transboundary water management: lessons from recent...
TRANSCRIPT
Transboundary Water Management: Lessons from Recent Projects and Programs
Shawki Barghouti, Ladisy Komba Chengula, and Catherine GwinWater Week 2007
March 1, 2007
INSERT PICTURE HEREINSERT PICTURE HERE
Regional Approaches Are Increasingly Important for Water Resources Management
• Population and development pressures threaten sustainability of rivers, lakes, and surrounding land areas
• Over 60 percent of global freshwater flows across national borders
• About half the world’s land area and population are located in transboundary water basins
Countries’ multiple — often competing —uses of water make regional approaches
highly challenging
• Uses of water –for irrigation, energy, industry, and consumption--tend to involve trade-offs
• Each use has distinct technical dimensions—related to such problems as scarcity, pollution, and cycles of flooding and drought
• So tensions are common among upstream and downstream countries and among groups, such as farmers, fishermen, industrial businesses, and energy suppliers
The World Bank Supports Regional Water Programs in All Regions
• 13 major programs supported over the past 10 years
• The bulk in Africa (6) and Europe and Central Asia (3), with one in each of the other Regions
• Financed mainly by the Global Environmental Facility (GEF)
Regional Programs Have Large Development Potential
IEG’s Main Evaluation Findings:• Regional programs can deliver strong development
results
• Their success and sustainability depends on strong ownership by all participating countries.
• Three ways to foster that country ownership are:Identify costs and benefits of a regional program for each individual countryEstablish governance arrangements that ensure country voiceImplement nationally; coordinate regionally
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER MANAGEMENT
““Lessons from the Lake Victoria Environmental Lessons from the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP)Management Project (LVEMP)””
March 1, 2007March 1, 2007
By Ladisy K. ChengulaBy Ladisy K. ChengulaSr. Natural Resources Management SpecialistSr. Natural Resources Management Specialist
The World BankThe World Bank
Facts about Lake Victoria BasinFacts about Lake Victoria Basin• Population – 35 million; of which 3 million
depend on the Lake for their livelihood• Lake Basin countries – Burundi, Kenya,
Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda• Lake Victoria – Second largest freshwater body
in the World at approximately 68,800 Km2
• Lake Victoria shares – Tanzania 49%, Uganda 46%, and Kenya 6%
• Nile Perch exports – valued at over US$300 –450 million per annum
Additional facts about the Lake Additional facts about the Lake Victoria Basin Victoria Basin ……
34.7100%193,000 Total
1945.616%30,880 Uganda
705.644%84,920 Tanzania
3366.911%21,230 Rwanda
32112.522%42,460 Kenya
3134.17%13,510 Burundi
Population Density
Population (million)
Share of the Basin
Area
Catchment Area (Km2) Country
LVEMPLVEMP’’s Timeline s Timeline ……• 1994: Tripartite Agreement signed by Kenya, Tanzania,
and Uganda for joint implementation of LVEMP• 1994 – 1997: LVEMP preparation period with high
participation and ownership by countries • 1997 – 2003: LVEMP implementation with credit from
the World Bank (WB = US$35.7m) and grant from Global Environment Facility (GEF = US$35.9m)
• 2003: LVEMP stocktaking exercise to assess the achievements at original Project Closing Date
• 2003 – 2005: LVEMP extension period with WB supplemental credit (US$14.7m)
• 2006 – 2007: Bridging finance (EU = Euro 2.5m and Sida = SEK 10m); and on going preparation of LVEMP 2 by Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda
LVEMPLVEMP’’s Longs Long--term Development term Development Objectives are to Objectives are to ……..
• Maximize the sustainable benefits to riparian communities from using resources within the basin to generate food, employment and income, supply safe water, and sustain a disease free environment;
• Conserve biodiversity and genetic resources for the benefit of the riparian communities, as well as the global community; and
• Harmonize national management programmes in order to achieve, to the maximum extent possible, the reversal of increasing environmental degradation.
LVEMP 1LVEMP 1’’s Development s Development Objectives were to Objectives were to ……..
