(tinjauan sistematika dan hirarki)
TRANSCRIPT
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SKRIPSI
ADAPTASI DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION KE DALAM
NIPPON DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION, JEPANG
(Tinjauan Sistematika dan Hirarki)
Disusun Oleh :
Umi Mardi Astuti NIM: 07140092
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU PERPUSTAKAAN FAKULTAS ADAB DAN ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA
2012
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur ke hadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan karunia-Nya
sehingga skripsi yang disusun untuk mendapat gelar sarjana ini dapat terselesaikan.
Semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi yang membacanya, baik sebagai acuan
maupun untuk memperkaya pengetahuan.
Skripsi ini membahas tentang adaptasi sistem NDC dari sistem DDC dan
perkembangan penerapan sistem NDC di Jepang. Selain itu skripsi ini juga
menjelaskan tentang latar belakang adaptasi, sistematika dan hirarki sistem NDC
sebagai hasil adaptasi.
Selama proses penulisan skripsi ini hingga menjadi sebuah karya tulis yang
layak untuk diujikan, penulis mendapat dorongan dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak.
Oleh karena itu, penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada:
1. Ibu Dr. Hj. Siti Maryam, M.Ag. selaku Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu
Budaya, UIN Sunan Kalijaga
2. Ibu Sri Rohyati, S.Ag., S.IP., M.Si. selaku Ketua Program Studi Ilmu
Perpustakaan, Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya, UIN Sunan Kalijaga sekaligus
sebagai tim penguji skripsi.
3. Bapak Tafrikhuddin, S. Ag., M. Pd. selaku penanggungjawab kelas khusus
angkatan 2006-2008.
4. Bapak M. Solihin Arianto, S. Ag., SIP., MLIS., selaku Dosen Pembimbing
Akademik yang telah memberikan bimbingan selama menjalani studi dan atas
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diskusi serta masukan yang berguna sebelum penulis menentukan judul
skripsi ini
5. Bapak Anis Masruri, S. Ag. SIP., M. Si. selaku Dosen Pembimbing Skripsi,
atas bimbingan, saran, dan diskusi selama penulisan berlangsung hingga
skripsi ini dinyatakan lulus.
6. Bapak Faisal Syarifudin, M.Si selaku Dosen Penguji Skripsi yang telah
menguji dan memberikan saran yang bermanfaat.
7. Seluruh staf pengajar Program Studi Ilmu Perpustakaan, Fakultas Adab dan
Ilmu Budaya, UIN Sunan Kalijaga, atas ilmu yang telah diberikan dan atas
kesempatan yang diberikan kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan studi ini.
8. Ibu Hamaguchi, pustakawan The Japan Foundation, Kansai atas kebaikan
hati, dan bantuannya kepada penulis selama penulis mengikuti program
pelatihan sampai penulis menulis skripsi ini.
9. Kepada bapak Kahono dan Ibu Sumiyati, Saudaraku, mbak Lusi, dan om
Fathoni Putra adikku, teman kecilku hingga dewasa, terima kasih untuk
kebersamaannya, semoga Allah senantiasa melimpahkan kasih sayang dan
karuniaNya.
10. Kepada keluarga Bp. Alm. Ir. H. Fachrurrozy dan Ibu H. Farida serta adik-
adikku, keluarga di Nagan, terima kasih atas doa dan dukungannya.
11. Kepada “Mas Zulhy Adham” dan “thuprit Titian Pelangi”, terima kasih, telah
memberi kesempatan, ”ngoyak-oyak”, dan menyemangati…☺ Terima kasih
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juga telah mengenalkanku pada teknik ‘anchor’.. Semoga Allah SWT
menitipkan sakinah di hati kita, senantiasa!
12. Seluruh staf pengajar Prodi Bahasa dan Sastra Jepang, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya,
UGM atas kesempatan dan dukungan kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan
studi ini.
13. Seluruh pegawai dan karyawan Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya, UIN Sunan
Kalijaga.
14. Teman-teman seangkatan, IPI Khusus 2007 yang telah lebih dulu lulus dan
yang masih berusaha. Terima kasih atas kebersamaannya. Salut untuk semua,
di sela kesibukan bekerja, kita masih bisa belajar bersama.
15. Kepada semua saudara, sahabat, dan berbagai pihak yang telah membantu
penulis, saya ucapkan terima kasih atas bantuan, doa dan dukungannya.
Penulis berharap tulisan sederhana ini dapat membantu menyumbangkan sebagian
ilmu kepada pembaca. Saran dan kritik dengan senang hati penulis terima untuk
kebaikan tulisan ini.
Yogyakarta, Februari 2012
Penulis
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INTISARI
Adaptasi Dewey Decimal Classification dalam Nippon Decimal Classification, Jepang
(Tinjauan Sistematika dan Hirarki)
Sistem Dewey Decimal Classification merupakan sistem tertua dan terluas
yang digunakan oleh perpustakaan di dunia. Pada perkembangannya, sistem ini belum dapat memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan penggunanya. Namun demikian, sistem DDC telah memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar bagi kelahiran sistem klasifikasi perpustakaan lainnya. Salah satu sistem klasifikasi yang lahir dari sistem klasifikasi ini adalah sistem NDC (Nippon Decimal Classification). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejarah dan perkembangan sistem NDC, sistematika, dan hirarki yang diterapkan dalam NDC. Di samping itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang dilakukannya adaptasi DDC menjadi NDC. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan dokumen yang relevan, kemudian dianalisis. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui sejarah dan perkembangan sistem NDC. Sistem NDC merupakan sistem terluas digunakan di Jepang. Sistem NDC dikelola oleh sebuah asosiasi perpustakaan Japan Library Association (JLA). Sistem ini tidak mengalami revisi secara periodik seperti sistem revisi 7 tahunan pada DDC. Sistematika dalam sistem NDC hampir sama dengan yang diterapkan pada sistem DDC. Keduanya menggunakan sistem persepuluhan dengan sistem notasi hirarkis. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui pula latar belakang dilakukannya adaptasi DDC ke dalam NDC, yaitu agar kebutuhan klasifikasi koleksi terbitan Jepang dapat terpenuhi. Adaptasi dilakukan mulai dari kelas utama karena dianggap kurang sesuai dan kurang mencukupi kebutuhkan klasifikasi terbitan Jepang.
Kata kunci : Nippon Decimal Classification, にほんじゅうしんぶんるいほう
;日本十進分類法 (Nihon Jusshin Bunruihou/ Sistem Klasifikasi Persepuluhan Jepang
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Abstract
Adaptasi Dewey Decimal Classification dalam Nippon Decimal Classification, Jepang (Systematic and Hierarchical Overview)
Dewey Decimal Classification Adaptation in Nippon Decimal Classification, Japan
Dewey Decimal Classification is the oldest and widest system used by libraries worldwide. In its development, the system has not been able to meet all the needs of its users. However, the DDC system has contributed significantly to the birth of other library classification systems. One of classification systems which is born of this classification is NDC system (Nippon Decimal Classification). The study aims to determine the history and development of NDC system, systematic, and the hierachy applied in NDC. Besides, this research tries to identify the background of DDC adaptation which is applied to become NDC. The research method used in this research is qualitative research method by collecting relevant documents, then they are analyzed. Based on the result of the research, NDC system history and its development are revealed. NDC system is the largest system used in Japan. NDC system is managed by a library association (Japan Library Association (JLA)). The system does not undergo any revision periodically as seventh annual revision on DDC. The systematics in the NDC system is almost similar to what is applied in DDC system. Both use the tithing system with hierarchical notation system. Based on the result of the research, the background of DDC adaptation which is applied to become NDC, which is to meet the needs of classification issued by Japan. Adaptation is done starting from the main class since it is considered less appropriate and less suffice to meet the needs of classification issued by Japan.
Keywords : Nippon Decimal Classification, 日本十進分類法にほんじゅうしんぶんるいほう
(Nihon Jusshin Bunruihou/ Tithing Japanese Classification System)
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Daftar Isi
Halaman Judul ......................................................................................................... i
Halaman Pengesahan .............................................................................................. ii
Kata Pengantar ........................................................................................................ iii
Intisari ................................................................................................................... v
Abstract ................................................................................................................... vi
Daftar Isi.................................................................................................................. vii
Transliterasi Ejaan Latin Suku Kata Bahasa Jepang ............................................... x
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
1.1. Pendahuluan ................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Rumusan Masalah .......................................................................................... 9
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................... 9
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................................... 10
1.5. Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................... 10
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN LANDASAN TEORI ............................... 11
2.1. Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................................ 11
2.2. Landasan Teori .............................................................................................. 16
2.2.1. Definisi Sistem Klasifikasi ............................................................................ 17
2.2.2. Tujuan Klasifikasi .......................................................................................... 18
2.2.3. Kegunaan Sistem Klasifikasi ......................................................................... 20
2.2.4. Kebutuhan Sistem Klasifikasi........................................................................ 20
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2.2.5. Prinsip Utama Klasifikasi .............................................................................. 21
2.2.6. Konsep Dasar Klasifikasi .............................................................................. 22
2.2.7. Manajemen Sistem Klasifikasi ...................................................................... 22
2.2.8. Revisi dan Pemeliharaan Klasifikasi ............................................................. 24
2.2.9. Pedoman dalam Pemilihan Sistem Klasifikasi .............................................. 25
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN.......................................................................... 26
3.1. Metode dan Jenis Penelitian .......................................................................... 26
3.2. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ............................................................................ 26
3.3. Analisis Data .................................................................................................. 27
BAB IV PEMBAHASAN ....................................................................................... 30
4.1. Gambaran Umum Sistem DDC (Dewey Decimal Classification) ................. 30
4.2. Sejarah dan Pengguna Sistem NDC (Nippon Decimal Classification) ......... 33
4. 3 Penerapan NDC ............................................................................................... 40
4. 3. 1 Sistem Hirarki NDC ..................................................................................... 41
4. 3. 2 Sistematika NDC .......................................................................................... 43
4. 3. 2. 1 Notasi ....................................................................................................... 43
4. 3. 2. 2 Analisis Subjek ........................................................................................ 44
4. 3. 2. 3 Aturan Penomoran ................................................................................... 44
4. 4 Latar Belakang Adaptasi .................................................................................. 50
4. 4. 1. Penempatan Kelas Utama ........................................................................... 52
4. 4. 2 Ketersediaan Bagan ..................................................................................... 54
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4. 5 Contoh Penomoran Subjek Kejepangan pada NDC......................................... 59
BAB V PENUTUP .................................................................................................. 71
5.1. Simpulan .......................................................................................................... 71
5.2. Saran ................................................................................................................. 72
Daftar Pustaka ......................................................................................................... 73
Lampiran
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Daftar Tabel
Tabel 1 Persentase Pengguna NDC di Jepang Berdasarkan Jenis Perpustakaan ... 38
Tabel 2 Hirarki Struktur Kelas Filsafat pada Sistem NDC .................................... 42
Tabel 3 Form Division, Common Subdivision ....................................................... 45
Tabel 4 Geographic Division, Area Tables ............................................................. 46
Tabel 5 Sea Division .............................................................................................. 47
Tabel 6 Language Division ..................................................................................... 47
Tabel 7 Subdivision of Individual Language .......................................................... 48
Tabel 8 Subdivision of Individual Literatures ........................................................ 49
Tabel 9 Sejarah Revisi NDC ................................................................................... 50
Tabel 10 Adaptasi Kelas Utama DDC-NDC .......................................................... 51
Tabel 11 Perbandingan Notasi Subjek Kejepangan dalam NDC 9 dan DDC 22.... 56
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Transliterasi Ejaan Latin Suku Kata Bahasa Jepang
あ い う え お a i u e o か き く け こ が ぎ ぐ げ ご ka ki ku ke ko ga gi gu ge go さ し す せ そ ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ sa shi su se so za ji zu ze zo た ち つ て と だ ぢ づ で ど ta chi tsu te to da ji zu de do な に ぬ ね の na ni nu ne no は ひ ふ へ ほ ば び ぶ べ ぼ ha hi fu he ho ba bi bu be bo ま み む め も ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ ma mi mu me mo pa pi pu pe po や ゆ よ ya yu yo ら り る れ ろ ra ri ru re ro わ を wa wo ん n きゃ きゅ きょ ぎゃ ぎゅ ぎょ kya kyu kyo gya gyu gyo しゃ しゅ しょ じゃ じゅ じょ sha shu sho ja ju jo ちゃ ちゅ ちょ ぢゃ ぢゅ ぢょ cha chu cho ja ju jo にゃ にゅ にょ びゃ びゅ びょ nya nyu nyo bya byu byo ひゃ ひゅ ひょ ぴゃ ぴゅ ぴょ hya hyu hyo pya pyu pyo みゃ みゅ みょ mya myu myo りゃ りゅ りょ rya ryu ryo
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1. 1. Pendahuluan
Klasifikasi merupakan kegiatan manusia untuk mengelompokkan ilmu
pengetahuan ke dalam tata urutan yang sistematis. (Basuki, 1993:395). Penerapan
sistem klasifikasi di perpustakaan dilakukan untuk mengelompokkan dan
menempatkan koleksi agar dapat ditemukan kembali dengan mudah, cepat dan
tepat.
