the transitional society of the american period

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1.1.5 The Transitional Society: The American Period (1898-1946)

1.1.6 The Philippines as Independent State

1.1.7 The State as a Political Organization

1.1.8 Government

1.1.9 Constitution

Part 2:

Midterm Period:Philippine History with Politics,Governance, and Constitution

HANDBOOK OBJECTIVES:


Chapter 2: Philippine History with Politics, Governance, and Constitution

1.1.5 The Transitional Society: The American Period (1898-1946)

Introduction

After a long history of underdevelopment, oppression and injustice under Spain,the Filipinos’ chance to decide for their own future and to rule their own countryseemed to be at hand. But after the end of Spanish rule in the Philippines, theexcitement felt by the Filipinos was quashed as the Americans did not support theindependence long awaited by the Filipinos, and instead seized the opportunity tograb the island as part of its expansionist idea to rule the Asia pacific region.

The vulnerability of the Philippines to invasion of any foreign country is also adeciding point for the American government to commit to rule the country and thebelief that Spain did not train the Filipinos to run their own state of affairs; theUnited States government decided to keep the island for their political andeconomic interests.

The Filipinos believed that the United States alliance with them in the battleagainst Spain was the start of a formidable partnership and friendship that wasbuilt on the same common struggle; however that belief was crushed when theAmerican government decided to stay in the country even after the defeat ofSpain. The Treaty of Paris signaled the start of another colonial society under adifferent colonial power. Though at first, the US government did not reveal the realintention of their continued presence, it was after the proclamation of BenevolentAssimilation that the Americans wanted to “reform” the Philippine society. TheAmericans introduced an entirely new transitional society that was patterned tothat of their own. Though at first the reformation was resisted, the Americans weresuccessful in introducing a new status quo, and Filipinos learned to embrace thenew set up.

Though the relationship between two countries was marked with betrayal andone sided interest, it was evident that the United States vision of benevolentassimilation was forever embedded on the Filipino way of life. Today, we still seethe legacy of the Americans in the political, social and economic aspects.

This part of the module will examine the political, economic and social transitionof Philippine society under the US rule and the transition to independence.


Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

1. Identify the events that led to the assimilation of the Philippines of theUnited States of America.

2. Illustrate the implications on the social, political and economic aspects onthe Filipinos the type of government implemented by the US in thePhilippines.

3. Compare and contrast the governments imposed by Spain and the US interms of its social, political and economic implications on the Philippines.

4. Formulate a description of the political, economic and social state of thePhilippines under the rule of the US.

Events That Led the US to Declare War against Spain

The United States was sympathetic to the cause of Cuba which at that timewas under Spain

The publication of a stolen letter from Spain’s ambassador to the UnitedStates to a friend in Havana Cuba, the letter said that US President WilliamMcKinley was a “weakling and a low politician”

The sinking of an American war ship, the USS Maine docked in HavanaCuba, American public accused Spain of blowing up the ship on purpose

Did America Enter into War between Spain and the Philippines Without theKnowledge of the Filipinos?

Agents of the United States government approached Aguinaldo in Hong Kong andinformed him of the impending war against Spain and the United States andadvised him to seize the opportunity to lead the Filipinos again against Spain.


Why Did America Participate in the War between Spain and the Philippines?

The entry of America in the war between Spain and the Philippines was theconsequence of the war in Cuba, whom the United States had supported. The entryof the United States in the war between Spain and the Philippines was formalizedwhen Commodore George Dewey sailed to the Philippines and bombed the Spanishfleet in Manila; with that the entry of America was formalized though the intentionwas not yet evident.

The proclamation that set clear the intention of the US government in thePhilippines

United States President William McKinley proclaimed the intention of hisgovernment to stay in the Philippines and exercise sovereignty over the Filipinosthrough his issuance of the so called “Benevolent Assimilation.”

Why Did the US Decide to Stay in the Philippines?

The fear that other countries might subject the Philippines for colonization America believed that Filipinos were incapable of self-government Military expansion Commercial expansion and development Vital for Territorial defense To establish control in the Asia Pacific Region The strategic location of the Philippines is a natural stepping stone to the

vast markets of China


Stuart Creighton Miller States: “American altruistically went to war with Spainto liberate the Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and the Filipinos from their tyrannicalyoke. If they lingered on too long in the Phil. It was to protect the Filipinos fromEuropean predators waiting in the wings for an American withdrawal and to tutorthem in American-style democracy.”