• Provide the necessary information to improve management of the lake ecosystem
• Establish mechanisms of cooperative management by three countries
• Identify and demonstrate practical, self-sustaining remedies
• Build capacity for lake ecosystem management
• Fisheries management• Fisheries research• Fisheries extension (including community
micro-projects), policies, and laws• Fisheries Levy Trust• Water hyacinth control• Water quality and ecosystem management• Industrial and municipal waste management• Land use and wetland management• Institutional framework
The main project components The main project components of LVEMP 1 were of LVEMP 1 were ……
Highlights of main Highlights of main achievements of LVEMP 1 achievements of LVEMP 1 ……
• Provided vital information for improving management of the lake ecosystem
• Established mechanisms of cooperative management
• Identified and demonstrated practical self-sustaining remedies
• Built capacity for lake ecosystem management
Provided information for improving Provided information for improving management of ecosystemmanagement of ecosystem ……
• Declining fish stocks and biodiversity (3 main Spp.)• Sustainable Nile perch catch is between 220,000 and
235,000 tons per annum• Fish species thought to be extinct in Lake Victoria have
taken refugia in satellite lakes• Point-sources of pollution are important, but are not the
main sources of lake phosphorus and nitrogen• Atmospheric deposition of phosphorus and nitrogen is
the main cause of lake eutrophication • Constructed wetlands enhance water quality• Biological control (through weevils) reduces water
hyacinth in the lake, but is less effective in rivers
Established mechanisms of Established mechanisms of cooperative management cooperative management ……
• Tripartite Agreement for the collaborative management of Lake Victoria basin (August 1994) – joint implementation of LVEMP
• Revival of East African Co-operation (1996)• Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (1997) established as
specialized institution of the EAC• East African Community Treaty (November 1999) – Article 114
provided legal basis for a body to manage Lake Victoria Basin • EAC Development Strategy (1997 – 2000): Declared Lake Victoria
Basin as an Economic Growth Zone• EAC Lake Victoria Development Program Unit established (2001) • EAC Lake Victoria Vision and Strategy Framework (January 2004) • Protocol on Sustainable Development of the Lake Victoria Basin
signed (November 2003) and ratified (November 2004)• Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC) and Council of Ministers
on Lake Victoria established (July 2005)
Identified and demonstrated practical Identified and demonstrated practical selfself--sustaining remediessustaining remedies ……
• Supported co-management of natural resources - Beach Management Units, Participatory Forest Management
• Supported participatory approaches in planning and implementing micro-projects - improving fish landing sites, rural/shore roads, health centers, schools
• Supported community-based water hyacinth control -weevils multiplied by fishing/shore communities, NGOs, environmental societies, and primary schools
• Supported community-based integrated soil and water management interventions - afforestation, erosion control, protection of water sources/springs
• Piloted constructed wetlands to demonstrate their effectiveness in reducing point-sources pollution
Built capacity for lake ecosystem Built capacity for lake ecosystem management management ……
• Supported collaborative applied research and monitoring of environmental parameters
• Upgraded research facilities at key institutions – fish and water quality laboratories
• Provided graduate training to academic and research staff – PhD (21), MSc (73), and short-courses
• Piloted “Cleaner Production” technologies – reducing industrial wastes on site
• Supported public education and awareness raising campaigns - community-study tours/exchange programs, parliamentarians seminars/tours
Despite these achievements Despite these achievements environmental threats still exist environmental threats still exist ……
• Declining water levels: Caused by persistent drought; and over-abstraction of water for power generation
• Unsustainable fishing practices: Changes in fish species biodiversity (500+ to three dominant Spp); and declining stocks of Nile perch fishery
• Increasing water pollution: Leading to changes in lake chemical and bio-physical characteristics; eutrophication and its effects; nutrients balance problem; and health problems
• Resurgence of water hyacinth: As a result of declining water level; re-introduction from Rwanda/Burundi through Kagera river; and failure of the weevils to establish in riverine water hyacinth