Penerapan sistem klasifikasi tidak dapat terlepas dari kebutuhan sistem
klasifikasi koleksi. Kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi pada perpustakaan umum tidak
sama dengan kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi perpustakaan khusus, kebutuhan sistem
klasifikasi perpustakaan Perguruan Tinggi juga tidak sama dengan kebutuhan
klasifikasi perpustakaan sekolah. Dalam lingkup yang lebih luas, lingkup negara
misalnya, kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi suatu negara dengan ciri koleksi/pustaka
masing-masing berbeda pula dengan kebutuhan sistem klasifikasi negara lainnya.
Terdapat beberapa sistem klasifikasi yang secara luas diterapkan oleh
perpustakaan-perpustakaan di dunia, yaitu Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC),
UDC (Universal Decimal Classification), the Library of Congress Classification
(LCC), the Bliss Classification (BC), dan the Colon Classification (CC). Dari
sistem klasifikasi tersebut, sistem DDC adalah sistem yang paling banyak
digunakan. Menurut data OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), DDC telah
diterjemahkan ke dalam 30 bahasa dan digunakan oleh 200.000 perpustakaan di
1
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135 negara. Dari 135 negara tersebut terdapat 60 negara yang menerapkan DDC
sebagai bibliografi nasional1.
Saat ini DDC terbaru adalah DDC edisi ke 23 (dalam www.oclc.org ,
tanggal 26 Juni 2011). Kemunculan edisi baru adalah untuk merevisi dan
menyempurnakan edisi sebelumnya. Hal ini dilakukan untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan klasifikasi yang sangat beragam bagi para penggunanya. Namun, pada
kenyataannya para pengguna DDC melakukan adaptasi terhadap skema DDC
bahkan melahirkan sistem klasifikasi baru sesuai dengan kebutuhan masing-
masing. Seperti NDC (Nippon Decimal Classification), yang diterapkan di
Jepang, KDC (Korean Decimal Classification) diterapkan Korea dan CDC (China
Decimal Classification) diterapkan di China.
Meskipun revisi DDC telah terus-menerus dilakukan, namun Dewey
Decimal Classification (DDC) belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan klasifikasi
seluruh perpustakaan di dunia. Pihak editor DDC sendiri pun tidak dapat
mengadakan perluasan dan penyesuaian untuk mencakup kebutuhan semua negara
pengguna. Editor DDC bahkan memberikan panduan untuk pengguna yang akan
melakukan penyesuaian dan perluasan terhadap DDC. (Soekarman dan Tairas,
1998:3). Para ahli berpendapat bahwa perlu diadakan perluasan dan penyesuaian
oleh masing-masing negara pengguna agar sistem DDC dapat memenuhi
kebutuhan lokal.
Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang melakukan adaptasi sebagian
kelas dalam DDC. Adaptasi dilakukan untuk mengatasi subjek yang notasinya
1 http://www.oclc.org/dewey/resources/summaries/ diakses 11 Mei 2009 pukul 16:46 WIB
3
tidak tercantum atau tidak praktis apabila menggunakan DDC. Adaptasi yang
telah dilakukan berupa penyesuaian dan perluasan pada kelas bahasa, agama,
wilayah dan sejarah. Sebagai contoh, untuk kelas bahasa; bahasa-bahasa di
Indonesia hanya diberi dua angka dalam sistem DDC, yakni 499.221 untuk
Bahasa Indonesia dan 499.222 untuk Bahasa Jawa. Sedangkan untuk ratusan
bahasa daerah yang lain tidak tersedia. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, antara lain
telah diterbitkan Klasifikasi Bahan Pustaka Tentang Indonesia menurut DDC oleh
Ikatan Pustakawan Indonesia pada tahun 1993. (Soekarman dan Tairas, 1993:2)
Menurut Soekarman dan Tairas (1993:51) untuk kelas agama Islam dalam
DDC hanya mendapat penomoran 297. Pada tahun 1987, pemerintah telah
mengeluarkan keputusan bersama Menteri Agama dan Pendidikan dan
Kebudayaan RI. Nomor 159 th. 1987, Nomor 054/ C/U/1987 tentang Adaptasi
dan Perluasan Dewey Decimal Classification Seksi Islam. Angka dasar yang
ditetapkan untuk agama Islam adalah 2X0, kemudian diadakan pembagian
beberapa tahap yang cukup terperinci.
Di samping adaptasi berupa penyesuaian dan perluasan kelas dalam sistem
DDC, di Indonesia telah beberapa kali diterbitkan DDC dalam bentuk terjemahan
dan ringkasannya dalam Bahasa Indonesia agar lebih efektif dalam penggunaanya.
Tahun 1959, untuk pertama kalinya diterbitkan terjemahan dan ringkasan oleh S.
T. Makmur Harun dengan judul Klasifikasi Persepuluhan Dewey dan Indeks
Relatif. Selanjutnya di tahun 1970 oleh Kasim Soelaiman berjudul Klasifikasi
Praktis. Kemudian muncul Pengantar Klasifikasi Persepuluhan Dewey oleh Towa
P. Hamakonda dan J. N. B. Tairas pada tahun 1978. Selanjutnya Pusat Pembinaan
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Perpustakaan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan menerbitkan Terjemahan
Ringkasan Klasifikasi Desimal Dewey dan Indeks Relatif di tahun 1979.
Selain Indonesia, di Iran hampir semua perpustakaannya menggunakan
sistem DDC. Seperti halnya negara pengguna DDC yang lain, Iran pun
memberikan perhatian khusus pada kelas-kelas tertentu. Dalam mendukung dan
mengatasi masalah penggunaan notasi wilayah geografi pada sistem DDC,
Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Iran menerbitkan aturan klasifikasi untuk
geografi Persia yang berjudul Dewey Decimal Classification: Geography of Iran
(Radah bandi-I duhadih-I Diwai-I: Gusrafiya-I Irani-I). Selain itu diterbitkan pula
Dewey Decimal Classification: Iranian Language (Radah bandi-I duhadih-I
Diwai-I: Zuhaanha-I Irani-I) untuk notasi bahasa. Untuk kelas notasi sastra
diterbitkan Dewey Decimal Classification: Iranian Literature (Radah bandi-I
duhadih-I diwai-I: Adabiyat Irani-I). (Arianto, 2006:311-314)
Ahmad Tahiri Iraqi seorang pustakawan Iraq, menyusun skema klasifikasi
Islam dengan judul “Islam: Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index”
yang dipublikasikan oleh The Institute for Research and Planning in Science and
Education, Iran tahun 1975. Iraqi berpendapat bahwa DDC sebagai karya sarjana
Barat didisain khusus untuk perpustakaan Barat. Oleh karena itu, ia menyarankan
bagi negara lain khususnya negara Timur untuk lebih memperhatikan sistem
klasifikasi pada bidang budaya.
Ia menyimpulkan bahwa DDC tidak menggambarkan secara detail terkait
tentang dunia Islam karena perpustakaan Barat tidak membutuhkannya. Islam
dalam DDC tidak hanya singkat, namun juga hubungan dan urutan topiknya tidak
5
sesuai dengan klasifikasi Islam. Selain itu pada DDC banyak subjek penting Islam
yang terabaikan.
Di Pakistan, dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Khalid dan Mahmud,
menunjukkan bahwa 19 perpustakaan dari 23 perpustakaan yang ada di Pakistan,
pada umumnya menggunakan DDC (H. M. Khalid dan K. Mahmood, Cataloguing
Practice in University, hlm. 159 dalam artikel M. Arianto Arianto “Islamic
Knowledge Classification Scheme”, 2006:312-314). Sejumlah 17 perpustakaan
menggunakan skema klasifikasi tunggal dan 2 lainnya menggunakan kombinasi
skema klasifikasi. Dari 17 yang menggunakan klasifikasi tunggal, 16
menggunakan DDC dan 1 perpustakaan menggunakan skema klasifikasi jenis
lain. Selanjutnya, dari 2 perpustakaan yang menggunakan kombinasi skema
klasifikasi, mereka menggunakan DDC sebagai skema kombinasinya.
Untuk menindaklanjuti kekurangan DDC, Mohammad Shafi
mengkompilasi DDC dalam karyanya berjudul Expansions of Dewey
Classification Relating to Oriental Topics. Hal ini dilakukan untuk
mengembangkan topik yang berhubungan dengan Pakistan dan Asia khususnya
mengenai pengetahuan Islam dalam DDC.
Dari uraian di atas, dapat diketahui bahwa beberapa negara seperti
Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan telah melakukan perluasan dan penyesuaian sistem DDC
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masing-masing negara. Demikian halnya di Jepang
dengan sejarah, budaya, sastra, dan bahasa yang berbeda menimbulkan kebutuhan
klasifikasi yang berbeda dari negara lain.
