The West Between the WarsThe West Between the Wars

Chapter 24Chapter 24

Uneasy Peace, Uncertain SecurityUneasy Peace, Uncertain Security The Treaty of Versailles created The Treaty of Versailles created

new boundaries, states & occupied new boundaries, states & occupied territories; however many were territories; however many were unhappy.unhappy.

The League of Nations was weak.The League of Nations was weak. France demanded reparations from France demanded reparations from

Germany; when unable to pay, Germany; when unable to pay, France occupied the Ruhr Valley.France occupied the Ruhr Valley.

Passive resistance to French Passive resistance to French occupation = German Inflationoccupation = German Inflation

August 1924, August 1924, The Dawes PlanThe Dawes Plan::1.1. Reduced reparationsReduced reparations2.2. Coordinated Germany’s Coordinated Germany’s

payments with ability to paypayments with ability to pay3.3. Granted a $200 million loan (Am. Granted a $200 million loan (Am.

Investment)Investment) Germany & France sign a Germany & France sign a

treaty, and 23 nations sign a treaty, and 23 nations sign a pact renouncing war.pact renouncing war.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression Causes:Causes:

1.1. Slump in the economies of many nationsSlump in the economies of many nations2.2. International financial crisisInternational financial crisis3.3. U.S. Stock Market Crash U.S. Stock Market Crash

Responses:Responses: Unemployed and homeless filled the Unemployed and homeless filled the

streets.streets. Govt. interference in the economyGovt. interference in the economy Renewed interest in Marxist doctrinesRenewed interest in Marxist doctrines

Democratic states after the warDemocratic states after the war Germany –Weimar Republic Germany –Weimar Republic

Problems:Problems: Lack of political leadersLack of political leaders Economic & social problemsEconomic & social problems

FranceFrance Financial problems lead to political Financial problems lead to political

problems.problems. Formation of Popular Front Formation of Popular Front

GovernmentGovernment

Great Britain:Great Britain: Lost a great deal of industry to U.S. Lost a great deal of industry to U.S.

& Japan during the war& Japan during the war Shift in political power to Shift in political power to

Conservatives.Conservatives. Key leader: John Maynard Keynes.Key leader: John Maynard Keynes.

U.S.—FDR & New DealU.S.—FDR & New Deal Capitalism had to be reformedCapitalism had to be reformed The New Deal increased programs The New Deal increased programs

of public works, created the of public works, created the welfare system, Social Security, & welfare system, Social Security, & unemployment insuranceunemployment insurance

(All written in ways to allow for the exclusion (All written in ways to allow for the exclusion of minorities)of minorities)

Key Idea:Key Idea: Economic problems caused people Economic problems caused people

to demand changes in govt.to demand changes in govt. Even with changes, WWII is the Even with changes, WWII is the

only thing that solves the only thing that solves the unemployment problem.unemployment problem.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Fascism Rises in EuropeFascism Rises in Europe

In each nation, Fascists wore In each nation, Fascists wore uniforms of certain color, uniforms of certain color,

used special salutes & held used special salutes & held mass ralliesmass rallies

Fascist Beliefs & PoliciesFascist Beliefs & Policies Fascism is a political movement Fascism is a political movement

that stresses extreme loyalty to that stresses extreme loyalty to the state and its leader.the state and its leader.

Support for Fascists comes from Support for Fascists comes from aristocrats, industrialists, aristocrats, industrialists, veterans, and the lower middle veterans, and the lower middle class.class.

Fascism is similar to CommunismFascism is similar to Communism1.1. Ruled by dictator & one party Ruled by dictator & one party

systemsystem2.2. Both denied individual rightsBoth denied individual rights3.3. State is supremeState is supreme Difference is that Fascists Difference is that Fascists

didn’t want a classless society.didn’t want a classless society.

Mussolini Comes to Power in ItalyMussolini Comes to Power in Italy In Italy, Fascism gains followers In Italy, Fascism gains followers

because of disappointment over because of disappointment over the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, inflation, and unemployment.inflation, and unemployment.