• Increased wetlands degradation: Because of declining water level; and agricultural and urban development
• Watershed degradation: Due to unsustainable agricultural practices e.g., cultivation on slopes, and deforestation
From 2001 From 2001 –– 2005 the gap between 2005 the gap between lake discharges and AC widened lake discharges and AC widened ……
Lake Victoria Water Abstraction for Power Generation 1990-2005
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Years
Dis
char
ges
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Lake
Lev
els
Agreed Curve Total Cross Dam Lake Levels
Declining lake level had economic Declining lake level had economic and environmental impacts and environmental impacts ……
• Modifications of major ports and urban water supply infrastructure e.g., piers, and water intakes
• Increased cost of marine transport systems• Reduced efficiency of hydropower generation due to falling
head of the reservoir/lake• Lost refugia of endemic fish species, thought to be extinct in
the main lake, due to drying littoral zone wetlands• Extended lake shores area attracted agricultural activities• Retreating fish landing sites impacted quality, and hence
threatened the Nile perch export market, and livelihood• Resurgence of water hyacinth in near shore shallow waters• Lake Victoria level declined by 2.3 m between 1998 and
2005, implying loss of habitat of some fish species
Wagon ferry terminal at Mwanza Wagon ferry terminal at Mwanza South port left hangingSouth port left hanging……
Closed slipway shipbuilding and Closed slipway shipbuilding and repair facility at Kisumu port repair facility at Kisumu port ……
Fishing industry is also impacted Fishing industry is also impacted by declining water levels by declining water levels ……
Extended fish landing beaches are Extended fish landing beaches are compromising hygiene compromising hygiene ……
Lake level recovered by 65 cm but Lake level recovered by 65 cm but discharges are still above AC discharges are still above AC ……
Lake Level Trend Decem ber 2005 to February 11th 2007
9.70
9.90
10.10
10.30
10.50
10.70
10.90
11.10
11.30
11.50
12/01
/2005
12/16
/2005
12/31
/2005
01/15
/2006
01/30
/2006
02/14
/2006
03/01
/2006
03/16
/2006
03/31
/2006
04/15
/2006
04/30
/2006
05/15
/2006
05/30
/2006
06/14
/2006
06/29
/2006
07/14
/2006
07/30
/2006
08/14
/2006
08/29
/2006
09/13
/2006
09/28
/2006
10/13
/2006
10/28
/2006
11/12
/2006
11/27
/2006
12/12
/2006
12/27
/2006
01/11
/2007
01/26
/2007
02/10
/2007
Period
Daily
Lak
e Lev
el, m
AD
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Daily
Disc
harg
e, Mi
llion
M3
Lake Level, m AD Total D ischarge Across OW FS Agreed Curve New Release Policy (At rate of 850/750 cum ecs ) (effective 6/02/06 & 7/08/06)
Interim W ater Release Increm ent to Test Unit 15 at K iira
Bank/GEF support is needed to Bank/GEF support is needed to implement joint actions to implement joint actions to ……
• Ensure that Uganda’s hydropower generation is based on the “agreed curve” or negotiated “operational policy”
• Develop other potential hydropower sites; and invest in alternative sources of energy, including thermal, natural gas, and solar
• Implement the proposed East African Power Master Plan (PPA)• Study the hydrology of the Lake Victoria basin to form the basis
of future hydropower investments and allocation of water resources
• Develop and implement a Regional Water Resources Management Plan (WRMP) under the LVEMP 2
• Establish a regional institution under the EAC/LVBC, to coordinate the management of the Lake Victoria basin water resources
• Develop an M&E framework and MIS for the sustainable utilization of the water resources
• Build capacity of the regional and national water resources management institutions
Support is also needed to address Support is also needed to address other environmental threats other environmental threats ……
• Unsustainable fishing practices: Changes in fish species biodiversity (500+ to three dominant spp); and declining stocks of Nile perch fishery
• Increasing water pollution: Leading to changes in lake chemical and bio-physical characteristics; eutrophication and its effects; nutrients balance problem; and health problems
• Resurgence of water hyacinth: As a result of declining water level; re-introduction from Rwanda/Burundi through Kagera river; and failure of the weevils to establish in riverine water hyacinth
• Increased wetlands degradation: Because of declining water level; and agricultural and urban development
• Watershed degradation: Due to unsustainable agricultural practices e.g., cultivation on slopes, and deforestation
Overfishing of Nile perch is Overfishing of Nile perch is manifested in the following manifested in the following ……