What Influenced America to Extend Its Political Dominion and Hegemony inOther Parts of the World?

1. The Concept of Manifest Destiny

The destiny of the white race to rule the world America should assume the role as a world power Assume the role as a mentor and liberator of oppressed people

2. The Monroe Doctrine

Direct warning of the US to European powers Western Hemisphere should be free from the domination of European

powers Independent nations should not be subjected for further colonization The Roosevelt Corollary Justification of the US for intervention The US as a civilized nation has the right to intervene if there is chronic

wrongdoing on the part of other countries

The Malolos Republic under America

After the collapse of Spain’s rule in the Philippines, Aguinaldo declared theMalolos republic, believing that American government would support in paperthe declaration of independence, however the anticipation of support from theUS did not materialize as Spain and the United States did not even recognize theindependence declared by Aguinaldo and his men, instead Spain ceded thePhilippines to the United States, and that was the beginning of American controlin the archipelago.


Important Events that took Place after the Defeat of Spain

Aguinaldo declared a dictatorial government Proclaimed the independence of the Philippines from Spain and the

establishment of Philippine sovereignty under the protection of the US The Philippines was ceded to the US The Americans set up a military government Aguinaldo called his cabinet to draft a constitution Aguinaldo’s first decree: to free all Spanish civilians Another decree: giving Spaniards and foreigners the right to conduct

business in the Philippines American authorities allowed Aguinaldo to form a cabinet and draft a

constitution

President McKinley Formed the First Philippine Commission

To spread the message of the United States’ good intentions towards thePhilippines

To conduct research on the state of the Philippines To advise the US president on the proper form of government to be

established

The Philippine-American War

The Filipinos fought a war against the United States whom they thought weresympathetic to the cause of the Filipino people and a war that from thebeginning was believed to be won by the US because of the sophisticatedweapons as against the ill equipped Filipino soldiers. Though it was believed tobe a war between two nations joined through common struggle against Spain,the interests of one nation prevailed over the other, nevertheless, the Filipinosengaged the Americans in a fight that was long remembered in Philippinehistory; a battle that signified the tenacity of the Filipinos to fight for freedomand independence and a repercussion of a war that formally “legalized” theUnited States’ control in the archipelago.


Reasons Why the Filipinos Waged a War against the US

The betrayal of the Americans Fear of another colonial power Shooting incidence between an American soldier and Filipino soldier The proclamation of “Benevolent Assimilation”

The war between the US and the Philippines was marred with controversy notonly because of the casualties on the side of the Filipinos but the manner towhich the war was executed and the way the American government handled thesituation. Some reports that the war was initiated by the US in order for theTreaty of Paris to be accepted by those who were skeptical to accept America’scommitment to stay in the Philippines; the war was a turning point for someAmerican officials to accept the colonization of the Philippines. Aguinaldo on hispart did everything to avert the war by asking a joint conference to be attendedby American officials and Filipino representatives, however that effort went tonaught when American soldiers shot dead Filipino soldiers. The incident markedthe beginning of another painful experience in the Philippine colonial history.

The War

The Philippine-American war would cost far more money and took livesmore than the Spanish-American war

Famine and disease had resulted to more deaths Civilian casualties were severe Children and women were killed Filipino soldiers engaged American soldiers in guerrilla fight Prominent revolutionary leaders were captured Aguinaldo called on the Filipino soldiers to surrender


The Philippines under American Sovereignty

The defeat of the Filipinos against the Americans was the beginning of totalAmerican control in the archipelago. Though sporadic fights were still felt insome areas, the US forces had enormous control of the island including theislands which had not been controlled by the Spaniards. The Americangovernment established in the Philippines a set-up that is entirely new to humanhistory, as they attempted to rule the island with the idea of benevolentassimilation, the imposition of a republican state where leaders are selected onthe basis of election with definite term of office and to which people whereconsidered supreme over their leaders. The US in establishing sovereignty in thePhilippines did not impose a strict colonial rule but “tutelage in self-government”or guardianship; a protection of a mentor for an eventual self-rule.