6
Jepang, merupakan negara Asia yang masyarakatnya memiliki minat baca
yang cukup tinggi. Kebiasaan membaca dan menulis bagi masyarakat Jepang
sendiri telah berkembang pesat sejak dihentikannya politik isolasi Jepang dari
pengaruh asing (sakoku) yaitu pada awal Restorasi Meeji (1868). Pembukaan
Jepang terhadap dunia luar inilah yang mendorong Jepang untuk mengembangkan
ilmu pengetahuan seluas-luasnya dalam rangka mengejar ketertinggalan dan
memajukan Jepang agar dapat unggul dari negara Barat. Sejak saat itu budaya
membaca dan menulis sebagai sarana memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan semakin
meningkat. Sejak saat itu banyak sekali buah karya dari berbagai bidang ilmu
pengetahuan, baik politik, ekonomi, sosial dan bidang lainnya yang dihasilkan.
Tingginya minat baca masyarakat Jepang didukung oleh ketersediaan
berbagai fasilitas yang mempermudah masyarakatnya dalam memperoleh media
baca. Perpustakaan sangat mudah ditemukan di Jepang. Setiap kota (yang
berpenduduk lebih dari 50.000) memiliki perpustakaan umum sendiri dan setiap
perpustakaan menjadi bangunan yang populer dan diminati bagi komunitasnya
(Japan Library Association, 1995). Di samping banyak didirikan perpustakaan
dan fasilitas baca yang lain, banyaknya buku yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa
Jepang menjadi penyebab tingginya minat baca masyarakat Jepang.
Jepang terkenal sebagai negara yang pandai meniru dan memodifikasi ilmu
dari negara lain. Ilmu yang diperoleh dari luar telah banyak diterjemahkan ke
dalam bahasa Jepang. Bahkan hanya dalam hitungan hari, buku yang terbit di luar
negeri Jepang dapat dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat Jepang dalam versi bahasa
Jepang. Kegiatan penerjemahan sangat cepat dilakukan, sehingga bagi masyarakat
7
Jepang tidak harus bisa berbahasa asing untuk dapat menguasai ilmu dari negara
asing, khususnya Barat.
Perpustakaan umum pertama kali dibuka di Jepang sekitar tahun 1872,
setelah masuknya budaya Barat ke Jepang. Kemudian tahun 1892 berdiri Japan
Library Association (JLA) untuk mempromosikan jasa perpustakaan dan
kepustakawanan di Jepang. Pada tahun 1906 untuk pertama kalinya
diselenggarakan konferensi seluruh perpustakaan di Jepang. Dan pada tahun 1929,
JLA menjadi anggota dari International Federation of Library Associations and
Institutions (IFLA).
JLA adalah sebuah organisasi nirlaba yang mewakili profesi perpustakaan
di Jepang. Keanggotaan asosiasi ini terdiri dari tiga jenis: anggota individu (4.800
per 2008), anggota institusional (2.477), dan anggota pendukung (55). Untuk
kegiatan profesional, organisasi ini terdiri dari enam divisi: The Public Library
Division, University Library Division, Junior College Division, School Library
Division, Special Library Division, dan the Library Education Division.2
Nippon Decimal Classification merupakan sistem klasifikasi lokal yang
diterapkan secara luas di Jepang. Sistem ini diterapkan oleh perpustakaan umum,
perpustakaan sekolah, dan perpustakaan jenis lain di Jepang. Perpustakaan
nasional Jepang, National Diet Library sendiri menerapkan lebih dari sistem
klasifikasi, termasuk sistem NDC. Pada National Diet Library sistem NDC hanya
digunakan untuk mengklasifikasi koleksi terbitan Jepang dan China. Sistem NDC
diketahui tidak hanya diterapkan di negara Jepang. Sistem ini diterapkan juga di
2 http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jla/libraries-e.html diakses 8 Juni 2010 pukul 17.30 WIB
8
perpustakaan di luar negara Jepang, seperti perpustakaan Prodi Bahasa dan Sastra
Jepang UGM, perpustakaan koleksi Jepang UI, Perpustakaan The Japan
Foundation di Jakarta, dan Japan Foundation Mongolia. Penerapan sistem NDC di
luar negara Jepang dilakukan oleh perpustakaan yang memiliki koleksi terbitan
Jepang. Seperti halnya penerapan NDC di perpustakaan Prodi Bahasa dan Sastra
Jepang UGM, tempat penulis bekerja, sistem NDC ini diterapkan untuk
mengklasifikasi koleksi Jepang. Hal ini dilakukan karena pengklasifikasian
dengan sistem NDC dianggap lebih sesuai dibanding dengan sistem lainnya.
Sistem klasifikasi NDC disusun khusus untuk mengklasifikasi buku terbitan
Jepang.
Jepang dengan minat baca masyarakatnya yang tinggi dan didukung dengan
ketersediaan fasilitas baca menimbulkan minat penulis untuk mengetahui lebih
jauh tentang pengelolaan koleksi, khususnya sistem klasifikasi yang diterapkan di
sana. Sistem DDC merupakan sistem klasifikasi tertua dan terluas digunakan di
perpustakaan di dunia. Namun, pada beberapa perpustakaan yang penulis
kunjungi, hampir semua menggunakan sistem NDC. Berdasarkan sumber
informasi yang penulis ketahui, sistem NDC disusun berdasar sistem DDC. Di sisi
lain, latar belakang dilakukannya perluasan dan penyesuaian DDC antara negara
satu dengan yang lain berbeda sesuai dengan kebutuhan masing-masing.
Perbedaan latar belakang perluasan dan penyesuaian DDC dan kemunculan NDC
di Jepang ini menimbulkan ketertarikan penulis untuk mengkaji adaptasi DDC
yang terjadi di Jepang.
9
1. 2. Rumusan Masalah
Dalam mengklasifikasi buku, pada masing-masing negara, masing-masing
perpustakaan menerapkan sistem klasifikasi yang berbeda. Jepang merupakan
salah satu negara yang melakukan adaptasi sistem klasifikasi, yakni DDC menjadi
sistem NDC untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pengklasifikasian buku terbitan Jepang.
Sehubungan dengan latar belakang tersebut, berikut ini pokok permasalahan yang
akan dikaji dalam skripsi ini:
a. Bagaimana sejarah dan perkembangan NDC di Jepang?
b. Bagaimana sistem hirarki dalam sistem NDC sebagai hasil adaptasi?
c. Bagaimana sistematika dalam sistem NDC sebagai hasil adaptasi?
d. Apa yang melatarbelakangi adaptasi NDC?
e. Bagaimana penomoran subjek kejepangan pada NDC?
1. 3. Tujuan Penelitian
Berdasarkan uraian seperti yang telah dipaparkan di dalam latar belakang
dan pokok-pokok permasalahan di atas, maka tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah:
a. Untuk mengetahui sejarah dan perkembangan NDC di Jepang.
b. Untuk mengetahui sistem hirarki pada NDC sebagai hasil adaptasi dari
DDC.
c. Untuk mengetahui sistematika NDC sebagai hasil adaptasi dari DDC
d. Untuk mengetahui latar belakang adaptasi NDC dari DDC.
e. Untuk mengetahui penomoran subjek kejepangan pada sistem NDC.
10
1. 4. Manfaat Penelitian
a. Menambah pengetahuan tentang sistem klasifikasi, khususnya adaptasi
yang dialami oleh sistem DDC sebagai sistem klasifikasi tertua dan
terluas digunakan
b. Menambah wawasan tentang perkembangan perpustakaan di Jepang
terutama dalam penerapan sistem NDC sebagai turunan dari sistem DDC.
1. 5. Sistematika Penulisan
Penulisan skripsi ini akan disusun ke dalam 5 bab, masing-masing bab
membahas secara spesifik yang tidak akan melupakan keterkaitan antar bab. Bab
I Pendahuluan, menguraikan latar belakang masalah, rumusan masalah, tujuan
penelitian, manfaat penelitian, serta sistematika penulisan. Bab II Tinjauan
Pustaka dan Landasan Teori, memaparkan hasil-hasil penelitian yang pernah
dilakukan dan memaparkan teori yang relevan dengan tema skripsi. Bab III
Metode Penelitian, menjelaskan tentang metode, jenis penelitian, teknik
pengumpulan data, dan metode analisis data yang digunakan. Bab IV
Pembahasan, memaparkan tentang sejarah dan perkembangan NDC, sistematika
dan hirarki sistem NDC, latar belakang penyusunan NDC dari adaptasi DDC dan
contoh penomoran subjek kejepangan dalam NDC. Bab V Penutup, berisi
simpulan dan saran dari penjelasan yang telah ditulis pada bab-bab sebelumnya.
73
BAB V
PENUTUP
5. 1. Simpulan
Dari uraian yang telah dipaparkan pada bab sebelumnya, dapat ditarik
beberapa simpulan, antara lain:
1. Pada awalnya sistem NDC disusun oleh seorang pustakawan Jepang
bernama Mori Kiyoshi untuk mengklasifikasi buku-buku Jepang yang ada
di toko perlengkapan perpustakaan tempat ia bekerja. Pada
perkembangannya, yakni tahun 1929, secara resmi NDC diterbitkan oleh
Japan Library Association dan hingga saat ini NDC menjadi sistem
klasifikasi yang paling luas digunakan di Jepang.
2. Revisi untuk sistem NDC tidak dilakukan secara periodik seperti revisi 7
yang dilakukan pada sistem DDC, revisi dilakukan apabila diperlukan.
3. Sistem NDC berciri khas DDC. NDC menggunakan notasi angka Arab
dengan sistem notasi hirarki, notasi mencerminkan hubungan antara
masing-masing unit pengetahuan serta elemen subordinasinya
4. Sistematika penomoran sistem NDC dilakukan secara langsung dengan
melihat bagan klasifikasi. Dalam NDC juga disediakan tabel pembantu
sebagaimana sistem DDC, yang berfungsi untuk membantu penomoran
subjek yang tidak tersedia di bagan klasifikasi. Sistem NDC juga
menganut struktur hirarki, bahwa semua topik merupakan bagian dari
73
74
topik yang lebih luas di atasnya. Sistem NDC membagi ilmu pengetahuan
ke dalam 10 kelas utama. Setiap kelas utama dibagi lagi menjadi divisi/rui,
kemudian dibagi lagi ke dalam seksi/kou, kemudian subseksi/moku, dan
dibagi lagi pada tahap berikutnya.
5. Adaptasi sistem NDC dari DDC tidak terjadi pada semua nomor. Namun,
adaptasi dilakukan mulai dari kelas utama. Adaptasi selanjutnya dilakukan
khususnya untuk kelas-kelas yang berhubungan dengan bidang/subjek
kejepangan.
6. Latar belakang dilakukan adaptasi sistem NDC dari DDC adalah untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan klasifikasi terbitan Jepang. Adaptasi kelas utama
pada NDC dilakukan karena tata urutannya dianggap tidak sesuai, dan
kurang mencukupi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan klasifikasi Jepang.
7. Terbukti bahwa penomoran subjek kejepangan dengan NDC menjadi
lebih praktis dibanding penomoran dengan DDC karena notasi untuk
subjek kejepangan pada sistem NDC diletakkan di digit awal dan lebih
terperinci.
5. 2. Saran
1. Pola adaptasi sistem DDC di Jepang menghasilkan sebuah sistem
klasifikasi lokal yaitu sistem NDC. NDC mengadaptasi DDC dari kelas
utama dan kelas selanjutnya hingga melahirkan sebuah sistem klasifikasi.
