall have the right to util-ize to the maximum extent possible the provisions of the Treaty on temporary deployment of battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, and artillery within its territory and outside its territory. Such temporary deployments on the territory of other States Parties shall be achieved by means of free negotiations and with full respect for the sovereignty of the States Par-ties involved.


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3. The Russian Federation shall have the right to util-ize, to the maximum extent possible, reallocation, in accordance with existing agreements, of the current quotas for battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, and artillery established by the Agreement on the Principles and Procedures for the Implementation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, done at Tashkent on 15 May 1992. Such reallocations shall be achieved by means of free negotiations and with full respect for the sovereignty of the States Par-ties involved.

4. The Russian Federation shall count against the numerical limitations established in the Treaty and paragraph 1 of Section II of this Document any ar-moured combat vehicles listed as 'to be removed' in its information exchange of 1 January 1996 that are not so removed by 31 May 1999.

V

1. In addition to the annual information exchange provided pursuant to Section VII, subparagraph 1(C), of the Protocol on Notification and Exchange of In-formation, the Russian Federation shall provide in-formation equal to that reported in the annual infor-mation exchange on the area described in Article V, subparagraph 1(A), of the Treaty, as understood by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at the time the Treaty was signed, upon provisional application of this Document and every six months after the an-nual information exchange. In the case of Kusk-chevskaya, the Russian Federation shall provide such additional information every three months after the annual information exchange.

2. Upon provisional application of this Document, Ukraine shall provide 'F21' notifications for its hold-ings within the Odessa oblast on the basis of changes of five, rather than ten, per cent or more in assigned holdings.

3. Subject to paragraphs 5 and 6 of this Section, the Russian Federation shall, upon provisional applica-tion of this Document, accept each year, in addition to its passive declared site inspection quota estab-lished pursuant to Section II, subparagraph 10(D), of the Protocol on Inspection, up to a total of 10 sup-plementary declared site inspections, conducted in accordance with the Protocol on Inspection, at ob-jects of verification:

(A) located within the Pskov oblast; the Volgograd oblast; the Astrakhan oblast; that part of the Rostov oblast east of the line ex-

tending from Kushchevskaya to Volgodonsk to the Volgograd oblast border, including Volgodonsk; and Kuskchevskaya and a nar-row corridor in Kasnodar kray leading to Kushchevskaya;

(B) containing conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty designated by the Russian Federation in its annual in-formation exchange of 1 January 1996 as 'to be removed', until such time that a declared site inspection confirms that such equipment has been removed.

4. Subject to paragraphs 5 and 6 of this Section, Ukraine shall, upon provisional application of this Document, accept each year, in addition to its passive declared site inspection quota established pursuant to Section II, subparagraph 10(D), of the Protocol on Inspection, up to a total of one supplementary de-clared site inspection, conducted in accordance with the Protocol on Inspection, at objects of verification located within the Odessa oblast.

5. The number of supplementary declared site inspec-tions conducted at objects of verification pursuant to paragraph 3 or 4 of this Section shall not exceed the number of declared site passive quota inspections, established in accordance with Section II, subpara-graph 10(D), of the Protocol on Inspection, con-ducted at those objects of verification in the course of the same year.

6. All supplementary declared site inspections con-ducted pursuant to paragraph 3 or 4 of this Section:

(A) shall be carried out at the cost of the in-specting State Party, consistent with prevail-ing commercial rates; and

(B) at the discretion of the inspecting State Party, shall be conducted either as a sequen-tial inspection or as a separate inspection.

VI

1. This Document shall enter into force upon receipt by the Depositary of notification of confirmation of approval by all States Parties. Section II, paragraphs 2 and 3, Section IV and Section V of this Document are hereby provisionally applied as of 31 May 1996 through 15 December 1996. If this Document does not enter into force by 15 December 1996, then it shall be reviewed by the States Parties.


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2. This Document, in all six official languages of the Treaty, shall be deposited with the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as the designated De-positary for the Treaty, which shall circulate copies of this Document to all States Parties.

Annex B: Understandings and agreed interpretations with

regard to implementation and ways and means to improve the viability and effectiveness of the

Treaty

1. The States Parties stress the need to ensure that relevant Government authorities charged with Treaty implementation fulfil all the obligations of the Deci-sion of the Joint Consultative Group on the cost of inspections dated 23 May 1995.