Government Imposed by the US

The US imposed two types of government in the Philippines, the first onewas to curb the insurgency that threatened the American forces after thewar and the second was the training for a transition to politicalindependence.

The military government – headed by military governor Arthur MacArthurJr. This government was established while the US was engaged in waragainst the Philippines and right after the defeat of the Filipinos.

The Civilian government – where the governor general acted as head ofthe Philippine Commission. The commission passed laws to set-up thefundamentals of the new government.

Philippine Political Institutions under American Ruled Society

The US government initiated new political institutions that will set up thefundamentals of the new government and will cater the needs of the population. Incontrast to Spain’s absolute control of the entire government and total disregard fornot allowing the Filipinos to participate, the US equally shared to the Filipinos thechance to experience ruling their own country, though the role is minimal at first,their involvement in executive, legislative and judicial departments served as atraining ground for eventual political independence.


First Philippine Commission

Appointed by the president of the US Exercises legislative and limited executive powers Acted as the upper house of a bicameral legislature Created to investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations

Recommendations of the First Philippine Commission

Acknowledged the Filipinos’ aspirations for independence Filipinos Were Incapable For Self-Rule Immediate establishment of civilian government Establishment of a bicameral legislature Autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels Creation of public elementary schools Second Philippine Commission Granted legislative but limited executive power Judicial system was established including the Supreme Court and a legal

code was drawn up

Established the Civil Service Commission

Created the Philippine Organic Act of July 1902, thus creating the InsularGovernment of the Philippines

Created the Philippine Assembly

The formation of the Philippine Assembly The first legislative body in Asia The lower house of the legislative branch Shared legislative power with the Philippine Commission

Members were elected from single member districts

The Philippine Legislature (Created under the Jones Law)

Philippine Commission was abolished Replaced by the Philippine Legislature The Senate and House of Representatives was established


The Creation of the Political Party System

The Americans patterned every political institution in the Philippines to that oftheir own. The idea of political party system was adopted by the US government inthe beginning of the creation of the Philippine legislature. The political party wasformed for the candidates to channel their respective platforms and objectives forthe country; and it served as the breeding ground of the elites and politicians toventure in the political arena.

Two Political Parties in the Philippines

The Federal or Federalista Party –backed by the US, the party stressedcooperation with the colonial power, thus it lost appeal to the Filipino people.it was later renamed the Nationalista Progressive Party.

The Nationalista Party- the party advocated independence from the UnitedStates but its leaders collaborated with the US as well. It dominatedPhilippine politics until independence. Osmeña and Quezon were members ofthe Nationalista party.

Today, our political party system has evolved into multiple party systems asdefined in the 1987 constitution. But the purpose to which the Americansconceptualized the two party systems has changed as politicians changed from oneparty to another, thus questioning the loyalty to the party and the idea to which theparty was founded.

Philippine Socio-Economic State under the Americans

The US was the main economic partner, economy was heavily dependent onthe United States

Philippine trade rose dramatically Health care system was established Educational system was also established, the Thomasites were the first

American educators in the Philippines, and English was the national language Literacy rate doubled in just thirty decades of rule Half of the population could speak English


Roads, irrigation works and communication system were built Electoral system was introduced Redistribution of the land properties Reestablishment of the catholic church Philippine economy was focused on mining and exporting crops

Nationalistic State of the Filipinos under American Rule

Nationalistic sentiments were high in the beginning of the American ruleparticularly at the height of Philippine-American war, but as the outcome of the warwas clear, support of civilians to those who wanted to continue the fight waned. Thecapture of Aguinaldo was the end of hope for the Filipinos as he announced hiswillingness to support American rule and convinced the soldiers to surrender andaccept the sovereignty of the United States. Though there were Filipinocommanders to continue the armed struggle, the arrest of many leaders critical tothe rule of the US had ended the conflict. Thus, submission and collaboration ofpeople particularly the elites who sided with the Americans from the beginning hadstarted.