Penomoran pada DDC yang dianggap kurang sesuai disesuaikan dengan
75
kebutuhan klasifikasi Jepang. Penomoran DDC yang dainggap tidak
mencukupi kebutuhan Jepang kemudian diadaptasi sehingga dapat
mengakomodasi kebutuhan klasifikasi Jepang. Pola adaptasi serupa, yakni
adaptasi DDC yang melahirkan sistem klasifikasi baru/lokal tidak menutup
kemungkinan dilakukan untuk menyusun sistem klasifikasi Indonesia.
Sehingga dari adaptasi tersebut dihasilkan sebuah sistem klasifikasi baru
yang seluruh penomorannya untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan klasifikasi
Indonesia.
2. Sistem NDC ini menggunakan bahasa Jepang, bukan bahasa Inggris,
bahasa yang digunakan DDC, sehingga lebih mudah digunakan oleh
pustakawan di Jepang. Pola adaptasi berupa translasi DDC ke dalam
bahasa Indonesia untuk semua nomor juga dapat diterapkan di Indonesia
untuk memudahkan para pustakawan Indonesia dalam menggunakan
sistem klasifikasi.
76
Daftar Pustaka
Arianto, M. Solihin. 2006. “Islamic Knowledge Classification Scheme. Islam
Knowledge Classification Scheme in Islamic Countries Libraries”. Jurnal Al Jami'ah UIN Sunan Kalijaga Vol. 44 No. 2 . Yogyakarta. UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
Broughton, Vanda. 2004. Essential Classification. New York. Neal Schuman. Denim, Sudarwan. 2002. Menjadi Peneliti Kualitatif. Bandung: Pustaka Setia. Hamakonda, Towa dan Tairas, JNB. 2007. Pengantar Klasifikasi Persepuluhan
Dewey. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. Heiner, Magda dan Freiling. 2003. DDC German. World Library and Information
Congress: 69th IFLA General Conference Council 1-9 August 2003. Berlin. IFLA Japan Library Association. 1994. Librarianship in Japan. Tokyo. Japan Library
Association Kiyoshi, Mori. 1995. 日本十進分類法新訂9版 本要編 Nihon Juusshin
Bunruihou Shintei Kyuuhan Honyouhen. Tokyo. Japan Library Association.
Kiyoshi, Mori. 1979. 図書館雑誌 Toshokan Zasshi Vol. Vl. 73 No. 8. Tokyo.
Japan Library Association. Masayuki, Chika. 1995. 図書分類法の実務図書の基礎 Toshokan Bunruihou no
Jinmu Tosho no Kiso. Tokyo. Japan Library Association. Masruri, Anis dkk. 2004. Panduan Penulisan Skripsi. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Ilmu
Perpustakaan dan Informasi Fakultas UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Moleong, Lexy J. 2003. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Bandung. Remaja Rosdakarya. Momeni, Mahvash K. 1985. Adaptation of DDC in the Middle East. University of
Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Occasional Papers No. 170 September 1985.
Nazir, Muhammad. 2003. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta. Ghalia Indonesia. Pendit, Putu Laxman. 2003. Penelitian Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi. Jakarta.
Kumandang
77
Salim, Agus. 2006. Teori dan Paradigma Penelitian Sosial. Yogyakarta. Tiara Wacana.
Soekarman & JNB. Tairas. 1993. Klasifikasi Bahan Pustaka Tentang Indonesia
Menurut DDC. Jakarta. Ikatan Pustakawan Indonesia.
Sugiyono. 2006. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung. Alfabeta. Sukmadinata, Nana Syaodih. 2005. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung. Remaja Rosdakarya. Sulistyo Basuki. 1993. Pengantar Ilmu Perpustakaan. Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama. Sulistyo Basuki dan Mulyani, Alit Sri. 2007. Dewey Decimal Classification
(DDC)`s Notation 297 on Islam: A Critics and View from Indonesian Point of View. ICOLIS, Kuala Lumpur: LISU, FCSIT, 2007: hlm. 13-21.
Suwarno, Wiji. 2007. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Perpustakaan. Yogyakarta. Ar-Ruzz Media. Syihabuddin. 2007. Dasar-dasar Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi. Yogyakarta:
Jurusan Ilmu Perpustakaan dan Informasi Fakultas Adab UIN Sunan Kalijaga.
The Japan Foundation. 2005.日本の図書館事情 Nihon no Toshokan Jijou
(modul). Osaka. The Japan Foundation, Japanese Language Institute, Kansai.
Nobori Tamiko. 2005. 図書館員のために語彙 Toshokanin no Tame ni
Goi (modul). Osaka. The Japan Foundation, Japanese Language Institute, Kansai.
Sumber Internet:
1. www.odlis.org diakses pada tanggal 11 Mei 2009 pukul 12.00 WIB 2. http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jla/libraries-e.html diakses 8 Juni 2010 pukul
17.30 WIB 3. http://www.jfkc.jp/en/library/overseas/classification.html diakses 30
Oktober 2012 pukul 09.00 WIB 4. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ax2s-kmtn/ref/ndc/e_ndc.html diakses 20
September 2012 pukul 13.00 5. http://www.oclc.org/dewey/resources/summaries/ diakses 16 Oktober
2012 pukul 11.00 WIB 6. http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本十進分類法 diakses 28 September 2012
pukul 22.00 WIB 7. http://oclc.org/, diakses 10 Oktober 2012 pukul 23.00 WIB 8. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ax2s-kmtn/profile.html, diakses 5 Oktober
2012 pukul 02.00 WIB
LAMPIRAN
Nippon Decimal Classification (NDC) 9th ed. -3rd Categories-
[Updated: 2008-Aug-01] 000
000 General works
001 002 Knowledge. Learning
003 004 005 006 007 Information science
008 009
010 Libraries. Library and information sciences
011 Library policy and administration
012 Library buildings
013 Library Management
014 Technical processes in libraries
015 Library activities
016 Specific kinds of institutions
017 School libraries
018 Special libraries
019 Reading of books. Book review
020 Books. Bibliography
021 Authorship and editorial techniques
022 Manuscripts and printed books
023 Publishing
024 Bookselling
025 General and national bibliographies
026 Bibliographies of rare books
027 Special bibliographies
028 Catalogs of selected books. Catalogs of reference books
029 Library catalogs. Union catalogs
030 General encyclopedias
031 Nipponese
032 Chinese
033 English
034 German
035 French
036 Spanish
037 Italian
038 Russian
039 General concordances
040 General collected essays
041 Nipponese
042 Chinese
043 English
044 German
045 French
046 Spanish
047 Italian
048 Russian
049 General miscellanies
050 General serial publications
051 Nipponese serial publications
052 Chinese serial publications
053 English serial publications
054 German serial publications
055 French serial publications
056 Spanish serial publications
057 Italian serial publications
058 Russian serial publications
059 General yearbooks
060 General societies
061 Academies
062
070 Journalism. Newspapers
071 Nipponese
072 Asia
063 Cultural exchange organizations
064 065 Service clubs and other societies
066 067 068 069 Museums
073 Europe
074 Africa
075 North America
076 South America
077 Oceania. Polar regions
078 079
080 General collections
081 Nipponese
082 Chinese
083 English
084 German
085 French
086 Spanish
087 Italian
088 Russian
089 Others languages
090 Rare books. Local collections. Special collections
091 092 093 094 095 096 097 098 099
100
100 Philosophy
101 Theory of philosophy
102 General history of philosophy
103 Reference books
104 Essays and lectures
105 Serial publications
106 Organizations
107 Study and teaching
108 Collected works. Collections
109
110 Special treatises on philosophy
111 Metaphysics. Ontology
112 Philosophy of nature. Cosmology
113 View of life. World view
114 Philosophic anthropology
115 Epistemology
116 Logics. Dialectics. Methodology
117 Philosophy of value
118 Philosophy of culture and technics
[119] Aesthetics -->701.1
120 Oriental thought
121 Nipponese thought
122 Chinese thought
123 Chinese classics
124 Sages of Pre-Chin
125 Medieval and modern thought
126 Indian philosophy. Brahmanism
127
130 Western philosophy
131 Ancient philosophy
132 Medieval philosophy
133 Modern philosophy
134 German and Austrian philosophy
135 French and Dutch philosophy
136 Spanish and Portuguese philosophy
137 Italian philosophy
128 129 Other Oriental and Arabic thought
138 Russian philosophy
139 Other philosophy
140 Psychology
141 General psychology
142 143 Developmental psychology
144 145 Abnormal psychology
146 Clinical psychology. Psychoanalysis
147 Parapsychology
148 Divination
[149] Applied psychology
150 Ethics. Morals
151 Systems and doctrines
152 Family and sexual ethics
153 Professional and occupational ethics
154 Social ethics
155 National polity
156 Bushidô
157 Hôtokukyô. Shingaku
158 Other ethical topics
159 Practical ethics
160 Religion
161 Science of religion
162 History and conditions of religions
163 Primitive religions
164 Myths. Mythology
165 Comparative religion
166 Taoism
167 Islam
168 Hinduism. Jainaism
169 Other religions
170 Shintô
171 Shintô theology
172 History and conditions of Shintô
173 Shintô sacred classics
174 Priestly memoirs. Sermons
175 Shrines. Shintô priests
176 Shintô festivals
177 Shintô missions
178 Sectarian Shintô
179
180 Buddhism
181 Buddhist doctrines
182 History and conditions of Buddhism
183 Buddhist scriptures
184 Sermons. Preaching
185 Temples. Buddhist priests
186 Buddhist services and customs
187 Buddhist missions
188 Buddhist sects
189
190 Christianity
191 Christian theology
192 History and conditions of Christianity
193 Bible
194 Priestly memoirs. Sermons
195 Christian church. Holy orders
196 Ritual and liturgy
197 Missions
198 Denominations of Christian churches
199 Judaism
200
200 General history
201 Historical science
202 Auxiliary sciences of history
203 Reference books
204 Essays and lectures
210 General history of Nippon
211 Hokkaidô
212 Tôhoku
213 Kantô
214 Hokuriku
205 Serial publications
206 Organizations
207 Study and teaching
208 Collected works. Collections
209 World history
215 Chûbu
216 Kinki
217 Chûgoku
218 Shikoku
219 Kyûshû
220 General history of Asia
221 Korea
222 China
223 Southeast Asia
224 Indonesia
225 India
[226] Southwest Asia. Middle East -->227
227 Southwest Asia. Middle East
[228] Arab states -->227.1/.8
229 Asiatic Russia
230 General history of Europe
231 Ancient Greece
232 Ancient Rome
233 United Kingdom
234 Germany. Central Europe
235 France
236 Spain
237 Italy
238 Russia. USSR. CIS
239 Balkan States
240 General history of Africa
241 North Africa
242 Egypt
243 Barbary States
244 West Africa
245 East Africa
246 247 248 South Africa
249 Islands of Indian Ocean
250 General history of North America
251 Canada
252 253 United States of America
254 255 Latin America
256 Mexico
257 Central America
258 259 West Indies. Antilles
260 General history of South America
261 Northern South America
262 Brazil
263 Paraguay
264 Uruguay
265 Argentina
266 Chile
267 Bolivia
268 Peru
269
270 General history of Oceania. General history of Polar regions
271 Australia
272 New Zealand
273 Melanesia
274 Micronesia
275 Polynesia
276 Hawaii
277 Polar regions
278 North pole. Arctic regions
279 South pole. Antarctic regions
280 General biography
281 Nippon
282 Asia
290 General geography. Description and travel
291 Nippon
292 Asia
283 Europe
284 Africa
285 North America
286 South America
287 Oceania. Polar regions
288 Genealogy. Family history
289 Individual biography
293 Europe
294 Africa
295 North America
296 South America
297 Oceania. Polar regions
298 299 Oceans. Sea
300
300 Social sciences
301 Theory and methodology
302 Social situation and conditions
303 Reference books
304 Essays and lectures
305 Serial publications
306 Organizations
307 Study and teaching
308 Series. Collected works. Collections
309 Social thought
310 Political science
311 Political theory and thought
312 Political history and conditions
