THE TRANSITIONAL PERIODHISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - V

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - V

THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD

PREMODERN ARCHITECTURE

PALLADIAN REVIVAL IN BRITAIN

GREEK REVIVAL

GOTHIC REVIVAL

INTRODUCTION TO THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD

CHISWICK HOUSE, LONDON

MEREWORTH CASTLE, KENT

ST. PANCRAS CHURCH, LONDON

WESTMINSTER PALACE, LONDON

ARC DE TRIOMPHE, PARIS

• Economic conditions severely limited the number of built commissions between 1914 and the mid-1920s, resulting in many of the most important expressionist works remaining as projects on paper, such as Bruno Taut's Alpine Architecture and Hermann Finsterlin's Formspiels.

• The style was characterised by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, and very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass.

• As a result of isolation during World War I, an art and design movement developed unique to the Netherlands, known as De Stijl (literally "the style"), characterized by its use of line and primary colors. While producing little architectural design overall (with notable exception of the RietveldSchröder House of 1924), its ideas went on to influence the architects and designers of the 1920s.

Premodern Architecture• Villa Savoye, by Le Corbusier and his cousin, was built from 1928 to 1931. With the rise of Nazism

in 1933, the German experiments in modernism were replaced by more traditionalist architectural forms.

• Unlike the influential architects and designers of Britain who saw ornamentation and decoration as

a way of reviving arts and crafts in the face of machine production, the modernists in Germany

sought to integrate the machine into human living and space. In reaction to the decadence of the

Art Nouveau style and its German counterpart Jugendstil, Adolf Loos remarked, "ornamentation

should be eliminated from all useful objects”.

Premodern Architecture• Expressionism was an architectural movement that developed in Northern Europe during the first

decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts. Making

notable use of sculptural forms and the novel use of concrete as artistic elements, examples

include Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from 1926 near Basel, Switzerland and the

Einsteinturm in Potsdam, Germany.

• Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from and inspired by

the designs of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580).

• That which is recognised as Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladio's

original concepts. Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry, perspective and

values of the formal classical temple architecture of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

• From the 17th century Palladio's interpretation of this classical architecture was

adapted as the style known as Palladianism. It continued to develop until the end of

the 18th century.

A typical example of Palladian architecture:

A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of

Palladio'sI Quattro Libri dell'Architettura, in an

English translation published in London, 1736.

Palladian Revival in BritainPalladian Architecture

Characteristics of English Palladian Architecture

• In a nutshell, grace, understated decorative elements, and use of classical orders. At its most rigid, Palladianism simply copied designs made popular in Italy by Palladio.

• Thus Colen Campbell (1676-1729) produced the square symmetrical block of Mereworth Castle, Kent, in imitation of Palladio's own Villa Capra.

• "True Palladianism" in Villa Godi by Palladio from the Quattro Libri dell'Architettura. The extending wings are agricultural buildings and are not part of the villa.

• In the 18th century they became an important part of Palladianism secondary bedrooms and accommodation.

• The proportion of each room within the villa were calculated on simple mathematical ratio like 3:4 and 4:5, and the different rooms within the house were interrelated by these ratios. Earlier architects had used these formulas for balancing a single symmetrical façade: however, Palladio's designs related to the whole, usually square villa.

Plan for Pallatdio's Villa Rotonda. Features of the house were to become incorporated in

numerous Palladian style houses through Europe over the following centuries.

Palladian Revival in Britain

Palladian Revival in Britain• Palladianism became popular briefly in Britain during the mid-

17th century, but its flowering was cut short by the onset of the

Civil War.

• In the early 18th century it returned to fashion, not only in

England but also, directly influenced from Britain, in Prussia.

• Count Francesco Algarotti may have written to Burlingto from

Berlin that he was recommending to Frederick the Great the

adoption in Prussia of the architectural style Burlington had

introduced in England but Knobelsdorff's opera-house on the

Unter den Linden, based on Campbell's Wanstead House, had

been constructed from 1741.

• Later in the century, when the style was falling from favour in

Europe, it had a surge in popularity throughout the British

colonies in North America, highlighted by examples such as

Drayton Hall in South Carolina, the Redwood Library in Newport,

Rhode Island, the Morris-Jumel Mansion in New York City, the

Hammond-Harwood House in Annaplolis, Maryland, and

Thomas Jefferson's Monticello and Poplar Forest in Virginia.