Illustrados sided with the US, they were used to substantiate the claim of theUS that Filipinos accepted American rule

Illustrados acted as intermediaries between the colonial power and thepeople

The elites who supported Spain were quick to support the Americans Prominent people who occupied positions in the Spanish regime also

occupied position under Aguinaldo and under American regime Educated Filipinos like Arellano, Tavera and Legarda belittled the capability of

the Filipino for independent government Support of the masses for political independence was reflected in the

election of pro-independence political party


The Co-Optation of Philippine Nationalism

If Spain used force and religion to mold the Filipinos into the Hispanic image, theUS used tutelage for self-government to co-opt the people who were not willing toparticipate. In addition, the proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation was anotheridea to integrate the people into the American culture, and then implementation ofpolitical institutions; allowing the colonial power to create an avenue where Filipinoelites could maneuver position themselves in the political arena so they couldlessen the support for resistance to American rule.

The use of force Establishment of political institutions where Filipino elites could participate The use of the illustrados as intermediaries between the colonial government

and the people The establishment of electoral system The promise of political independence The passage of “friendly acts” to allow political transition The use of democratic ideals The creation of educational system The compulsory use of English as the national language The building of roads, irrigation works and communication system Resistance to American colonial rule

From the onset of American colonization in the Philippines, Filipinos had raisedthe flag of resistance to another colonial power. The avenue of despising the USwas clearly seen in the American-Filipino war. The defeat suffered by the Filipinosdid not end their aspirations to have ruled their own country, as insurgentscontinued to threaten the hold of the US.

Many collaborators were executed by members of the resistance There were constant uprising in towns and villages with the support of the

populace The continued support for independence The rally of some Filipino politicians for independent rule The rejection of some acts stipulated by the US


The independence mission to the United States

American Legislative Measures in the Philippines for Political Independence

The American government’s concept of tutelage for self-government in thePhilippines was reflected in the legislative acts passed by the Unites StatesCongress. These legislative measures set the path for the Philippines’ politicaltransition into an independent state. The US government’s commitment to mentorthe Filipinos in the field of governance and the ideals of republicanism was clearlyevident in the political institutions they have established and to which the Filipinoshave dominated.

1. The Jones Law also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916

The Philippine Legislature was created under the Jones Law creating a 24-member senate wholly elected; the law also abolished the Philippine Commission.The Jones Law would have set the date of Philippine independence but the USHouse of Representatives prevented such a move.

2. The Hare-Hawes Cutting Act

The law passed by the US congress to decolonize the Philippines, the act wasvoted by US President Herbert Hoover however the veto was overrode by USCongress. The law promised the independence of the colony within ten years butstipulated the reservation of the United States naval bases and the imposition oftariffs and quotas on Philippine exports; the US at the time was hit by the GreatDepression. Also included was that the law should be ratified by the PhilippineSenate. The law was rejected by the Philippine Senate as Quezon urged the Senatenot to ratify it.

3. The Tydings-McDuffie Act or the Philippines Independence Act

The act provided self-government and independence under a ten-year transitionperiod which became known as the Commonwealth of the Philippines and allowedthe drafting of the constitution.


The Commonwealth of the Philippines

The commonwealth period was the result of a series of missions and dedicationof the Filipinos to create a state and government of their own. The commonwealthwas the actualization and realization of our capability for self-government and tohave control of our internal sovereignty.

Political Conditions set by the US under the Commonwealth

The US will retain jurisdiction over defense and foreign affairs Filipino were to draft their own constitution subject to the approval of the US

President Election of Philippine president and vice president Transition of the Philippines from plural “the Philippine island” to the singular

“Philippines”

Japanese Occupation of the Philippines

The independence that has sought for by the Filipinos was disrupted by thesudden attack and eventual occupation of the Philippines by Japan. The newly builtgovernment was not prepared for military defense neither did the US was preparedfor the attack. As the United States scrambled to defend the colony, the Filipinoscooperated with the US in trying to avert a potential set back to their newly foundindependence, however the efforts of the combined allied forces did not deter theJapanese imperial army from occupying the Philippines. The Filipinos watch inhorror as their newly found government crumbled and see another horrifying yearsof painful experience.