2. The States Parties agree that, pursuant to the Pro-tocol on Inspection, Section VII, paragraph 1,

(a) in case an inspected State Party or the State Party exercising the rights and obliga-tions of the inspected State Party delays an inspection on grounds of force majeure, it shall, in written form, explain the reasons for this delay in detail;

This should take place as follows:

o if force majeure is declared prior to the arrival of the inspection team, through the answer to the relevant notifications;

o if force majeure is declared after the arrival of the inspection team at the point of entry, the explanation should be presented as soon as pos-sible, through diplomatic channels or other officials channels.

(b) in case of such a delay due to force ma-jeure, the provisions of Section XI, para-graph 2, of the Protocol on Inspection shall apply.

3. Each State Party shall provide to all other States Parties annually, but not later than 15 December, the complete updated list of inspectors and transport crew members. In case of additions to the list of in-spectors and transport crew members, the State Party shall provide the complete updated list, highlighting the additions.

4. Each State Party with territory in the area of appli-cation shall provide to all other States Parties during the annual exchange of information the standing dip-lomatic clearance numbers for their aviation transpor-tation means for the subsequent calendar year.

5. Each State Party shall provide to all other States Parties during the annual exchange of information the list of its officially recognized holidays for the subse-quent calendar year.

6. The State Party whose inspection team intends to transit the territory of another State Party prior to concluding the inspection should inform the transited State(s) Party (Parties) about the estimated time of transit, cross-border points and transportation means to be used by the inspection team, as well as a list of inspectors and drivers with passport numbers.

7. The States Parties agree that a specified area may contain declared sites of their own and stationed forces; but all declared sites within a specified area are excluded from an inspection of the specified area (inspections in accordance with Section VIII of the Protocol on Inspection) as they can be inspected only in accordance with Section VII of the Protocol on Inspection.

8. The States Parties agree to send the notification of the intent to inspect simultaneously to the host and the stationing States Parties, if the inspecting State intends to conduct a sequential inspection which in-volves stationed forces.

9. Where appropriate and with the agreement of the State Party on whose territory an inspection is to be carried out in respect of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty of a stationing State Party, the stationing State Party shall assist the host nation in the provision of security protection to both the inspection team and the escort team for the dura-tion of the inspection.

10. Notifications of changes of 10 per cent of hold-ings:

• The States Parties agree that, pursuant to Section VIII, subparagraph 1(B), of the Pro-tocol on Notification and Exchange of In-formation, the most recent update of infor-mation on holdings will always constitute the basis for any subsequent change to be notified under this paragraph.


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• The notification of any change of 10 per cent or more shall be given no later than five days after such change occurs. The time pe-riod of five days is understood as being five working days.

11. The States Parties agree to notify:

• Any changes in the designation of forma-tions or units pursuant to Sections I, III and V of the Protocol on Notification and Ex-change of Information, at least 42 days in advance;

• Any closures of objects of verification within the last month pursuant to Section V of the Protocol on Notification and Ex-change of Information, on the fifteenth of each month;

• Any creation of, or relocation of, an object of verification at least 42 days in advance.

12. The States Parties agree that, in addition to the requirements for the submission of information and notifications as prescribed in Article XVII of the Treaty and in paragraph 1 of the Annex on the For-mat for the Exchange of Information to the Protocol on Notification and Exchange of Information, they will endeavour to supplement the annual exchange of information pursuant to the aforementioned Protocol in written form by an electronic data version on disk-ette in the agreed format, the written form remaining the official version.

13 Each State Party should notify to all other States Parties its passive declared site inspection quota co-incident with each annual exchange of information provided pursuant to the Protocol on Notification and Exchange of Information, Section VII, subparagraph 1(C).

Annex C: Implementation issues requiring further consid-eration and resolution in the Joint Consultative

Group

1. Introducing of common procedures governing flights of the aviation transportation means with the inspection team.

2. Point of entry/exit.

3. Immunity of the transportation means of an inspec-tion team.

4. Formulation of principles for the elaboration of declared site diagrams, including the possibility of a more precise formulation/interpretation of the term 'routinely'.

5. Equipment to be used during inspections.

6. Rules on photography.

7. Calendar year/possibility of synchronization with implementation year.

8. Financing of the inspections.

9. Common understanding of the obligation pursuant to the Protocol on Notification and Exchange of In-formation, Section VIII, subparagraph 1(B).

10. Review and updating of the Treaty Notification Formats to ensure their continued viability.

11. The issue of TLE which has left, on a temporary basis, without reassignment, the normal peacetime locations, for commitments under the auspices of the United Nations or the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

12. The question whether, with reference to the Pro-tocol on Notification and Exchange of Information, Section I, paragraph 1, all units and formations hold-ing equipment subject to the Treaty, including depots, bases, and designated permanent storage sites, should be notified in both Charts I and III.

