tobacco chapter 8 ???? ____ % of new smokers are adolescents/teenagers ???? smokers have about a...
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TobaccoChapter 8
???? ____ % of new smokers are adolescents/teenagers
???? Smokers have about a _____% greater risk of dying from coronary heart disease when compared with lifetime nonsmokers
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Use of Tobacco
Why People use Tobacco Nicotine
Powerful psychoactive drug Reaches Brain via bloodstream in
seconds Most physically addictive of the
psychoactive drugs.
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Nicotine Addiction
Three out of four smokers want to quit
60%-80% kick the habit at a stop-smoking clinic.
However, ____start smoking within a year.
Relapse rate similar to alcoholics and heroin addicts.
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Tolerance and Withdrawal
Using tobacco develops toleranceaddiction may occur within a couple of days.
Abstinence from nicotine:predictable withdrawal symptoms
Occurs within hours of last dose of nicotine
Most symptoms pass in 2-3 days.
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Social and Psychological Factors
Established habits or cues to trigger smoking
Secondary reinforcers.
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Why Start in the First Place?
Decreases in usage in the 1980’s but a steady increase in the 1990’s.
Largest increase was 13- and 14-years old.
Children and teenagers make-up 90% of all new smokers in this country.
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Advertising
Tobacco spends nearly $6 billion per year.
86% of teens prefer the top three most advertised brands.
Joe Camel is more familiar than Mickey Mouse.
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Who Uses Tobacco?
Characteristics which could increase the potential for use.
A parent or sibling uses tobaccoPeers use tobaccoChild comes from blue-collar familyChild comes from low-income homeSingle parent.Performs poorly in schoolChild drops out of schoolHas positive attitudes towards tobacco
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Immediate Effects of NicotineActs on the brain like cocaine and heroin
At low doses acts like a stimulant Triggers release of chemical messengers in
the brain epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
Can help smoker regulate moods
Physiological effects
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Health Hazards of Tobacco Smoke
Contains 50,000 times as many damaging chemicals than an equal volume of polluted urban air Carcinogen Damages the lining of the respiratory tract
Carbon monoxide - 400 times stronger than what is considered safe in the work place.
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The Long-Term Effects Cardiovascular Disease
Lung Cancer and other cancers
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Emphysema
Other Respiratory Damage
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke:Combination of Mainstream and Sidestream SmokeDesignated as a Class ‘A’ Carcinogen
Mainstream- Smoke inhaled by the smoker and exhaled into the atmosphere
Sidesteam- Smoke that comes from the end of the burning cigarette. Both are designated as a Class ‘A’ Carcinogen
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
► Primary caregiver smokes 10 cigarettes per day: Measurable amounts of nicotine and carcinogens in child’s
blood
►More likely to die from SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
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Environmental Tobacco Smokecontains:
Twice the tar and nicotine
Almost 3X’s the carbon monoxide (replaces oxygen in the blood)
3 x’s the ammoniaWhen ammonia enters the body as a result of breathing, swallowing or skin contact, it reacts withwater to produce ammonium hydroxide, a corrosive chemical that damages body cells
Causes an estimated 3,000 deaths per year in the U.S.
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Smoking In –Utero Increases Risk of:
Miscarriage
Low- Birth Weight
Delays in physical development and intellectual growth
Children inhale three times more pollutants per unit of body weight than adults
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Cigars- The “Safe” Alternative??!
A typical cigar contains 13.3 mg of nicotine(A cigarette contains 1.1 mg)
A typical cigar contains 44 mg of tar(A cigarette contains 16mg)
A once-a-day smoker who never inhales is 7 times more likely to develop oral cancer than a nonsmoker
National Cancer Institute 1999
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Other Forms of Tobacco
Spit (Smokeless) Tobacco
Cigar and Pipes
Clove cigarettes and Bidis
There is no safe tobacco.
There is no safe tobacco.
There is no safe tobacco.
There is no safe tobacco.
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Cost of Tobacco Use to Society
Health care costs exceed $70 billion per year.
Lost productivity from sickness, disability, and premature death makes it closer to $125 Billion per year.