Repercussions of the Attack on the US and the Philippines

The destruction of pearl harbor Japan launched a series of attacks to US military installations in the

Philippines General MacArthur retreated his troops to Bataan The Commonwealth government retreated to Corregidor and later to the US Commonwealth government in exile Manila declared an open city General MacArthur was recalled US forces surrendered The Bataan Death March Commonwealth government was disrupted

The Philippines under Japan

After the defeat of the combined Filipino and US forces, Japan imposed martial lawin the Philippines and established the Japanese Military Administration. The newlyformed commonwealth republic was in exile, Quezon instructed the remainingPhilippine officials in the Philippines to cooperate with Japanese to spare the peopleand country from further destruction. The existing bureaucratic set-up of thePhilippine government was maintained by Japan but served the interests of theJapanese imperial army.

The structure of Philippine government under Japan

The Philippine Executive Commission

The formation of a political party, the KALIBAPI or Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod saBagong Pilipinas

The creation of the Second Republic

Problems faced the Filipino people and the occupiers


Severe Lack of Food and Prime Commodities

Disrupted the farming cycle Japanese policy of self-sustenance Transportation and communication were difficult The importation of oil and other products ceased Guerrilla raids made it difficult for the Japanese to reconstruct roads and

maintain transportation routes Men, women and children were forced to render labor under the promises of

food and wages

Economic Woes of the Filipinos and the Japanese

Rice imported from Taiwan did not produce well Filipinos did not accept Japanese issued military bank notes The bills had no value, Filipinos resorted to bartering and crime rose Reaction to the Japanese rule

The Existence of Guerrilla Groups

Civilians were supportive of the guerrilla groups, they gave them food andother supplies

The Rise of the HUKBALAHAP

People provided information to the guerrillas


Philippine Liberation

Japanese occupation in the Philippines was marred with atrocities and inhumanacts, thus for almost three years, the Filipinos’ only hope to freedom was the helpthat would be extended by the Americans as promised by General DouglasMacArthur. Though the US government was fighting another war in Europe, GeneralMacArthur argued the cause of the Philippines to then US President Roosevelt asthe latter wanted Manchuria to be liberated first.

The liberation was not easy for the Americans. Japanese soldiers staged a valiantdefense in order to drive away the Americans but MacArthur’s men were fullyprepared to liberate the country with the help of the Filipino soldiers, thus on July 5,1945, General MacArthur announced the liberation of the Philippines. Thecommonwealth government was restored in Leyte and later in Manila.

The Aftermath of the War

The Japanese did not declare Manila an open city the way the Americans haddone in 1942, thus Manila was extensively damaged and many people were killed.The destruction prompted the US President to announce that Manila was second toWarsaw in Poland in terms of destruction. Many historical documents and artifactswere lost.

1.1.7 The Philippine Independent State

The commonwealth government designed by the US government to preparethe Philippines for political independence was disrupted by the Japaneseoccupation, however, the commitment of the Americans to honor the agreementand the tenacity of the Filipinos to gain control of Philippine sovereignty wasinstrumental in the continuation of the process and the eventual independence ofthe Philippines from the US.


The independence gave the Filipinos control of the internal sovereignty of thecountry and a status of a state in the international community. However, thedestruction suffered during the war had added to the problems faced by the peopleand the leaders. In rebuilding the country and rehabilitating the economy, Filipinoleaders banked on the support of the American government in order to keep theeconomy going.

The relationship of the United States and the Philippines did not end after thegranting of independence. The Filipinos continued to rely on the support of theAmerican government particularly in the economic aspect. If American and Britainhad a very “special relationship” according to former British Prime Minister WinstonChurchill, the Philippines and America had built a relationship based on political,economic and even military interests. Though the relationship is one sided, Americaproved to be a good ally and friend. Thus, even after the independence, Americaninfluence is still dominant in the political, social and economic aspects.

Total autonomy from the US gave the Filipinos a chance to practice the idealsof democracy and understanding of the real concept of a state, government andnation. This module will discuss the state of the Philippines as a free nation, itspolitical and economic structure, the issue of collaboration and the challengesfaced as an independent republic.

Objectives:

Examine the Neo-Colonial Relations of the Philippines and The US.