• Catch per unit effort (CPUE) for Nile perch has decreased from 80 Kg to 45 Kg per boat per day
• Number of improved operational fishing gears e.g., motor boats etc., has increased
• Propensity for use of ‘illegal’ gears has increased • Standing stock of Nile perch has decreased from 650,000
tons (1999/2000) to 540,000 tons (2004/2005)• Current Nile perch yield of 200,000 – 290,000 tons per year
exceeds the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of about 235,000 tons/year
• Age/size at maturity has declined
• Adopting the Precautionary Principle until such time as information allows more targeted management intervention
• Improving strategies for monitoring and assessment of the status of the fisheries as the basis for better management
• Strengthening regulatory framework and enforcement to ensure better fishing practices
• Reducing post harvest losses and develop mechanisms to add value of the fish exports
Riparian countries should address Riparian countries should address overfishing problem by overfishing problem by ……
Point and nonPoint and non--point pollutions have point pollutions have changed the lake ecosystem changed the lake ecosystem ……
• Presence of high level of nutrients in the lake e.g., current TPlevels are three times higher than during 1960-61 period
• Increased algal biomass as evidenced by high chlorophyll levels (3-8 times) and primary productivity (2 times)
• Occurrence of frequent Cyanobacteria Spp blooms• Increased turbidity resulting from sediment loading and
biological activity in-lake, thus reducing transparency• Depletion of oxygen which is severe (anoxic conditions) and
prolonged in pelagic bottom waters • Reduced silicon levels as demand by Si requiring algae (e.g.,
diatoms) has exceeded the re-supply from the catchment• Increased lake eutrophication due to P and N deposition • Loss of fish habitat due to deteriorating oxygen conditions
But atmospheric deposition is the But atmospheric deposition is the main cause of eutrophication main cause of eutrophication ……
10050,915100967,700TOTAL
31,69014,300Point
78757,000Biological N-fixation
189,247438,800Rivers
7939,97817167,600Atmospheric Deposition
%TPTP (tons/year)%TNTN (tons/year)Pollution Source
• Rehabilitate wastewater treatment plants and construct wetlands to reduce discharge of untreated effluent
• Establish Equatorial Atmospheric Deposition Network to track down main sources of P and N
• Implement Integrated Pest Management Plans to reduce agro-chemicals entering the lake
• Implement participatory Integrated Watershed Management Plans to reduce sediment loads, increase land cover, diversify and intensify agricultural production
• Promote Cleaner Production technologies to reduce industrial wastes/effluents
Lake basin countries should control Lake basin countries should control point and nonpoint and non--point pollution point pollution ……
Increasing inflow of water hyacinth Increasing inflow of water hyacinth from the Kagera river from the Kagera river ……
• Building capacity of biological control of water hyacinth in Burundi and Rwanda
• Researching on biological agents which can control water hyacinth in river systems
• Continuing with monitoring, surveillance, and biological control of water hyacinth in hot spots
• Involving fishing/shore communities in control of water hyacinth
Lake basin countries should jointly Lake basin countries should jointly control water hyacinth by control water hyacinth by ……
Increasing encroachment of littoral Increasing encroachment of littoral wetlands for agriculture wetlands for agriculture ……
Increasing watershed degradation Increasing watershed degradation due to poor land use practices due to poor land use practices ……
• Invest in soil and water conservation –stabilization of soils, prevention of erosion, hydraulic structures for water management
• Invest in intensification of agriculture and sustainable natural resources use – increase productivity of farming systems, livestock and rangeland, and forest management
• Invest in public education and awareness of costs and benefits of sustainable natural resources management
Lake basin countries should adopt Lake basin countries should adopt SLM practices to reduce impactSLM practices to reduce impact……
Weak policies and institutional Weak policies and institutional framework are key constraints framework are key constraints ……
• Policies, legislations, and regulatory standards for natural resources utilization and environmental management are not harmonized
• A Protocol on Sustainable Lake Victoria Development signed in November 2003 and ratified in November 2004 has no been internalized and implemented by the EAC Partner States