Drayton Hall

Hammond-Harwood House

Redwood Library in Newport

The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of

the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in

Northern Europe and the United States.

KEY ELEMENTS

• Tall columns and pediments: The ancient Greek

temple model, with its row of tall columns and

pediments, includes two of the most obvious

characteristics of this style of historic home design.

• Painted plaster exterior: Although the buildings and

ruins in Greece were all made of stone, American

homes of this style were not. They were instead

crafted in wood and covered in plaster, then

painted in white to create the illusion of stone.

• Horizontal transom: It sits over the front door, instead

of a fanlight like the earlier Federal period homes.

Greek Revival

• Heavy entablature and cornices

• Generally symmetrical façade, though entry is often

to one side

• Front door surrounded by narrow sidelights and

rectangular transom, usually incorporated into more

elaborate door surround

• Small frieze-band windows set into wide band trim

below cornice not uncommon

• Chimneys are not prominent

• Gable or hipped roof of low pitch

• Cornice lines emphasized with wide band of trim

• Porches common, either entry or full-width

supported by prominent square (vernacular) or

rounded columns (typically Doric style)

• Columns typically in Greek orders, many still have

Roman details (Doric, Ionic or Corinthian),

vernacular examples may have no clear classical

precedents

Greek RevivalCharacteristic Features

• Other Names - Victorian Gothic,

Neo Gothic or Jigsaw Gothic.

• Began in the late 1740s in England.

• Its popularity grew rapidly in the

early 19th century.

• When increasingly serious and

learned admires of Neo Gothic

Style sought to revive Medeival

Gothic Architecture, in contrast to

Neo Classical Style.

• Gothic revival draws features from

original gothic style, including

decorative patterns, finials,

scalloping, lancet windows, hood

mouldings.

Gothic Revival

• The Gothic Revival Movement

emerged in 19th century in

England.

• Its roots were intertwined with

deeply philosophical movements

associated with a re-awakening of

high-church or anglo-catholic

belief concerned by growth of

religion.

• The gothic revival was paralleled

and supported by medievalism.

• A reaction against machine

production and the appearance of

factories also grew.

Gothic RevivalRoots

Chiswick House, London

Chiswick House, London

• Palladian villa.

• Designed by Richard Boyle.

• House and garden occupies 65.1

acres.

• The walls and the facade.

• The dome.

• The rooms.• The columns.

• The two floors.

• The relationship between the villa and the garden.

Characteristic Architectural Features

Mereworth Palace, Kent

Mereworth Castle, Kent

• Built c1720-25

• Based on Palladio's Villa Capra near Vicenza

• Leaded ribbed dome

• Large square block with 4 identical fronts, excepting

the lack of portico steps to east and west.

• String-course above basement, cornice-band at

portico entablature level

• Entrance Hall: Barrel-vaulted with plaster busts in

shells over side doors and pair of female allegorical

figures over arched doorway into central rotunda

• Hipped slate roof carrying heavily banded almost

hemispherical dome with blind lantern surrounded

by high half-columns

• Single pedimented and balconied 1st floor windows

each side of Hexastyle Ionic porticos

• Rotunda: 2 storeys and dome with plaster copping

Mereworth Castle, Kent• Four major axial and four minor diagonal doorways

on both floors, the upper to deep balustrade

gallery on carved volute brackets

• Cornice under gallery. Sumptuous plasterwork with

pairs of female figures, putti and busts in shells over

doorways, and rectangular relief

panels, portrait busts and foliage drops arrayed on

the walls

St. Pancras Church, London

St. Pancras Church, London

• The church is in a Greek revival style,

using the Ionic order.

• It is built from brick, faced with

Portland stone, except for the

portico and the tower above the

roof, which are entirely of stone. All

the external decoration, including

the capitals of the columns is of

terracotta.

• The Inwoods drew on two ancient

Greek monuments, the Erechtheum

and the Tower of the Winds, both in

Athens, for their inspiration.

• The doorways are closely modelled

on those of the Erechtheum, as is the entablature, and much of the other

ornamentation.

• The church pictured in 1948.

St. Pancras Church, London

• The octagonal domed ceiling of the vestibule is in imitation of the

Tower of the Winds.

