Transfer of TrainingTransfer of Training

Employee Training & Development (Noe)

Chiara S. IndhiraChiara S. Indhira

IntroductionIntroductionTransfer of training - Transfer of training - trainees effectively and continually

applying what they learned in training on their jobs pelatihan secara efektif dan terus menerus menerapkan apa yang mereka pelajari dalam pelatihan pada pekerjaan mereka

The work environment plays an important role in ensuring that transfer of training occurs Lingkungan kerja memainkan peran penting dalam memastikan bahwa terjadi transfer training

Transfer of training is also influenced by:Transfer pelatihan juga dipengaruhi oleh

o trainee characteristics karakteristik peserta pelatihan o training design desain pelatihan

A Model of The Transfer ProcessA Model of The Transfer Process

Trainee Characteristics

Training Design

Work Environment

Motivation

Ability

Create a Learning Environment

Apply Theories of Transfer

Use Self-Management Strategies

Climate for Transfer

Management and Peer Support

Opportunity to Perform

Technological Support

Learning Retention

Generalization and Maintenance

Training DesignTraining DesignTraining designTraining design refers to factors built into the

training program to increase the chances that transfer of training will occur

For transfer of training to occur we need to apply:

◦Transfer of training theories

◦Principles of self – management

Applications of Transfer of Training Applications of Transfer of Training TheoriesTheories

Theory Emphasis Appropriate Conditions Type of Transfer

Identical Elements ToT will occur when training environment is identical to work environment

Work environment features are predictable and stable

Near

Stimulus Generalization

General principles are applicable to many different work situations

Work environment is unpredictable and highly variable

Far

Cognitive Theory Meaningful material and coding schemes enhance storage and recall of training

All types of training and environments

Near and far

Self-Management StrategiesSelf-Management StrategiesSelf-management refers to a person ’s attempt

to control certain aspects of decision making and behavior.

Training programs should prepare employees to self-manage their use of new skills and behaviors on the job.

Obstacles in the work environment that inhibit Obstacles in the work environment that inhibit transfer of training: transfer of training: (1 of 3)(1 of 3)

Obstacles in the work environment that inhibit Obstacles in the work environment that inhibit transfer of training:transfer of training:Work ConditionsWork Conditions (Trainee has difficulty using new

knowledge, skills, or behavior)◦Time pressures◦ Inadequate equipment◦Few opportunities to use skills◦ Inadequate budget

Lack of Peer SupportLack of Peer Support (Peers do not support use of new knowledge, skills, or behavior)

◦Discourage use of new knowledge and skills on the job

◦Unwilling to provide feedback◦See training as a waste of time

Lack of Management SupportLack of Management Support (Managers do not reinforce training or provide opportunities to use new knowledge, skills, or behavior)◦Do not accept ideas or suggestions that are learned

in training◦Do not discuss training opportunities◦Oppose use of skills learned in training◦Communicate that training is a waste of time◦Unwilling to provide feedback and reinforcement for

trainees to use training content

Obstacles in the work environment that inhibit Obstacles in the work environment that inhibit transfer of training:transfer of training:

Work Environment Characteristics That Work Environment Characteristics That Influence TransferInfluence TransferClimate of transferManager SupportPeer supportOpportunity to use learned capabilitiesTechnological support

Organizational Environment That Organizational Environment That Encourage TransferEncourage Transfer

The Learning Organization

Knowledge and Knowledge Management

Learning OrganizationLearning Organization

Learning organization – a company that has an enhanced capacity to learn, adapt, and change

Training processes are carefully scrutinized and aligned with company goals

Training is seen as one part of a system designed to create intellectual capital

Knowledge n Knowledge Knowledge n Knowledge ManagementManagementKnowledgeKnowledge refers to:◦what individuals or teams of employees know or

know how to do (human and social knowledge)◦a company’s rules, processes, tools, and routines

(structured knowledge)

Knowledge is either:◦tacit knowledge, or◦explicit knowledge

Knowledge n Knowledge Knowledge n Knowledge ManagementManagementKnowledge managementKnowledge management refers to the

process of enhancing company performance by:◦designing and implementing tools, processes,

systems, structures, and cultures◦to improve the creation, sharing, and use of

knowledge

Knowledge n Knowledge Knowledge n Knowledge ManagementManagementKnowledge management can help

companies:◦Get products to market quicker◦Better serve customers◦Develop innovative products and services◦Attract new employees and retain current ones by

giving people the opportunity to learn and develop