13. Disposal of TLE in excess of reduction liabilities and disposal of decommissioned TLE.

14. Rounding of passive inspection quotas.

15. Enhanced transparency measures on ambulances built on the chassis of ACVs or APC look-alikes as listed in the Protocol on Existing Types of Conven-tional Armaments and Equipment.

Annex D: Topics that have been discussed during the Re-view Conference of the Treaty on Conventional

Armed Forces in Europe

1. Article II: Definitions of:

'group of States Parties'; 'area of application';


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'accession of other OSCE States Parties'; 'designated permanent storage site'; 'armoured vehicle launched bridge'; 'combat aircraft',

and the Protocol on Existing Types of Con-ventional Armaments and Equipment.

2. Article III:

Export of equipment; Transparency concerning TLE assigned to Internal Security Forces; United peacekeeping force proposal.

3. Article IV:

Approach to limitations and maximum lev-els of holdings; Stationing forces on the territory of another State Party.

4. Article V:

Implementation; Temporary deployments; Stationed forces.

5. Article VI:

Sufficiency rule.

6. Article X:

Removal from designated permanent storage sites.

7. Article XI:

Implementation; Limits; Removals from storage.

8. Article XII:

Armoured infantry fighting vehicles held by Internal Security Forces (pursuant to Oslo Final Document, 5 June 1992); Transparency; Needs of those States which joined the Treaty in 1992; Criteria concerning Internal Security Force levels.

9. Article XIV:

Aerial inspections.

10. Article XVI:

Future role of the Joint Consultative Group; Duration of sessions of the Joint Consulta-tive Group.

11. Article XVIII:

Follow-up negotiations; Modalities; Proposal for a Supplementary Agreement.

12. Miscellaneous

United peacekeeping force proposal; Exceptional circumstances; Joint Consultative Group dialogue on a Treaty support fund.

Annex E: Statement of the representative of the Russian

Federation

To promote the implementation of the Statement of the Representative of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to the Joint Consultative Group of 14 June 1991 (the Statement of the Soviet Representative), I have been instructed by the Government of the Rus-sian Federation to state the following.

1. It is understood that conventional armaments and equipment in the three Treaty limited categories re-ferred to in paragraph 1 of the Statement of the So-viet Representative (battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, artillery) will be deemed destroyed or ren-dered militarily unusable, in accordance with that Statement, upon the application of any of the follow-ing methods:

(A) Destruction or conversion of conven-tional armaments and equipment under pro-cedures that provide sufficient visible evi-dence, which confirms that they have been destroyed or rendered militarily unusable;

(B) Provision of satisfactory documentary evidence as meeting requirements of suffi-cient visible evidence, only in case of such armaments and equipment destroyed prior to


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promulgation of this Statement. The Russian Federation intends to provide such docu-mentary evidence with regard to armaments and equipment destroyed in the area of ap-plication of the Treaty after 17 November 1995;

(C) Segregation of battle tanks and ar-moured combat vehicles exposed to the in-fluence of atmospheric factors, with hatches and covers of engine compartments opened, with the invitation of a group of experts to conduct -- at its own expense -- an examina-tion of a random sample representative of those conventional armaments and equip-ment, prior to their removal from a display site for final disposal (scrapping), and noti-fication of such removal;

(D) Visit of group of experts, at its own ex-pense and upon invitation, to count already derelict conventional armaments and equip-ment;

(E) Notification preceding or accompanying each transfer of conventional armaments and equipment to other States Parties within the area of application of the Treaty, with equivalent relevant notification from the re-cipient State Party. Such transfers will be done in line with Treaty provisions and will be compatible with objectives and terms of the Statement of the Soviet Representative.

2. Continuing its efforts aimed at the implementation of the Statement of the Soviet Representative, the Russian Federation will apply methods referred to in paragraph 1 of this Statement to conventional arma-ments and equipment located on its territory. It will co-operate with the Republic of Kazakstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan in applying those methods to conventional armaments and equipment located on their territories. The Russian Federation will negoti-ate the necessary arrangements with those States for the purpose of completing by joint efforts the process referred to in paragraph 1 of the Statement of the Soviet Representative by the year 2000.

3. If, despite good faith efforts, the quota of 6,000 battle tanks subject to elimination is not fully met, the shortfall of not more than 2,300 battle tanks will be covered by applying methods referred to in paragraph 1 of this Statement to an equal number of armoured combat vehicles in excess of the quota of 1,500 pieces; and thus the overall process referred to in

paragraph 1 of the Statement of the Soviet Represen-tative will be in general deemed completed. Notwith-standing that, a number of battle tanks equal to the above-mentioned shortfall will be subsequently eliminated. The envisaged date for the completion of the process of their elimination will depend on the duration of their operational and service life and on the availability of financial resources. That elimina-tion will be carried out in line with paragraph 1 of this Statement.