• The west end follows the basic arrangement of portico, vestibules and

tower established by James Gibbs at St Martin-in-the-Fields.

• At the east end is an apse, flanked by two tribunes, with entablatures

supported by caryatids.

• The caryatids are made of terracotta, constructed in sections around

cast-iron columns, modelled by John Charles Felix Rossi. Each caryatid

holds a symbolic extinguished torch or an empty jug, appropriate for

their positions above the entrances to the burial vault.

• There is a stone sarcophagus behind the figures in each tribune, and the cornices are studded with lion's heads.

• The upper levels of the tribunes were designed as vestries.

• Access to the church is through three doorways ranged under the

portico. There are no side doors.

• Inside, the church has a flat ceiling with an uninterrupted span of 60

feet (18 m), and galleries supported on cast-iron columns. The interior

of the apse is in the form of one half of a circular temple, with six

columns, painted to imitate marble, raised on a plinth.

Westminster Palace, London

Meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords - the two houses of the

Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament, the Palace lies on the northern bank of

the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London.

The first royal palace was built on the site in the eleventh century, and Westminster was the

primary residence of the Kings of England until a fire destroyed much of the complex in 1512.

After that, it served as the home of the Parliament of England.

In 1834, an even greater fire ravaged the heavily rebuilt Houses of Parliament, and the only

medieval structures of significance to survive were Westminster Hall, the Cloisters of St

Stephen's, the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft, and the Jewel Tower.

The remains of the Old Palace (with the exception of the detached Jewel Tower) were

incorporated into its much larger replacement, which contains over 1,100 rooms organised

symmetrically around two series of courtyards. Part of the New Palace's area of 3.24 hectares

(8 acres) was reclaimed from the Thames, which is the setting of its principal 266-metre (873 ft)

façade, called the River Front.

Westminster Palace, London

Westminster Palace, LondonDesign & Detail

After the fire in 1834, competition for the reconstruction of the Palace was

won by the architect Charles Barry, whose design was for new buildings in

the Gothic Revival style.

Barry was also careful to weld the old to the new, so that the surviving

medieval buildings - Westminster Hall, the Cloisters and Chapter House of St

Stephen's, and the Undercroft Chapel - formed an integral part of the

whole.

In his design, Barry was also concerned to balance the horizontal

(continuous bands of panelling) with the vertical (turrets that ended high

above the walls). He also introduced steeply-pitched iron roofs which

emphasised the Palace's lively skyline. His Gothic scheme for the new

Palace also extended to its interior furnishings, such as wallpapers, carvings,

stained glass and even the royal thrones and canopies.

The Palace of Westminster contains over 1,100 rooms, 100 staircases and

4.8 kilometres (3 mi) of passageways, which are spread over four floors. The

ground floor is occupied by offices, dining rooms and bars; the first floor

(known as the principal floor) houses the main rooms of the Palace,

including the debating chambers, the lobbies and the libraries. The top-two

floors are used as committee rooms and offices.

Plan of Westminster Palace, London

Arc De Triomphe, Paris

Arc De Triomphe, Paris

• The Arc de Triomphe is one of the most

famous monuments in Paris.

• The Arc de Triomphe honours those who

fought and died for France in the French

Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, with

the names of all French victories and

generals inscribed on its inner and outer

surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of

the Unknown Soldier.

• The monument stands 50 metres in height,

45 m wide and 22 m deep. The large vault is

29.19 m high and 14.62 m wide. The small

vault is 18.68 m high and 8.44 m wide. Its

design was inspired by the Roman Arch of

Titus.

Arc De Triomphe, Paris

The four main sculptural groups on each of the Arc's pillars are:

• The sculptural group celebrates the cause of

the French First Republic during the 10

August uprising. Above the volunteers is the

winged personification of Liberty.

• The detail celebrates the Treaty of

Schönbrunn. This group features Napoleon,

crowned by the goddess of Victory.

• The third commemorates the French

resistance to the Allied armies during

the War of the Sixth Coalition.

• The fourth detail commemorates the Treaty

of Paris, concluded in that year.

A list of French

victories is engraved

under the great

arches on the inside

façades of the

monument

Bas relief in

walls of arch

The ceiling with 21

sculpted roses

On the inner façades of

the small arches

are engraved the names

of the military leaders of

the French Revolution

and Empire

Panoramic

view of

internal

staircase.