Benito Mussolini gains supporters Benito Mussolini gains supporters b/c he is seen as a strong leader.b/c he is seen as a strong leader.

People feared communismPeople feared communism Fascists in Fascists in black shirtsblack shirts attacked attacked

Communists in the streets.Communists in the streets.

In October 1922, after Fascists In October 1922, after Fascists march on Rome, Mussolini takes march on Rome, Mussolini takes charge of Italy’s govt.charge of Italy’s govt.

Mussolini was known as “IL Mussolini was known as “IL Duce” (the leader)Duce” (the leader)

Under Mussolini, Italy b/c the Under Mussolini, Italy b/c the model for Fascists in other model for Fascists in other countries.countries.

He outlawed political parties & He outlawed political parties & strikes, jailed his opponents, strikes, jailed his opponents, used govt. censors & secret used govt. censors & secret police.police.

Other Countries fall to DictatorsOther Countries fall to Dictators In Hungary & Poland, the new In Hungary & Poland, the new

democratic governments formed democratic governments formed after WWI fall to dictators.after WWI fall to dictators.

By 1935, Czechoslovakia is the By 1935, Czechoslovakia is the only democracy in eastern Europe.only democracy in eastern Europe.

Eastern Europeans turn to Eastern Europeans turn to dictatorship b/c they see dictatorship b/c they see authoritarian rule as the only way authoritarian rule as the only way to prevent instability.to prevent instability.

Civil war in Spain leads to a Civil war in Spain leads to a Fascist dictatorship. Fascist dictatorship. ((FranciscoFrancisco FrancoFranco— — Supported by Italy & Supported by Italy & Germany).Germany). The Soviet Union supported the The Soviet Union supported the

Republican government, not Republican government, not FrancoFranco

A New Era in the Soviet UnionA New Era in the Soviet Union After agricultural disaster in After agricultural disaster in

Russia, Lenin abandoned war Russia, Lenin abandoned war communism in favor of his New communism in favor of his New Economic Policy (NEP).Economic Policy (NEP). System allowed for small businessesSystem allowed for small businesses Prevented further economic disasterPrevented further economic disaster

1922, Russia officially becomes 1922, Russia officially becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)Republics (USSR)

After Lenin died in 1924, a After Lenin died in 1924, a struggle began for control struggle began for control amongst his advisors.amongst his advisors.

Joseph Stalin gains control of the Joseph Stalin gains control of the Communist Party (he allegedly Communist Party (he allegedly orders the assassination of orders the assassination of Trotsky)Trotsky)

Stalin shifts from the NEP with his Stalin shifts from the NEP with his Five-Year Plan.Five-Year Plan. Transform the USSR into an Transform the USSR into an

industrial country.industrial country. Social cost of 5 year plans: not Social cost of 5 year plans: not

much money spent on housing… much money spent on housing… creation of slums, propaganda creation of slums, propaganda stressed sacrifice for the good of stressed sacrifice for the good of the statethe state

Private farms were eliminated Private farms were eliminated under Collectivization, the under Collectivization, the government owned all of the government owned all of the land.land.

Political Costs: Old Bolsheviks Political Costs: Old Bolsheviks removed or put to death, others removed or put to death, others who resisted were sent to labor who resisted were sent to labor camps in Sibera.camps in Sibera.

Hitler takes control in GermanyHitler takes control in Germany The German brand of fascism is The German brand of fascism is

called Nazism.called Nazism. Adolf Hitler’s skills as an Adolf Hitler’s skills as an

organizer and speaker help him organizer and speaker help him become head of the Nazi party.become head of the Nazi party.

Hitler’s book, Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf,Mein Kampf, sets sets forth his anti-Semitic beliefs and forth his anti-Semitic beliefs and his plans for conquest.his plans for conquest.

Had a private militia called Had a private militia called StormtroopersStormtroopers or or brown brown shirtsshirts..