4. Upon completion of initial visits referred to in paragraph 1 of this Statement, the Russian Federation will be ready to discuss in the JCG their results and in the light of these to make arrangements, as necessary, for further visits, as well as to discuss possible mo-dalities for further visits. In general, relevant prac-tices established in the process of Treaty implementa-tion will be followed as much as applicable in the organization and conduct of the visits.

Statements of the Chairman of the First Confer-ence to Review the Operation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and the Concluding Act of the Negotiation on Personnel

Strength:

• 'Notwithstanding the rights of each State as stated in Article XIV of the Treaty, each State Party should attempt to avoid conduct-ing inspections during the officially recog-nized holidays of the other State Party.'

• 'With regard to the phrase "on the availabil-ity of financial resources" in the Statement of the Representative of the Russian Federa-tion as contained in Annex E of the Final Document of the First Conference to Review the Operation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, it is understood that this phrase is without prejudice to other arms control obligations.'

• 'Temporary deployment and reallocation of quotas referred to in Section IV, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Document contained in An-nex A of this Final Document, will not be used in the context of the Azerbaijan Repub-lic.'

In connection with the adoption of the Final Document, the following statements were made by delegations at the First Conference to Review the Operation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and the Concluding Act of the

Negotiation on Personnel Strength, in Vienna, on 31 May 1996:


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The Russian Federation

'Unless the flexibilities listed in the agreement on the flank issue are given effect by 31 May 1999, the Rus-sian Federation reserves the right to use the other Treaty flexibilities discussed but not referred to in the above agreement.'

The Kingdom of the Netherlands

'It is the view of the 16 members of the Atlantic Alli-ance that any future flexibility must be consistent with the legal framework of the Treaty, as agreed by all 30 States Parties. It is requested that this statement be attached to the Final Document.'

Ukraine

'In connection with the decision of 31 May 1996 of the Conference to Review the Operation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe to adopt the "Document agreed among the States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of 19 November 1990", Ukraine gives its consent to that decision on the understanding that, in implementing its provisions, the States Parties will be guided by the following:

1. The rights and obligations of the Russian Federation set forth in Section II, paragraphs 1 and 3, and Section V, paragraph 1, of the Document in relation to "the area described in Article V, subparagraph 1(A), of the Treaty, as understood by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at the time the Treaty was signed" shall not extend to the territory of Ukraine, namely the Autonomous Repub-lic of the Crimea, and Nikolayev, Zaporoz-hye and Kherson oblasts.

2. Section II, paragraphs 1 and 3, and Sec-tion IV, paragraph 2, of the Document shall not apply to that portion of the Treaty-limited conventional armaments and equip-ment of the Coastal Defence Forces and Na-val Infantry of the Black Sea Fleet which, as a result of their division between Ukraine and the Russian Federation, will be assigned to the Russian Federation and be subject to withdrawal from the territory of Ukraine within the agreed time-limits.

3. The provisions of Section IV, paragraph 2, of the Document shall in no way restrict the

right and possibilities of Ukraine to deploy on a temporary basis, in accordance with Ar-ticle V, paragraph 1, of the Treaty, combat tanks, armoured combat vehicles and artil-lery within the "new" flank area.

4. The provisions of Section IV, paragraph 3, of the Document shall in no way affect the rights and obligations of Ukraine under the Agreement on the Principles and Procedures for the Implementation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of 15 May 1992.

The delegation of Ukraine requests that this statement be distributed as an annex to the Final Document of the Conference.'

The Russian Federation

'In connection with the statement by Ukraine of 31 May 1996 regarding the Document agreed among the States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, the Russian Federation takes the position that the said statement will in no way impede the implementation of the aforementioned Docu-ment.'

Turkey

'On the occasion of the adoption of the Final Docu-ment of the First Review Conference, the Turkish Delegation registers the following understanding:

1. The Document in question does not change in any way the legally binding char-acter of the CFE Treaty and its Associated Documents, or the obligations of individual States Parties to the Treaty.

2. Paragraphs 2 and 3 of Section IV of the Document may not be interpreted in a man-ner which might prejudice the provision contained in Article IV, paragraph 5, of the CFE Treaty, or the principle of free consent enshrined in the OSCE documents on the use of such rights.

3. The "flexibilities" contained in the Treaty consist of those mentioned in the above paragraphs and may only be used in full re-spect of the relevant Treaty provisions and on the basis of agreements concluded and


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implemented with the free consent of the States Parties involved.