313 Forms of states. Political systems
314 Legislature. Parliaments
315 Political parties
316 State and individuals
317 Public administration
318 Local governments. Local administration
319 International relations
320 Law
321 Jurisprudence
322 Legal history
323 Constitutional law
324 Civil law
325 Commercial law
326 Criminal law
327 Judicial system and proceedings
[328] Special law
329 International law
330 Economics
331 Economic theory and thought
332 Economic history and conditions
333 Economic policy. International economy
334 Population. Land. Resources
335 Enterprise. Management
336 Business management
337 Money and currency
338 Financial economics. Banks and trusts
339 Insurance
340 Public finance
341 Theory of public finance
342 Fiscal history and conditions
343 Fiscal policy and administration
344 Budgets and settlements
345 Taxations
346 347 Public debts
348 Public monopolies. National property
349 Local finance
350 Statistics
351 Nippon
352 Asia
353 Europe
354 Africa
355 North America
356 South America
357 Oceania. Polar regions
358 Population statistics
[359] Statistics of specific subjects
360 Society
361 Sociology
362 Social history. Social system
363 364 Social security
365 Living and consumer's problems
366 Labor economics. Labor problems
367 Family. Man and woman. Aged people
368 Social pathology
369 Social welfare
370 Education
371 Theory of education
372 History and conditions of education
373 Educational policy and system
374 School administration
375 Curriculums. Methods of instruction and study
376 Pre-school. Elementary and secondary education
377 Higher education
378 Education for the handicapped children
379 Social education
380 Customs, folklore and ethnology
381
382 History and descriptions of customs, folklore and ethnology
383 Costumes. Eating and drinking. Housing
384 Customs of social and domestic life
385 Customs of life cycle
386 Annual events. Festivals
387 Popular beliefs
388 Legends. Folk tales
389 Ethnology. Cultural anthropology
390 National defence. Military science
391 War. Strategy. Tactics
392 History and conditions
393 Policy and administration of national defence
394 Military health services
395 Military installations. War supplies
396 Armies
397 Navies
398 Air forces and warfare
399 Antiquated arts of war
400
400 Natural sciences
401 Theory and philosophy
402 History and conditions
403 Reference books
404 Essays and lectures
405 Serial publications
406 Organizations
407 Study and teaching
408 Collected works. Collections
409 Science and Technology Policy
410 Mathematics
411 Algebra
412 Theory of numbers
413 Analysis
414 Geometry
415 Topological mathematics
416 417 Probabilities. Mathematical statistics
418 Numerical calculations
419 Mathematics of Nippon and China
420 Physics
421 Theoretical physics
422
430 Chemistry
431 Physical and theoretical chemistry
432 Experimental chemistry
423 Mechanics
424 Vibrations. Acoustics
425 Optics
426 Heat. Thermotics
427 Electricity and magnetism
428 Physical properties of matter
429 Atomic and nuclear physics
433 Analytical chemistry
434 Synthetical chemistry
435 Inorganic chemistry
436 Metallic elements, their compounds
437 Organic chemistry
438 Chemistry of cyclic compounds
439 Chemistry of natural products
440 Astronomy. Space sciences
441 Theoretical astronomy
442 Practical astronomy
443 Fixed stars
444 Sun
445 Planets. Satellites
446 Moon
447 Comets. Meteors
448 Earth. Astronomical geography
449 Horology. Calendars
450 Earth sciences
451 Meteorology
452 Oceanography
453 Seismology
454 Geomorphology
455 Geology
456 Historical geology. Stratigraphy
457 Paleontology
458 Petrology
459 Mineralogy
460 Biology
461 Theoretical biology
462 Biogeography
463 Cytology
464 Biochemistry
465 Microbes. Microbiology
466 467 Genetics. Evolution
468 General ecology
469 Anthropology
470 Botany
471 General botany
472 Phytogeography. Flora
473 Thallophyta
474 Algae and fungi
475 Bryophyta
476 Pteridophyta
477 Spermatophyta
478 Gymnospermae
479 Angiospermae
480 Zoology
481 General zoology
482 Zoogeography. Fauna
483 Invertebrata
484 Mollusca
485 Arthropoda
486 Insecta. Entomology
487 Vertebrata
488 Aves. Ornithology
489 Mammalia
490 Medical sciences
491 Fundamental medicine
492 Clinical medicine
493 Internal medicine
494 Surgery
495 Gynecology. Obstetrics
496 Ophthalmology. Otorhinolaryngology
497 Dentistry
498 Hygienics. Public health. Preventive medicine
499 Pharmaceutics
500
500 Technology. Engineering
501 Basic engineering
502 History of technology
503 Reference books
504 Essays and lectures
505 Serial publications
506 Organizations
507 Study and teaching
508 Collected works. Collections
509 Industries. Manufacturing industry
510 Construction. Civil engineering
511 Mechanics and materials
512 Surveying
513 Designs and executions
514 Engineering of roads and highways
515 Bridge engineering
516 Railroad engineering
517 Hydraulic engineering
518 Sanitary and municipal engineering
519 Pollution. Environmental engineering
520 Architecture. Building
521 Nippon architecture
522 Oriental architecture
523 Occidental architecture. Others
524 Construction
525 Planning. Design. Practices
526 Specific buildings
527 Residential buildings
528 Building utilities
529 Architectural design and decoration
530 Mechanical engineering
531 Mechanics, materials and design
532 Machine-shop practice. Machine tools
533 Heat engines
534 Hydraulic and pneumatic machinery
535 Precision and optical instruments
536 Transportation engineering
537 Automobile engineering
538 Aerospace engineering
539 Nuclear engineering
540 Electrical engineering
541 Electric circuits, measurements and materials
542 Electrical machinery
543 Generation of electric power
544 Transmission. Transformation. Distribution
545 Electric lighting and heating
546 Electric railroads
547 Communication engineering
548 Information engineering
549 Electronic engineering
550 Maritime engineering
551 Theories of shipbuilding
552 Hull construction. Materials of hull
553 Equipment and outfit of ships
554 Marine engineering
555 Refitment of ships. Maintenance
556 Specific ships and boats
557 Navigation
558 Sea development
559 Weapons. Military engineering
560 Metal and mining engineering
561 Exploitation. Ore dressing
562 Mining of specific metals
563 Metallurgy and alloys. Metallography
564 Ferrous metals
565 Nonferrous metals
566 Metallurgical technology
567 Coal mining
570 Chemical technology
571 Chemical engineering
572 Industrial electrochemistry
573 Ceramic technology
574 Industrial chemicals
575 Fuels and explosives
576 Oils and fats
577 Dyes
568 Petroleum mining
569 Non-metallic mining
578 Polymers. Plastics. Cellulose
579 Other chemical technologies
580 Manufactures
581 Metal goods
582 Business machines. Household appliances. Musical instrument
583 Woodworking
584 Leather and fur goods
585 Pulp and paper industries
586 Textile industry
587 Dyeing
588 Food technology
589 Other miscellaneous manufactures
590 Domestic arts and sciences
591 Domestic economy and management
592 Sciences and technology in household
593 Clothing. Sewing
594 Handicrafts
595 Beauty culture
596 Food. Cookery
597 Household utilities
598 Domestic health
599 Care of children
600
600 Industry and commerce
601 Industrial policy and planning
602 History and conditions
603 Reference books
604 Essays and lectures
605 Serial publications
606 Organizations
607 Study and teaching
608 Collected works. Collections
609 Weights and measures
610 Agriculture
611 Agricultural economics
612 Agricultural history and conditions
613 Basic sciences on agriculture
614 Agricultural engineering
615 Methods of cultivation. Crop science
616 Edible crops
617 Industrial crops
618 Fiber crops
619 Agricultural technology
620 Horticulture
621 Gardening economy and management
622 Horticultural history and conditions
623 Basic sciences on gardening
624 Green houses and tools
625 Fruit culture. Pomiculture
626 Vegetable culture
627 Floriculture
628 Utilization of garden products
629 Landscape gardening
630 Sericulture. Silk industry
631 Sericultural economy and management
632 Sericultural history and conditions
633 Natural history of silkworms
634 Silkworm eggs
635 Rearing of silkworms
636 Mulberry culture
637 Sericultural rooms and implements
638 Cocoon
639 Raw silk production
640 Animal husbandry
641 Animal economy and management
642 History and conditions
650 Forestry
651 Forest economics
652 History and conditions
643 Stock breeding. Forage
644 Cotes and implements
645 Domestic animals
646 Aviculture. Poultry
[647] Apiculture. Beekeeping -->646.9
648 Animal industry
649 Veterinary medicine
653 Forest ecology. Silviculture
654 Forest protection
655 Forest administration
656 Forest engineering
657 Forest utilization
658 Forest technology
659 Hunting and shooting
660 Fishing industry. Fisheries
661 Fishing economics and management
662 History and conditions
663 Basic sciences on fishery
664 Fishing
665 Fishing boats and implements
666 Aquaculture
667 Fish technology
668 Utilization of aquatic products
669 Salt manufacture
670 Commerce
671 Commercial policy
672 History and conditions
673 Mercantile business
674 Advertising. Propaganda. Public relations
675 Marketing
676 Exchanges
677 678 Foreign trade
679
680 Transportation services
681 Traffic policy and management
682 History and conditions
683 Maritime transport. Shipping
684 Inland water ways. Canal transportation
685 Land transportation
686 Railways
687 Air transportation
688 Warehouses
689 Tourist industry
690 Communication services
691 Policy, administration and laws
692 History and conditions
693 Postal services
694 Telecommunication
695 696 697 698 699 Broadcasting
700
700 The arts. Fine arts
701 Theory of arts. Aesthetics
702 History of arts
703 Reference books
704 Essays and lectures
705 Serial publications
706 Organizations
707 Study and teaching. Art education
708 Collected works. Collections
710 Sculpture. Plastic arts
711 Materials and techniques
712 History of sculpture
713 Wood carving
714 Stone carving
715 Metal sculpture and casting
716 717 Ceramic sculpture
718 Buddhist image
709 Art and state. Cultural assets
719 Objet
720 Painting. Pictorial arts
721 Nipponese painting
722 Oriental painting
723 Western painting
724 Materials and techniques
725 Dessin. Drawing
726 Caricatures. Illustration
727 Graphic designs
728 Shodô. Calligraphy
729
730 Engraving
731 Materials and techniques
732 History of engraving
733 Wood engraving
734 Lithography
735 Copperplate and steel engraving
736 Soft-ground engraving
737 Photo-engraving. Mimeograph
738 739 Seal engraving
740 Photography and photographs
741 742 Camera and photographic materials
743 Photographing
744 Developing and printing
745 Photoduplication. Photocopying
746 Specific field of photography
747 Applications of photography
748 Collections of photographs
749 Printing. Graphic arts
750 Industrial arts
751 Ceramic arts
752 Lacquer ware
753 Textile arts
754 Art wood work and bamboo-work
755 Jewelry arts. Ivory and born carving
756 Art metalwork
757 Design. Decorative arts
758 Artistic furniture
759 Dolls. Toys
760 Music
761 Musicology
762 History of music
763 Musical instruments. Instrumental music
764 Instrumental ensembles
765 Religious music. Sacred music
766 Dramatic music
767 Vocal music
768 Nipponese music