1. Relate the policies and actions taken by the presidents of the Philippines tothe present condition of the country.

2. Justify how the colonial experience of the Philippines affects the policiesinitiated by the political leaders.

3. Relate how the experience of martial law re-engineered the Philippineinstitutions.

4. The restoration of the commonwealth government


The death of President Quezon paved the way for Vice-president Osmeña tosucceed the presidency. His presence together with General Douglas MacArthursignaled the return of the commonwealth government-in –exile. General MacArthuracknowledged the succession of Osmeña in a turned over ceremony of liberatedarea in Tacloban.

The full restoration came into effect in February 27, 1945. Though therestoration signaled the beginning of a new era of political autonomy, the warseverely damaged the economy of the country, there were no resources to left tostart with, the country was in ruin, and the tasked of rebuilding the country was leftto the president. Osmeña made several trips to the United States to rally the causeof the Philippines. He convened the commonwealth congress, the Congress electedRoxas as Senate president.

The Inauguration of the Third Republic

The commonwealth government headed by President Osmeña was due to end asthe term of office of the President and Congressmen were due to expire. One yearafter the commonwealth was restored; the fate of president Osmeña and otherelected leaders in the commonwealth era would be decided again by the people inthe scheduled April 27, 1946 elections. Roxas decided to run against Osmeña andoverwhelmingly defeated the incumbent. He became the third president of thecommonwealth.

The victory of Roxas was also the end of American sovereignty in the Philippines.The US withdrew its total control of the island and recognized the finally recognizedthe independence of the Philippines; the withdrawal was complete when therepresentative of the then US President Harry Truman read the proclamation ofindependence at the oath taking ceremony of President Manuel Roxas.

Issues and Problems Faced by the Roxas Administration

Rehabilitation of the economy and the rebuilding of the country The issue of collaboration


The HUKBALAP Movement

Filipino-American neo-colonial relations Programs created to rehabilitate the economy and rebuild the country Creation of RFC or Rehabilitation Finance Program –provided capital funds

for stimulation and recovery of the economy Establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines The National Power Corporation Industries were heavily regulated by the government The policy of protectionism was adopted by the government

Steps Taken to Address the Collaboration Issue

People’s Court was created The decision of the Supreme Court that positions held by the “collaborators”

were not tantamount to treason Roxas gave the collaborators amnesty Amnesty resolved the issue of collaboration

Steps Taken By the Government to Counter the Insurgency Waged By The HUKS

Granted amnesty by Roxas but reversed the decision Harsh suppression through military campaigns Filipino-American neo-colonial relations

The destruction and devastation suffered by the country and the problem ofrehabilitation and reconstruction shaped the continued relations of the U.S. and thePhilippines. The two governments entered into several agreements or treaties thatcontinued the dominance and influence of America in the political and economicaspects of the country. These agreements were designed to keep the country whollydependent on the US and for the Philippines to be a continued ward of the US.


Neo-Colonial Agreements, Treaties and Programs

The Philippine Rehabilitation Act – passed by the US Congress tocompensate institutions and individuals for any damages suffered during thewar. Under the act, the Philippine War Damage Commission was formed.

The Philippine Trade Act of 1946 also known as The Bell Trade Act – allowingreciprocal trade between the two countries until June 3, 1954. Under this act,the “Parity Amendment” was included.

The Signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement – an agreement whichgave the US control of strategic places in the country for military use.

The Quirino Administration

Issues, Programs and Developments During His Term

His term was marred with controversy of graft and corruption Rebuilding the country, stabilization of the agricultural and industrial sectors Expanded the irrigation system Roads were improved and built Set up the Central Bank and rural banking Signed the Magna Carta of Labor and the Minimum Wage Law Stabilized the currency and balanced the national budget through new tax

laws RP-US Mutual Defense Treaty was approved on August 30, 1951

The Magsaysay Administration

The Legacy of Magsaysay Administration


Positive nationalism –the use of native attire for formal or informal affairs Promoted historical research Filipinization laws were passed by Congress – the limit of the practice of

profession to Filipino citizens Retail Trade Nationalization Law –no alien was allowed to engage in retail

trade Agricultural Tenancy Act was passed Health services in the rural areas was established Philippine sovereignty over American bases in the country was returned

