Themes for today:

Tolerance and intolerance

Conflict and collaboration

Late 7th/early 8th c. Muslim conquest ofNorth Africa

Berbers

711-16 Muslim conquest of Iberia

Visigoths

Map Link: The Muslim Conquests:

<http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gzetlian/images/maps/muslimconquestsmap.gif>

756-1031 Umayyad state at Cordoba

929 ‘Abd al-Rahman III (r. 912-61) takestitle of caliph

Map Link: Spain, 910-1492:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/shepherd-c-082-083.jpg>

1085 Christians take Toledo

al-murabitun (Almoravids)

c. 1090-c. 1140 Almoravid Empire

c. 1140-1275 Caliphate of al-muwahhidun(the Almohads)

1212 Christian Victory at Las Navas de Tolosa

1228 Nasrids establish selves at Granada

Marinids (r. 1268-1465) of Morocco

Alhambra Palace (bt. 1333-91)

al-hamra’ = “the red”

Palace of the Lions (bt. 1362-91)

1469 Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon(1452-1516) and Isabella of Castile(1457-1504)

1479 Ferdinand and Isabella become king andqueen of united Aragon-Castile

1492 Abu ‘Abd Allah (Boabdil) surrendersGranada

mudejars (mudajjan = “permitted to remain”/“put to use”)

The Alcazar, built by King Pedro the Cruel ofCastile (r. 1350-69) in 1360-64

1478 Creation of Spanish Inquisition

Conversos (Jewish converts to Christianity)

1492 Expulsion of Jews from Iberia

Moriscos (Muslim converts to Christianity)

1568-70 Morisco rebellion in Iberia

1609-14 Expulsion of Moriscos from Iberia

15th-16th c. Portuguese and Spanish try totake control of N. African coast

Pirates employed by Muslim rulers = corsairs

Late 16th c. Ottomans take control of mostof N. African coast, employing corsairs

16th-18th c. Corsairs pose ongoing threat toEuropean shipping

Christian renegades – prospects for advancement

Potential importance of religion…

…when people choose to make it so…