769 Theatrical dancing. Ballet
770 Theater
771 Stage. Direction. Acting
772 History of theater
773 Noh play and Noh comedy
774 Kabuki play
775 Other theaters. Stage
776 777 Puppetry
778 Motion pictures
779 Public entertainments
780 Sports and physical training
781 Gymnastics. Plays
782 Track and field athletics
783 Ball games
784 Winter sports
785 Aquatic sports
786 Outdoor recreations
787 Angling and hunting sports
790 Accomplishments and amusements
791 Tea ceremony
792 Burning incense
793 Art of flower arrangement
794 Billiards
795 Game of go
796 Game of shogi
797 Game of chance
788 Combat sports. Racing
789 Military arts
798 Indoor games
799 Dancing
800
800 Language
801 Linguistics. Philology
802 History and conditions
803 Reference books
804 Essays and lectures
805 Serial publications
806 Organizations
807 Study and teaching
808 Collected works. Collections
809 Speaking. Shorthand. Typewriting
810 Nipponese
811 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing
812 Etymology. Semantics
813 Dictionaries
814 Vocabularies
815 Grammar
816 Sentences. Styles. Compositions
817 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations
818 Dialects
819
820 Chinese
821 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing
822 Etymology. Semantics
823 Dictionaries
824 Vocabularies
825 Grammar
826 Sentences. Styles. Compositions
827 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations
828 Dialects
829 Other Oriental languages
830 English
831 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing
832 Etymology. Semantics
833 Dictionaries
834 Vocabularies
835 Grammar
836 Sentences. Styles. Compositions
837 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations
838 Dialects
839
840 German
841 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing
842 Etymology. Semantics
843 Dictionaries
844 Vocabularies
845 Grammar
846 Sentences. Styles. Compositions
847 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations
848 Dialects
849 Other Germanic languages
850 French
851 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing
852 Etymology. Semantics
853 Dictionaries
854 Vocabularies
855 Grammar
856 Sentences. Styles. Compositions
857 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations
858 Dialects
859 Provençal
860 Spanish
861 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing
862 Etymology. Semantics
863 Dictionaries
870 Italian
871 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing
872 Etymology. Semantics
873 Dictionaries
864 Vocabularies
865 Grammar
866 Sentences. Styles. Compositions
867 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations
868 Dialects
869 Portuguese
874 Vocabularies
875 Grammar
876 Sentences. Styles. Compositions
877 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations
878 Dialects
879 Other Romanic languages
880 Russian
881 Phonetics. Phonology. Writing
882 Etymology. Semantics
883 Dictionaries
884 Vocabularies
885 Grammar
886 Sentences. Styles. Compositions
887 Readers. Interpretations. Conversations
888 Dialects
889 Other Slavic languages
890 Other languages
891 Greek
892 Latin
893 Other European languages
894 African languages
895 American Indian languages
896 897 Australian languages
898 899 Universal languages
900
900 Literature
901 Theory and techniques
902 History and criticism
903 Reference books
904 Essays and lectures
905 Serial publications
906 Organizations
907 Study and teaching
908 Series. Collections
909 Study of juvenile literature
910 Nipponese literature
911 Poetry
912 Drama
913 Fiction. Romance. Novel
914 Essays. Prose
915 Diaries. Letters. Travels
916 Reportage
917 Aphorism
918 Collections
919 Chinese poetry and prose
920 Chinese literature
921 Poetry
922 Drama
923 Fiction. Romance. Novel
924 Essays. Prose
925 Diaries. Letters. Travels
926 Reportage
927 Aphorism
928 Collections
929 Other Oriental literatures
930 English and American literature
931 Poetry
932 Drama
933 Fiction. Romance. Novel
934 Essays. Prose
935 Diaries. Letters. Travels
936 Reportage
937 Aphorism
938 Collections
[939] American literature -->930/938
940 German literature
941 Poetry
942 Drama
943 Fiction. Romance. Novel
944 Essays. Prose
945 Diaries. Letters. Travels
946 Reportage
947 Aphorism
948 Collections
949 Other Germanic literatures
950 French literature
951 Poetry
952 Drama
953 Fiction. Romance. Novel
954 Essays. Prose
955 Diaries. Letters. Travels
956 Reportage
957 Aphorism
958 Collections
959 Provençal literature
960 Spanish literature
961 Poetry
962 Drama
963 Fiction. Romance. Novel
964 Essays. Prose
965 Diaries. Letters. Travels
966 Reportage
967 Aphorism
968 Collections
969 Portuguese literature
970 Italian literature
971 Poetry
972 Drama
973 Fiction. Romance. Novel
974 Essays. Prose
975 Diaries. Letters. Travels
976 Reportage
977 Aphorism
978 Collections
979 Other Romanic literatures
980 Russian literature
981 Poetry
982 Drama
983 Fiction. Romance. Novel
984 Essays. Prose
985 Diaries. Letters. Travels
986 Reportage
987 Aphorism
988 Collections
989 Other Slavic literatures
990 Literatures of other languages
991 Greek literature
992 Latin literature
993 Other European literatures
994 African literatures
995 Literatures of American native languages
996 997 Literatures of Australian native languages
998 999 Literatures of universal languages
Sumber:
http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ax2s-kmtn/ref/ndc/e_ndc.html
DDC 22 Summaries
Third Summary The Thousand Sections
000
000 Computer science, information & general works 001 Knowledge 002 The book 003 Systems 004 Data processing & computer science 005 Computer programming, programs & data 006 Special computer methods 007 [Unassigned] 008 [Unassigned] 009 [Unassigned] 010 Bibliography 011 Bibliographies 012 Bibliographies of individuals 013 [Unassigned] 014 Of anonymous & pseudonymous works 015 Bibliographies of works from specific places 016 Bibliographies of works on specific subjects 017 General subject catalogs 018 Catalogs arranged by author, date, etc. 019 Dictionary catalogs 020 Library & information sciences 021 Library relationships 022 Administration of physical plant 023 Personnel management 024 [Unassigned] 025 Library operations 026 Libraries for specific subjects 027 General libraries 028 Reading & use of other information media 029 [Unassigned] 030 General encyclopedic works 031 Encyclopedias in American English 032 Encyclopedias in English 033 In other Germanic languages 034 Encyclopedias in French, Occitan & Catalan 035 In Italian, Romanian & related languages 036 Encyclopedias in Spanish & Portuguese 037 Encyclopedias in Slavic languages 038 Encyclopedias in Scandinavian languages 039 Encyclopedias in other languages 040 [Unassigned] 041 [Unassigned] 042 [Unassigned] 043 [Unassigned] 044 [Unassigned] 045 [Unassigned] 046 [Unassigned] 047 [Unassigned] 048 [Unassigned] 049 [Unassigned]
050 General serial publications 051 Serials in American English 052 Serials in English 053 Serials in other Germanic languages 054 Serials in French, Occitan & Catalan 055 In Italian, Romanian & related languages 056 Serials in Spanish & Portuguese 057 Serials in Slavic languages 058 Serials in Scandinavian languages 059 Serials in other languages 060 General organizations & museum science 061 Organizations in North America 062 Organizations in British Isles; in England 063 Organizations in central Europe; in Germany 064 Organizations in France & Monaco 065 Organizations in Italy & adjacent islands 066 In Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands 067 Organizations in eastern Europe; in Russia 068 Organizations in other geographic areas 069 Museum science 070 News media, journalism & publishing 071 Newspapers in North America 072 Newspapers in British Isles; in England 073 Newspapers in central Europe; in Germany 074 Newspapers in France & Monaco 075 Newspapers in Italy & adjacent islands 076 In Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands 077 Newspapers in eastern Europe; in Russia 078 Newspapers in Scandinavia 079 Newspapers in other geographic areas 080 General collections 081 Collections in American English 082 Collections in English 083 Collections in other Germanic languages 084 Collections in French, Occitan & Catalan 085 In Italian, Romanian & related languages 086 Collections in Spanish & Portuguese 087 Collections in Slavic languages 088 Collections in Scandinavian languages 089 Collections in other languages 090 Manuscripts & rare books 091 Manuscripts 092 Block books 093 Incunabula 094 Printed books 095 Books notable for bindings 096 Books notable for illustrations 097 Books notable for ownership or origin 098 Prohibited works, forgeries & hoaxes 099 Books notable for format
100
100 Philosophy & psychology 101 Theory of philosophy 102 Miscellany 103 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 104 [Unassigned] 105 Serial publications 106 Organizations & management 107 Education, research & related topics 108 Kinds of persons treatment 109 Historical & collected persons treatment 110 Metaphysics 111 Ontology 112 [Unassigned] 113 Cosmology 114 Space 115 Time 116 Change 117 Structure 118 Force & energy 119 Number & quantity 120 Epistemology, causation & humankind 121 Epistemology 122 Causation 123 Determinism & indeterminism 124 Teleology 125 [Unassigned] 126 The self 127 The unconscious & the subconscious 128 Humankind 129 Origin & destiny of individual souls 130 Parapsychology & occultism 131 Parapsychological & occult methods 132 [Unassigned] 133 Specific topics in parapsychology & occultism 134 [Unassigned] 135 Dreams & mysteries 136 [Unassigned] 137 Divinatory graphology 138 Physiognomy 139 Phrenology 140 Specific philosophical schools 141 Idealism & related systems 142 Critical philosophy 143 Bergsonism & intuitionism 144 Humanism & related systems 145 Sensationalism 146 Naturalism & related systems 147 Pantheism & related systems 148 Eclecticism, liberalism & traditionalism 149 Other philosophical systems
150 Psychology 151 [Unassigned] 152 Perception, movement, emotions & drives 153 Mental processes & intelligence 154 Subconscious & altered states 155 Differential & developmental psychology 156 Comparative psychology 157 [Unassigned] 158 Applied psychology 159 [Unassigned] 160 Logic 161 Induction 162 Deduction 163 [Unassigned] 164 [Unassigned] 165 Fallacies & sources of error 166 Syllogisms 167 Hypotheses 168 Argument & persuasion 169 Analogy 170 Ethics 171 Ethical systems 172 Political ethics 173 Ethics of family relationships 174 Occupational ethics 175 Ethics of recreation & leisure 176 Ethics of sex & reproduction 177 Ethics of social relations 178 Ethics of consumption 179 Other ethical norms 180 Ancient, medieval & eastern philosophy 181 Eastern philosophy 182 Pre-Socratic Greek philosophies 183 Socratic & related philosophies 184 Platonic philosophy 185 Aristotelian philosophy 186 Skeptic & Neoplatonic philosophies 187 Epicurean philosophy 188 Stoic philosophy 189 Medieval western philosophy 190 Modern western philosophy 191 Philosophy of United States & Canada 192 Philosophy of British Isles 193 Philosophy of Germany & Austria 194 Philosophy of France 195 Philosophy of Italy 196 Philosophy of Spain & Portugal 197 Philosophy of former Soviet Union 198 Philosophy of Scandinavia 199 Philosophy in other geographic areas