The Garcia Administration

Issues, Programs and Developments during His Term

Inherited a nearly bankrupt treasury Initiated the “Filipino first policy” First oil company owned by Filipino was established The use of dollar for importation of goods of Filipino entrepreneurs was

controlled He revived the Philippine Culture through the arts The signing of the reparation agreement between Philippines and Japan

The Macapagal Administration


Controlled the sale of foreign exchange and stabilize the peso against thedollar


The Philippine Veterans Bank and the Asian Development Bank wereestablished

Miracle rice was developed at the International Rice Institute in Los Baños,Laguna

Construction of tenement houses for the masses was initiated Brokered a peace between the US and Cambodia and Federation of Malaysia

and Indonesia Attempted to get Sabah by declaring the sovereignty of the Philippines over

the territory The Marcos Administration


Marcos was regarded as a kleptocrat Marcos, his family and his associates were involved in a massive graft and

corruption Violation of human rights The issue of electoral fraud Massive foreign borrowing that resulted in the huge amount of foreign debt Curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties Closed down Congress and other media establishments Instituted people’s assemblies for constitutional change without explaining to

the people the objectives Jailed, killed or banished his political rivals or people critical to his rule Instituted constitutional authoritarianism Proclaimed Martial Law Promulgation of the 1973 constitution replacing the colonial constitution of

1935 Adopted a parliamentary form of government with executive and legislative

powers vested on him Nepotism and despotism He built roads and health centers and schools He built more schools that all his predecessors combined He help founded the ASEAN


He initiated the concept of “New Society” based on new social and politicalvalues

The country experienced overproduction and oversupply of basic needs The country experienced self-sustenance He pioneered the construction of LRT The country reached a steady economic growth from 1970 to 1980 Tourism rose resulting in economic growth

The Rationale of Martial Law

The threat of insurrection in the South and other violent incidents allegedlydone by the Communist , the ineligibility of Marcos to run another term under the1935 constitution and the dream of instituting a “new society” to replace theexisting one that is influenced by colonialism were just some reasons of theimposition of Martial Law. Marcos saw the weakness of the 1935 constitution andthe strength of powers of the president under the same constitution. He seized theopportunity of the conflict in Mindanao and the incidents that took place in otherparts of the country to impose his constitutional authoritarianism.

Marcos’ Constitutional Authoritarianism

With the ratification of the revised constitution, Marcos no longer ruled bydecree but on the basis of the powers granted to him under the 1973 constitution.The powers executed by Marcos were constitutionally mandated, thus theauthoritarian rule that Marcos had imposed was constitutionally legal. His right togovern was no longer based on proclamation 1081 but on the provisions of theconstitution which gave the president full authority.

Political Issues under Marcos Constitutional Authoritarianism

The fusion of executive and legislative powers under the president Elections were canceled


Congress was abolished Marcos lifted Martial Law

Reports of human rights violation of the regime had drawn the attention of theinternational community, to erase the negative impression of the world against hisrule, Marcos lifted Martial law, but retained the power to legislate and allproclamations issued were still in effect. With martial law lifted, travel restrictionswere abolished; print and broadcast media were allowed to operate.

The People Power Revolution

The electoral fraud allegedly committed by President Marcos and his associatesin the snap elections has inflamed the people who were tired of President Marcos’regime. The canvassing of ballots done by the members of Batasan Pambasadeclared Marcos the winner, while the opposition did not accept the result of theelection, leaders of the opposition called on the people to unite against Marcos.

Events that Led to “People Power Revolution”

The electoral fraud allegedly committed by Marcos in the snap elections Military’s withdrawal of support to the president Civilian protest America’s withdrawal of support to the president

The Aquino Presidency


After the collapse of the Marcos regime, the Filipino people were filled with hopein the Aquino administration. They expected political and economic stability andunity and cooperation within government agencies. The Filipinos believed that theAquino government could offer something new to the Filipino people and couldchange the image of the Philippines in the international community particularly afterthe ratification of the new constitution. However, they were disappointed, theadministration was viewed as weak and unstable; the president does not have acommand of a strong leader. The Aquino presidency was challenged with militaryadventurism; it crippled the economy and return to political normalcy wasimpossible.