4. While the Turkish Delegation accepts an examination of the DPSS provisions, it makes it clear that it can accept eventual modifications only if they do not result in force concentrations prejudicial to regional balances and provided that a similar exami-nation is carried out for the clarification of the question of "temporary deployments", in particular with regard to their duration.

5. In view of the continued relevance of the regional sub-limits even under changing conditions, the Turkish Government will not enter into any negotiation prejudicial to the principle of regional sub-limits, nor will it accept any force limits that do not take due account of the size of its territory, popula-tion and the security environment in adja-cent regions not subject to Treaty limitations.

It is requested that this statement be attached to the Final Document.'

Georgia

'The Georgian Delegation has considered paragraphs 2 and 3 of Section IV of the Document agreed among the States Parties on the flank issue very carefully. We still have some very serious concerns about the future implementation of their content. In this context we would like to make the following statement:

Any agreement on temporary deployment of conven-tional armed forces on the territory of Georgia or on the reallocation of equipment quotas established by the Tashkent Agreement must be the result of free negotiation and must be taken with full respect for the sovereignty of Georgia and for its Constitution. All Parties must implement all the provisions of any such agreements in good faith and in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty.'

Moldova

'With reference to paragraph 7, Section II, of the Fi-nal Document, the Republic of Moldova would like to make the following statement:

The early entry into force of the bilateral agreement on the withdrawal of Russian Troops, signed between the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation

on 21 October 1994, will contribute to full implemen-tation of the Document agreed among the States Par-ties to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.

With reference to paragraph 2, Section IV, of the Document agreed among the States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe contained in Annex A of the Final Document, the Republic of Moldova would like to make the follow-ing interpretive statement:

The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova has proclaimed the permanent neutrality of the country, prohibiting the stationing of foreign troops on the territory of the Republic. In view of these constitu-tional provisions, the Republic of Moldova cannot allow even temporary deployment of conventional armaments belonging to other countries on its terri-tory.

The Delegation of Moldova would like to ask the Chairman to annex this statement to the Final Docu-ment in translation into all official languages.'

II. ERRATA

In reproducing the texts of the Treaty on Conven-tional Armed Forces in Europe and Related Docu-ments, the following errors have occurred:

• page 142: first paragraph, third line: 'herby' should read 'hereby';

• page 191: second paragraph, third line: 'Treatylimited' should read 'Treaty limited', and in the fourth paragraph, 6th line: 'mtend-ing' should read: 'intending';

• page 265: the date of the matrix should be: 12 March 1996, rather than 12 March 1995 (corresponding with the 20th edition of the matrix produced by the Slovak delegation to the Joint Consultative Group).

• The Document of the Extraordinary Confer-ence of 13 November 1992 in Vienna is missing, and is reproduced herewith.

Document of the Extraordinary Conference of the States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional

Armed Forces in Europe

Vienna, 13 November 1992


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I. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, the designated Depositary for the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe of November 19, 1990, convened on November 13, 1992 an Extraordinary Conference pursuant to Article XXI, paragraph 2 of the Treaty, and to paragraph 4 of the document on Provisional Application of the Treaty, done at the Extraordinary Conference in Helsinki on July 10, 1992, at the Meet-ing of Heads of State or Government.

II. At the Conference, the Depositary confirmed that instruments of ratification had been deposited by all States Parties to the Treaty as of October 30, 1992. Accordingly, the States Parties noted that the Treaty had entered into force on November 9, 1992, in con-formity with Article XXII, paragraph 2 of the Treaty.

III. The States Parties noted paragraphs 1 and 3 of the document on Provisional Application of the Treaty, done at the Extraordinary Conference in Helsinki on July 10, 1992 at the Meeting of Heads of State or Government, as follows:

'1. Without prejudice to the provisions of Article XXII of the Treaty and notwithstand-ing the Protocol on Provisional Application of the Treaty, the States Parties shall apply provisionally all of the provisions of the Treaty, beginning on July 17, 1992, on the basis of the agreement reached by all States Parties expressed hereby. The States Parties deem that such provisional application con-stitutes an improvement to the Treaty.

...

3. In order to enhance the operation of the Treaty, during such period of provisional application as well as following entry into force of the Treaty, the date set forth in para-graph 1 above shall be used as the basis for determining the timing of all rights and ob-ligations of the States Parties that are spe-cifically tied to the date of entry into force of the Treaty.'

IV. This document, in all the official CSCE lan-guages, shall be held by the Depositary and copies shall be circulated to all the States Parties.


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