200
200 Religion 201 Religious mythology & social theology 202 Doctrines 203 Public worship & other practices 204 Religious experience, life & practice 205 Religious ethics 206 Leaders & organization 207 Missions & religious education 208 Sources 209 Sects & reform movements 210 Philosophy & theory of religion 211 Concepts of God 212 Existence, knowability & attributes of God 213 Creation 214 Theodicy 215 Science & religion 216 [Unassigned] 217 [Unassigned] 218 Humankind 219 [Unassigned] 220 Bible 221 Old Testament (Tanakh) 222 Historical books of Old Testament 223 Poetic books of Old Testament 224 Prophetic books of Old Testament 225 New Testament 226 Gospels & Acts 227 Epistles 228 Revelation (Apocalypse) 229 Apocrypha & pseudepigrapha 230 Christianity & Christian theology 231 God 232 Jesus Christ & his family 233 Humankind 234 Salvation & grace 235 Spiritual beings 236 Eschatology 237 [Unassigned] 238 Creeds & catechisms 239 Apologetics & polemics 240 Christian moral & devotional theology 241 Christian ethics 242 Devotional literature 243 Evangelistic writings for individuals 244 [Unassigned] 245 [Unassigned] 246 Use of art in Christianity 247 Church furnishings & articles 248 Christian experience, practice & life 249 Christian observances in family life
250 Christian orders & local church 251 Preaching 252 Texts of sermons 253 Pastoral office & work 254 Parish administration 255 Religious congregations & orders 256 [Unassigned] 257 [Unassigned] 258 [Unassigned] 259 Pastoral care of families & kinds of persons 260 Social & ecclesiastical theology 261 Social theology 262 Ecclesiology 263 Days, times & places of observance 264 Public worship 265 Sacraments, other rites & acts 266 Missions 267 Associations for religious work 268 Religious education 269 Spiritual renewal 270 History of Christianity & Christian church 271 Religious orders in church history 272 Persecutions in church history 273 Doctrinal controversies & heresies 274 History of Christianity in Europe 275 History of Christianity in Asia 276 History of Christianity in Africa 277 History of Christianity in North America 278 History of Christianity in South America 279 History of Christianity in other areas 280 Christian denominations & sects 281 Early church & Eastern churches 282 Roman Catholic Church 283 Anglican churches 284 Protestants of Continental origin 285 Presbyterian, Reformed & Congregational 286 Baptist, Disciples of Christ & Adventist 287 Methodist & related churches 288 [Unassigned] 289 Other denominations & sects 290 Other religions 291 [Unassigned] 292 Greek & Roman religion 293 Germanic religion 294 Religions of Indic origin 295 Zoroastrianism 296 Judaism 297 Islam, Babism & Bahai Faith 298 (Optional number) 299 Religions not provided for elsewhere
300
300 Social sciences 301 Sociology & anthropology 302 Social interaction 303 Social processes 304 Factors affecting social behavior 305 Social groups 306 Culture & institutions 307 Communities 308 [Unassigned] 309 [Unassigned] 310 Collections of general statistics 311 [Unassigned] 312 [Unassigned] 313 [Unassigned] 314 General statistics of Europe 315 General statistics of Asia 316 General statistics of Africa 317 General statistics of North America 318 General statistics of South America 319 General statistics of other areas 320 Political science 321 Systems of governments & states 322 Relation of state to organized groups 323 Civil & political rights 324 The political process 325 International migration & colonization 326 Slavery & emancipation 327 International relations 328 The legislative process 329 [Unassigned] 330 Economics 331 Labor economics 332 Financial economics 333 Economics of land & energy 334 Cooperatives 335 Socialism & related systems 336 Public finance 337 International economics 338 Production 339 Macroeconomics & related topics 340 Law 341 Law of nations 342 Constitutional & administrative law 343 Military, tax, trade & industrial law 344 Labor, social, education & cultural law 345 Criminal law 346 Private law 347 Civil procedure & courts 348 Laws, regulations & cases 349 Law of specific jurisdictions & areas
350 Public administration & military science 351 Public administration 352 General considerations of public administration 353 Specific fields of public administration 354 Administration of economy & environment 355 Military science 356 Infantry forces & warfare 357 Mounted forces & warfare 358 Air & other specialized forces 359 Sea forces & warfare 360 Social problems & services; associations 361 Social problems & social welfare in general 362 Social welfare problems & services 363 Other social problems & services 364 Criminology 365 Penal & related institutions 366 Associations 367 General clubs 368 Insurance 369 Miscellaneous kinds of associations 370 Education 371 Schools & their activities; special education 372 Elementary education 373 Secondary education 374 Adult education 375 Curricula 376 [Unassigned] 377 [Unassigned] 378 Higher education 379 Public policy issues in education 380 Commerce, communications & transportation 381 Commerce 382 International commerce 383 Postal communication 384 Communications; telecommunication 385 Railroad transportation 386 Inland waterway & ferry transportation 387 Water, air & space transportation 388 Transportation; ground transportation 389 Metrology & standardization 390 Customs, etiquette & folklore 391 Costume & personal appearance 392 Customs of life cycle & domestic life 393 Death customs 394 General customs 395 Etiquette (Manners) 396 [Unassigned] 397 [Unassigned] 398 Folklore 399 Customs of war & diplomacy
400
400 Language 401 Philosophy & theory 402 Miscellany 403 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 404 Special topics 405 Serial publications 406 Organizations & management 407 Education, research & related topics 408 Kinds of persons treatment 409 Geographic & persons treatment 410 Linguistics 411 Writing systems 412 Etymology 413 Dictionaries 414 Phonology & phonetics 415 Grammar 416 [Unassigned] 417 Dialectology & historical linguistics 418 Standard usage & applied linguistics 419 Sign languages 420 English & Old English 421 English writing system & phonology 422 English etymology 423 English dictionaries 424 [Unassigned] 425 English grammar 426 [Unassigned] 427 English language variations 428 Standard English usage 429 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 430 Germanic languages; German 431 German writing systems & phonology 432 German etymology 433 German dictionaries 434 [Unassigned] 435 German grammar 436 [Unassigned] 437 German language variations 438 Standard German usage 439 Other Germanic languages 440 Romance languages; French 441 French writing systems & phonology 442 French etymology 443 French dictionaries 444 [Unassigned] 445 French grammar 446 [Unassigned] 447 French language variations 448 Standard French usage 449 Occitan & Catalan
450 Italian, Romanian & related languages 451 Italian writing systems & phonology 452 Italian etymology 453 Italian dictionaries 454 [Unassigned] 455 Italian grammar 456 [Unassigned] 457 Italian language variations 458 Standard Italian usage 459 Romanian & related languages 460 Spanish & Portuguese languages 461 Spanish writing systems & phonology 462 Spanish etymology 463 Spanish dictionaries 464 [Unassigned] 465 Spanish grammar 466 [Unassigned] 467 Spanish language variations 468 Standard Spanish usage 469 Portuguese 470 Italic languages; Latin 471 Classical Latin writing & phonology 472 Classical Latin etymology 473 Classical Latin dictionaries 474 [Unassigned] 475 Classical Latin grammar 476 [Unassigned] 477 Old, postclassical & Vulgar Latin 478 Classical Latin usage 479 Other Italic languages 480 Hellenic languages; classical Greek 481 Classical Greek writing & phonology 482 Classical Greek etymology 483 Classical Greek dictionaries 484 [Unassigned] 485 Classical Greek grammar 486 [Unassigned] 487 Preclassical & postclassical Greek 488 Classical Greek usage 489 Other Hellenic languages 490 Other languages 491 East Indo-European & Celtic languages 492 Afro-Asiatic languages; Semitic languages 493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages 494 Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean & Dravidian 495 Languages of East & Southeast Asia 496 African languages 497 North American native languages 498 South American native languages 499 Austronesian & other languages
500
500 Natural Sciences and Mathemetics 501 Philosophy & theory 502 Miscellany 503 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 504 [Unassigned] 505 Serial publications 506 Organizations & management 507 Education, research & related topics 508 Natural history 509 Historical, geographic & persons treatment 510 Mathematics 511 General principles of mathematics 512 Algebra 513 Arithmetic 514 Topology 515 Analysis 516 Geometry 517 [Unassigned] 518 Numerical analysis 519 Probabilities & applied mathematics 520 Astronomy & allied sciences 521 Celestial mechanics 522 Techniques, equipment & materials 523 Specific celestial bodies & phenomena 524 [Unassigned] 525 Earth (Astronomical geography) 526 Mathematical geography 527 Celestial navigation 528 Ephemerides 529 Chronology 530 Physics 531 Classical mechanics; solid mechanics 532 Fluid mechanics; liquid mechanics 533 Gas mechanics 534 Sound & related vibrations 535 Light & infrared & ultraviolet phenomena 536 Heat 537 Electricity & electronics 538 Magnetism 539 Modern physics 540 Chemistry & allied sciences 541 Physical chemistry 542 Techniques, equipment & materials 543 Analytical chemistry 544 [Unassigned] 545 [Unassigned] 546 Inorganic chemistry 547 Organic chemistry 548 Crystallography 549 Mineralogy
550 Earth sciences 551 Geology, hydrology & meteorology 552 Petrology 553 Economic geology 554 Earth sciences of Europe 555 Earth sciences of Asia 556 Earth sciences of Africa 557 Earth sciences of North America 558 Earth sciences of South America 559 Earth sciences of other areas 560 Paleontology; paleozoology 561 Paleobotany; fossil microorganisms 562 Fossil invertebrates 563 Fossil marine & seashore invertebrates 564 Fossil mollusks & molluscoids 565 Fossil arthropods 566 Fossil chordates 567 Fossil cold-blooded vertebrates; fossil fishes 568 Fossil birds 569 Fossil mammals 570 Life sciences; biology 571 Physiology & related subjects 572 Biochemistry 573 Specific physiological systems in animals 574 [Unassigned] 575 Specific parts of & systems in plants 576 Genetics & evolution 577 Ecology 578 Natural history of organisms 579 Microorganisms, fungi & algae 580 Plants (Botany) 581 Specific topics in natural history 582 Plants noted for characteristics & flowers 583 Dicotyledons 584 Monocotyledons 585 Gymnosperms; conifers 586 Seedless plants 587 Vascular seedless plants 588 Bryophytes 589 [Unassigned] 590 Animals (Zoology) 591 Specific topics in natural history 592 Invertebrates 593 Marine & seashore invertebrates 594 Mollusks & molluscoids 595 Arthropods 596 Chordates 597 Cold-blooded vertebrates; fishes 598 Birds 599 Mammals
600