Mein KampfMein Kampf was written while in was written while in jail for failed attempt to over-jail for failed attempt to over-throw govt. (served 5 years)throw govt. (served 5 years)

Used Swastika as their Used Swastika as their symbolsymbol

Germany’s economic problems and Germany’s economic problems and fear of the Communist party help fear of the Communist party help Hitler take power legally (President Hitler take power legally (President Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor).chancellor).

Hitler then demanded passage of Hitler then demanded passage of the Enabling Act (a 4 year the Enabling Act (a 4 year dictatorship) and used his power to dictatorship) and used his power to turn Germany into a turn Germany into a totalitariantotalitarian state.state.

He banned all other political He banned all other political parties & had opponents arrested parties & had opponents arrested & created the SS (Schutzstaffel) & created the SS (Schutzstaffel) Protection squadProtection squad The SS wore black uniforms and they The SS wore black uniforms and they

were loyal only to Hitler (Gestapo)were loyal only to Hitler (Gestapo) Hitler put Germans to work—Hitler put Germans to work—

dropping unemployment from 6 dropping unemployment from 6 million to 2.6 millionmillion to 2.6 million

Jews were encouraged to emigrate Jews were encouraged to emigrate from Germany.from Germany.

Hitler turned the press, radio, Hitler turned the press, radio, literature, painting and film into literature, painting and film into propagandapropaganda tools. tools.

9 Nov 9 Nov 1938—1938—KristallnachtKristallnacht (Night (Night of the Broken Glass).of the Broken Glass). Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their

homes & streets, destroyed Jewish homes & streets, destroyed Jewish owned buildingsowned buildings

Cultural & Intellectual TrendsCultural & Intellectual Trends

Section 4Section 4

Radio, Movies, & Free TimeRadio, Movies, & Free Time In the 1920s, Broadcasting facilities In the 1920s, Broadcasting facilities

were built in the U.S., Europe, & were built in the U.S., Europe, & Japan.Japan.

Mass production of radios & the first Mass production of radios & the first full-length feature picturesfull-length feature pictures

Movies & radios could be used for Movies & radios could be used for political purposespolitical purposes Nazis had radio manufacturers offer Nazis had radio manufacturers offer

installment payment plans. (Joseph installment payment plans. (Joseph Goebbles- German Propaganda Goebbles- German Propaganda Minister)Minister)

The creation of the eight-hour The creation of the eight-hour work day brought more free time work day brought more free time

leisure activities– Professional leisure activities– Professional sporting events & Travel (made sporting events & Travel (made affordable by the use of trains, affordable by the use of trains, busses, & cars)busses, & cars)

Activities promoted government Activities promoted government ideals-- ideals-- Kraft durch Freude Kraft durch Freude (“(“Strength through Joy”)Strength through Joy”)

VideoVideo

Artistic & Literary TrendsArtistic & Literary Trends Political, economic, & social Political, economic, & social

uncertainties lead to intellectual uncertainties lead to intellectual uncertainties after WWI.uncertainties after WWI.

Abstract Art became popularAbstract Art became popular Art was a way of escaping reality.Art was a way of escaping reality. 2 movements:2 movements:

DadaDada SurrealismSurrealism

Dadaists—believed that life had no Dadaists—believed that life had no purpose.purpose.

Surrealism—sought reality beyond Surrealism—sought reality beyond the material world in the the material world in the unconscious.unconscious.

Hitler rejected modern art in favor Hitler rejected modern art in favor of art that glorified the Aryan race.of art that glorified the Aryan race.

Literature—new works exposed Literature—new works exposed the inner thoughts of characters, the inner thoughts of characters, some expressed the spiritual some expressed the spiritual loneliness of modern humans.loneliness of modern humans.

PhysicsPhysics Physics was also affected by the Physics was also affected by the

age of uncertainty.age of uncertainty. 1927, German physicist Werner 1927, German physicist Werner

Heisenberg explained the Heisenberg explained the uncertainty principle.uncertainty principle. All of our physical laws are based on All of our physical laws are based on

uncertainty b/c the behavior of uncertainty b/c the behavior of subatomic particles is unpredictable. subatomic particles is unpredictable. (completely contradicts Newton)(completely contradicts Newton)