• Capacity of the national natural resources and environmental management institutions to regulate resources utilization is low
• Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC) established in July 2005 has no capacity for managing transboundary natural resources
• Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization established under LVEMP needs to be strengthened
• Regional Management Information System (MIS) and information sharing protocols need to be developed
• Mechanisms for sustainable financing of Lake Victoria Basin management need to be developed and implemented
In summary lessonsIn summary lessons--learnt from learnt from implementing LVEMP are implementing LVEMP are ……
• Applied research is critical for understanding environmental threats of the basin ecosystem – but must be targeted and prioritized
• Basin-wide approach is necessary for addressing key environmental concerns – absence of Burundi and Rwanda under LVEMP 1
• Strong regional institutions are imperative for coordinating management of transboundary natural resources – LVBC was not operational until July 2005, and is still weak
• Institutional sustainability could be enhanced by implementing the project through government structures instead of PCUs
• Community involvement and participation is critical especially in watershed management – but there is a need to create incentives for upstream countries (Burundi and Rwanda) to participate
• Environmental benefits must have strong links to improved livelihoods of the local communities
• Regional projects require greater clarity of objectives, resultsframework, and responsibilities of national institutions
• Regional projects are vulnerable to failure of partners
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
Common Themes and Lessons From Regional
Water Programs
Shawki BarghoutiMarch 1, 2007
Common challenges confronting regional water
programs:
Water quality, pollution, salinity, scarcity, floods, habitat losses,
conflict and drought
Broad Development Objectives of regional programs:
• Achieve sustainable water resources management in the riparian countries,
• Protect the environment and public goods in the water basin,
• Sustained health, economic growth and poverty reduction and conflict resolution in riparian countries,
• Engage the beneficiaries: farmers, communities, fishermen, industries and municipalities.
Common Components::
• Generate knowledge and update information and data about shared water systems,
• Utilize modern knowledge systems to design sustainable water development plans,
• Build institutional capacity in the water sector at national and regional levels,
• Pilot measures for improved water management and associated development projects.
Achievements:
• Improve research and technology development, data collection, analysis, and monitoring of water resources. Improved information system did not always influence policy.
• Enhance capacity building including policy analysis, harmonization of laws, regulations and management of water use and application,
• Limited success in conflict resolution and in facilitating political agreements to better manage joint water resources.
Factors affecting performance:
• Strong country commitment,• Conducive political environment• Matching development objectives to regional
and national capacities,• Clear definition of role and responsibilities of
regional and national institutions,• Transparent and sustainable governance.
Partnerships
• National and local beneficiaries contributed in kind and cash,
• Donors focused on selected national and regional themes of public goods with short term commitments. Each donors follows its own implementation procedures,
• Bank focused on local and national benefits, with long term plans,
• Bank supported related national investment operations to complement regional program objectives,
• Bank needs to work with other donors to incorporate regional programs in CASs in riparian countries.
Partnership with GEF
• GEF was an instrumental partner in all regional water programs,
• GEF initiated and financed operations to support regional water public goods,
• Bank focused on poverty reduction and enhancing economic growth in riparian countries,
• Differences in mission objectives and operations reduced Bank/GEF effectiveness.
Factors reducing effectiveness of Bank/GEF partnership
• GEF commits funds for the short term and is only a catalytic player to enhance regional cooperation,
• GEF contracts several implementing agencies with different operational requirements, complicating procurements and financing systems
• The Bank supports long term development objectives,
• Achieving regional results requires long time, usually beyond GEF commitments.