The View of the Two Political Parties

• Republicans– Like Imperialism

• Democrats– Not in favor of

Imperialism

1. Westward Expansion

2. Commercial/Business Interests

3. Military/Strategic Interests

4. Social Darwinism – “The White Man’s Burden”

5. Religious/Missionary Interests

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty: duty free Treaty: duty free access for access for Hawaiian Hawaiian

sugarsugar

1890 – 1890 –

McKinley Tariff: McKinley Tariff: no longer duty no longer duty free sugarfree sugar

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

1893 – American American businessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Liliuokalani and Queen Liliuokalani and overthrew her overthrew her governmentgovernment

1893 – American American businessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Liliuokalani and Queen Liliuokalani and overthrew her overthrew her governmentgovernment

o Sanford Dole:Sanford Dole: proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894 of Hawaii in 1894 and asks the U.S. to and asks the U.S. to annex the territoryannex the territory

o Cleveland initially Cleveland initially refusesrefuses

o McKinley believes it McKinley believes it is “Manifest is “Manifest Destiny”Destiny”

o Annexes HI in 1898Annexes HI in 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

The “Splendid Little War”Causes:- Cuban desire for

independence- Am. Business Interests- Yellow Journalism - American Jingoism - De Lôme Letter - Explosion of the U.S.S.

Maine

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

War declared April 25, 1898Fought in the Caribbean and in the PhilippinesSpain surrendered August 12 and signs Treaty of Paris (1898)Cuba Gains “Independence”U.S. gains control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the PhilippinesMarked U.S. entry into world affairs

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”

Cuban Independence?Teller (1898) and Platt (1903)

Amendments1. Cuba could not enter agreements with

foreign nations that would risk their independence

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary

3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S.

4. Cuba must not build up excessive debtBasically Cuba is a protectorate of the

U.S.

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League League

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.

Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, and Carnegie, and WilliamWilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leadersthe leaders

Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialismacts of imperialism

The Filipinos expected independence

Began to fight against the U.S.

The Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the Filipinouprisinguprising

Over 200,000 Over 200,000 Filipinos killedFilipinos killed

Ultimately Ultimately unsuccessful for the unsuccessful for the PhilippinesPhilippines

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Chinese Exclusion Act,

1882

Chinese Exclusion Act,

1882

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary of State Secretary of State John HayJohn Hay

Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken

over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908Agreement between Agreement between Roosevelt and Japanese Roosevelt and Japanese governmentgovernment

Problems with Problems with segregation in schools segregation in schools and unlimited and unlimited immigration in the U.S.immigration in the U.S.

Japanese agreed to deny Japanese agreed to deny passports to laborers passports to laborers entering the U.S.entering the U.S.

The U.S. government The U.S. government ordered San Francisco to ordered San Francisco to end segregation of Asians end segregation of Asians in schools.in schools.

• Bought by the U.S. in 1867 from Russia• Bought for $7.2 million• Thought to be “Seward’s Folly”

– Until gold discovered in 1890

• 1904: An addition to the Monroe Doctrine

• U.S. had the right to intervene in any W. Hemisphere country where events were “harmful” to the U.S.

• Justified U.S. intervention in Latin America

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Big Stick DiplomacyBig Stick DiplomacyBig Stick DiplomacyBig Stick Diplomacy• “Speak softly

and carry a big stick”

• The U.S. became increasingly assertive and took on the role of world policeman

• Great White Fleet (1907-1909)

• Circumnavigated the globe to show American military power

• Spanish-American War demonstrated a need for an Atlantic-Pacific connector

• Advantages to building the canal:– Business saved $

when shipping goods– Travel time between

coasts reduced– Allowed a military

presence in Central America

• The Problem: Colombia said NO

• Solution: Support Panamanian independence

• 1904 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty: the U.S. received permanent rights to 10 miles of land for $10 million

Construction Begins in 1904

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal•Building of the canal plagued with problems

•Disease (yellow fever and malaria)

•Landslides

•Over 27,000 men died to build the 48 mile long canal

•Opened August 15, 1914

• Taft becomes President in 1909

• President Taft’s economic policy for Latin America was “Substituting dollars for bullets”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

• Wilson becomes President in 1913

• Democrat in office with a different point of view of foreign affairs

• Appointed William Jennings Bryan as his Secretary of State

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.