600 Technology 601 Philosophy & theory 602 Miscellany 603 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 604 Special topics 605 Serial publications 606 Organizations 607 Education, research & related topics 608 Inventions & patents 609 Historical, geographic & persons treatment 610 Medicine & health 611 Human anatomy, cytology & histology 612 Human physiology 613 Personal health & safety 614 Incidence & prevention of disease 615 Pharmacology & therapeutics 616 Diseases 617 Surgery & related medical specialties 618 Gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics & geriatrics 619 [Unassigned] 620 Engineering & allied operations 621 Applied physics 622 Mining & related operations 623 Military & nautical engineering 624 Civil engineering 625 Engineering of railroads & roads 626 [Unassigned] 627 Hydraulic engineering 628 Sanitary & municipal engineering 629 Other branches of engineering 630 Agriculture & related technologies 631 Techniques, equipment & materials 632 Plant injuries, diseases & pests 633 Field & plantation crops 634 Orchards, fruits & forestry 635 Garden crops (Horticulture) 636 Animal husbandry 637 Processing dairy & related products 638 Insect culture 639 Hunting, fishing & conservation 640 Home & family management 641 Food & drink 642 Meals & table service 643 Housing & household equipment 644 Household utilities 645 Household furnishings 646 Sewing, clothing & personal living 647 Management of public households 648 Housekeeping 649 Child rearing & home care of persons
650 Management & auxiliary services 651 Office services 652 Processes of written communication 653 Shorthand 654 [Unassigned] 655 [Unassigned] 656 [Unassigned] 657 Accounting 658 General management 659 Advertising & public relations 660 Chemical engineering 661 Industrial chemicals 662 Explosives, fuels & related products 663 Beverage technology 664 Food technology 665 Industrial oils, fats, waxes & gases 666 Ceramic & allied technologies 667 Cleaning, color & coating technologies 668 Technology of other organic products 669 Metallurgy 670 Manufacturing 671 Metalworking & primary metal products 672 Iron, steel & other iron alloys 673 Nonferrous metals 674 Lumber processing, wood products & cork 675 Leather & fur processing 676 Pulp & paper technology 677 Textiles 678 Elastomers & elastomer products 679 Other products of specific materials 680 Manufacture for specific uses 681 Precision instruments & other devices 682 Small forge work (Blacksmithing) 683 Hardware & household appliances 684 Furnishings & home workshops 685 Leather, fur goods & related products 686 Printing & related activities 687 Clothing & accessories 688 Other final products & packaging 689 [Unassigned] 690 Buildings 691 Building materials 692 Auxiliary construction practices 693 Specific materials & purposes 694 Wood construction & carpentry 695 Roof covering 696 Utilities 697 Heating, ventilating & air-conditioning 698 Detail finishing 699 [Unassigned]
700
700 The arts; fine & decorative arts 701 Philosophy of fine & decorative arts 702 Miscellany of fine & decorative arts 703 Dictionaries of fine & decorative arts 704 Special topics in fine & decorative arts 705 Serial publications of fine & decorative arts 706 Organizations & management 707 Education, research & related topics 708 Galleries, museums & private collections 709 Historical, geographic & persons treatment 710 Civic & landscape art 711 Area planning 712 Landscape architecture 713 Landscape architecture of trafficways 714 Water features 715 Woody plants 716 Herbaceous plants 717 Structures in landscape architecture 718 Landscape design of cemeteries 719 Natural landscapes 720 Architecture 721 Architectural structure 722 Architecture to ca. 300 723 Architecture from ca. 300 to 1399 724 Architecture from 1400 725 Public structures 726 Buildings for religious purposes 727 Buildings for education & research 728 Residential & related buildings 729 Design & decoration 730 Plastic arts; sculpture 731 Processes, forms & subjects of sculpture 732 Sculpture to ca. 500 733 Greek, Etruscan & Roman sculpture 734 Sculpture from ca. 500 to 1399 735 Sculpture from 1400 736 Carving & carvings 737 Numismatics & sigillography 738 Ceramic arts 739 Art metalwork 740 Drawing & decorative arts 741 Drawing & drawings 742 Perspective 743 Drawing & drawings by subject 744 [Unassigned] 745 Decorative arts 746 Textile arts 747 Interior decoration 748 Glass 749 Furniture & accessories
750 Painting & paintings 751 Techniques, equipment, materials & forms 752 Color 753 Symbolism, allegory, mythology & legend 754 Genre paintings 755 Religion 756 [Unassigned] 757 Human figures 758 Other subjects 759 Historical, geographic & persons treatment 760 Graphic arts; printmaking & prints 761 Relief processes (Block printing) 762 [Unassigned] 763 Lithographic processes 764 Chromolithography & serigraphy 765 Metal engraving 766 Mezzotinting, aquatinting & related processes 767 Etching & drypoint 768 [Unassigned] 769 Prints 770 Photography, photographs & computer art 771 Techniques, equipment & materials 772 Metallic salt processes 773 Pigment processes of printing 774 Holography 775 Digital photography 776 Computer art (Digital art) 777 [Unassigned] 778 Fields & kinds of photography 779 Photographs 780 Music 781 General principles & musical forms 782 Vocal music 783 Music for single voices; the voice 784 Instruments & instrumental ensembles 785 Ensembles with one instrument per part 786 Keyboard & other instruments 787 Stringed instruments 788 Wind instruments 789 (Optional number) 790 Recreational & performing arts 791 Public performances 792 Stage presentations 793 Indoor games & amusements 794 Indoor games of skill 795 Games of chance 796 Athletic & outdoor sports & games 797 Aquatic & air sports 798 Equestrian sports & animal racing 799 Fishing, hunting & shooting
800
800 Literature & rhetoric 801 Philosophy & theory 802 Miscellany 803 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 804 [Unassigned] 805 Serial publications 806 Organizations & management 807 Education, research & related topics 808 Rhetoric & collections of literature 809 History, description & criticism 810 American literature in English 811 American poetry in English 812 American drama in English 813 American fiction in English 814 American essays in English 815 American speeches in English 816 American letters in English 817 American humor & satire in English 818 American miscellaneous writings 819 (Optional number) 820 English & Old English literatures 821 English poetry 822 English drama 823 English fiction 824 English essays 825 English speeches 826 English letters 827 English humor & satire 828 English miscellaneous writings 829 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 830 Literatures of Germanic languages 831 German poetry 832 German drama 833 German fiction 834 German essays 835 German speeches 836 German letters 837 German humor & satire 838 German miscellaneous writings 839 Other Germanic literatures 840 Literatures of Romance languages 841 French poetry 842 French drama 843 French fiction 844 French essays 845 French speeches 846 French letters 847 French humor & satire 848 French miscellaneous writings 849 Occitan & Catalan literatures
850 Italian, Romanian & related literatures 851 Italian poetry 852 Italian drama 853 Italian fiction 854 Italian essays 855 Italian speeches 856 Italian letters 857 Italian humor & satire 858 Italian miscellaneous writings 859 Romanian & related literatures 860 Spanish & Portuguese literatures 861 Spanish poetry 862 Spanish drama 863 Spanish fiction 864 Spanish essays 865 Spanish speeches 866 Spanish letters 867 Spanish humor & satire 868 Spanish miscellaneous writings 869 Portuguese literature 870 Italic literatures; Latin literature 871 Latin poetry 872 Latin dramatic poetry & drama 873 Latin epic poetry & fiction 874 Latin lyric poetry 875 Latin speeches 876 Latin letters 877 Latin humor & satire 878 Latin miscellaneous writings 879 Literatures of other Italic languages 880 Hellenic literatures; classical Greek 881 Classical Greek poetry 882 Classical Greek dramatic poetry & drama 883 Classical Greek epic poetry & fiction 884 Classical Greek lyric poetry 885 Classical Greek speeches 886 Classical Greek letters 887 Classical Greek humor & satire 888 Classical Greek miscellaneous writings 889 Modern Greek literature 890 Literatures of other languages 891 East Indo-European & Celtic literatures 892 Afro-Asiatic literatures; Semitic literatures 893 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic literatures 894 Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean & Dravidian 895 Literatures of East & Southeast Asia 896 African literatures 897 North American native literatures 898 South American native literatures 899 Austronesian & other literatures
900
900 History & geography 901 Philosophy & theory 902 Miscellany 903 Dictionaries & encyclopedias 904 Collected accounts of events 905 Serial publications 906 Organizations & management 907 Education, research & related topics 908 Kinds of persons treatment 909 World history 910 Geography & travel 911 Historical geography 912 Atlases, maps, charts & plans 913 Geography of & travel in ancient world 914 Geography of & travel in Europe 915 Geography of & travel in Asia 916 Geography of & travel in Africa 917 Geography of & travel in North America 918 Geography of & travel in South America 919 Geography of & travel in other areas 920 Biography, genealogy & insignia 921 (Optional number) 922 (Optional number) 923 (Optional number) 924 (Optional number) 925 (Optional number) 926 (Optional number) 927 (Optional number) 928 (Optional number) 929 Genealogy, names & insignia 930 History of ancient world to ca. 499 931 China to 420 932 Egypt to 640 933 Palestine to 70 934 India to 647 935 Mesopotamia & Iranian Plateau to 637 936 Europe north & west of Italy to ca. 499 937 Italy & adjacent territories to 476 938 Greece to 323 939 Other parts of ancient world to ca. 640 940 History of Europe 941 British Isles 942 England & Wales 943 Central Europe; Germany 944 France & Monaco 945 Italian Peninsula & adjacent islands 946 Iberian Peninsula & adjacent islands 947 Eastern Europe; Russia 948 Scandinavia 949 Other parts of Europe
950 History of Asia; Far East 951 China & adjacent areas 952 Japan 953 Arabian Peninsula & adjacent areas 954 South Asia; India 955 Iran 956 Middle East (Near East) 957 Siberia (Asiatic Russia) 958 Central Asia 959 Southeast Asia 960 History of Africa 961 Tunisia & Libya 962 Egypt & Sudan 963 Ethiopia & Eritrea 964 Northwest African coast & offshore islands 965 Algeria 966 West Africa & offshore islands 967 Central Africa & offshore islands 968 Southern Africa; Republic of South Africa 969 South Indian Ocean islands 970 History of North America 971 Canada 972 Middle America; Mexico 973 United States 974 Northeastern United States 975 Southeastern United States 976 South central United States 977 North central United States 978 Western United States 979 Great Basin & Pacific Slope region 980 History of South America 981 Brazil 982 Argentina 983 Chile 984 Bolivia 985 Peru 986 Colombia & Ecuador 987 Venezuela 988 Guiana 989 Paraguay & Uruguay 990 History of other areas 991 [Unassigned] 992 [Unassigned] 993 New Zealand 994 Australia 995 Melanesia; New Guinea 996 Other parts of Pacific; Polynesia 997 Atlantic Ocean islands 998 Arctic islands & Antarctica 999 Extraterrestrial worlds
Sumber Data: OCLC 2012