Issues, Programs and Developments Under The Aquino Administration

Military adventurism Corruption Bankrupt economy Political instability Energy crisis Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) Amnesty granted to military adventurist The ratification of the 1987 Constitution The end of US military bases in the country

The Ramos Administration

The Ramos administration inherited a weak and fractious government. Foreigninvestors’ financial confidence on Philippine economy were at its lowest, the countrywas plagued with many problems and was considered the sick man of Asia. Ramos


government embarked on national reconciliation, he tried to unify the divisivenessthat plagued the country for decades. His administration focused on getting backthe separatist group into the negotiating table. He allowed the involvement of aMuslim country to act as mediator. During his term, the country experience socialand political stability; the economy started to improve.

Issues, Programs and Developments under Ramos Administration

Bataan power plant PEA-AMARI deal Frequent travels abroad The attempted Charter Change Solved the energy crisis Construction of some infrastructure projects Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD) Signed an Amnesty Signed the Death Penalty Bill Rehabilitation of Smokey Mountain

The Estrada Administration

President Estrada’ election was the result of a high political and leadershipconfidence and trust of the masses on him. However, Estrada’s ineptness inhandling the economy has affected his popularity. The inability of the Estrada


administration to deliver the promise that catapulted him to the presidency and theallegations of cronyism and corruption has contributed to his downfall.

Issues, Programs and Developments under the Short Lived Estrada Administration

Cronyism Corruption Execution of the death penalty law Kidnap cases ballooned under his term Midnight cabinet The issue of the president’s work ethics

The Arroyo Administration

The political and economic turmoil that besieged the country under Estradapresidency was the reason of President Arroyo’s accession to the position. TheFilipino people entrusted the presidency to Arroyo as the constitution’s legalsuccessor and believed that under her command, the executive branch tarnished byher predecessor will bring back confidence and trust of the people. However, hergovernment was also tainted with allegation of corruption, bribery and electoralfraud.

Issues, Programs and Developments under the Arroyo Administration

ZTE deal Corruption involving her family Invoked executive privilege Electoral fraud Manila Mutiny Charter Change Midnight Appointment Preemptive Calibrated Response Proclamation 1959- Martial Law in Maguindanao


Reelection to the House of Representatives Infrastructure projects Increase in GNP Increase in foreign investments

1.1.7 The State as a Political Organization

Introduction

The Philippine state evolved in different various forms before it was grantedsovereignty given only to a state. The granting of independence has signaled thebeginning of the evolution of the country into a full member of the community ofnations. As a state, the Philippines has internal and external sovereignty over itscitizens, it has control over its borders and territorial domains; it has the power andauthority to use force if her existence is threatened by other states. However, as apolitical organization, it must create its own set of laws significant to itsdevelopment and well-being and its leaders must have a mandate of the people togovern.

The term state is sometimes use synonymously when referring to a nation andgovernment. But these two are only under the authority of the state and are part ofthe elements of the state. A state has inherent powers that can be used to exerciseit powers and authority, these inherent powers are important for the developmentand existence of the state. The citizens are governed under these powers.

As a political entity, the state has the right to use force to compel its subjects torespect and follow the laws; it can curtail the freedom and civil liberties of thepeople. The political ideology of the state is reflected on its government, laws, andforeign relations. This module will discuss the theory of the origin of the state,inherent powers and the meaning of nation, state and government.


Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Breakdown the ideas presented in the module. Point out the main points in the lesson. Present a summary of the lesson.

What is a State?

A state is a community of nations more or less numerous permanently occupyinga definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the greatbody of inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control(De Leon, Hector).

Elements of a State

States are created based on the elements mentioned below. If theserequirements are not followed or if there is a conflict or issue in one of theelements, the legitimacy of the state is always challenged. It is important that astate is recognized by the international community, because without recognition, itsexistence, authority and power are always in doubt.

People –refers to the group of people living within the state Territory – it refers to the territorial domains over which the state exercises

control or sovereignty Government – it is an agency to which the political ideology of the state is

expressed and carried out Sovereignty – it is the power of the state to enforce the law over its subjects

within its jurisdiction and demand obedience from them


Two Types of Sovereignty

Internal Sovereignty – the power of the state to command authority withinits jurisdiction

External Sovereignty – the power and freedom of the state to carry out itsactivities without foreign domination or control

Duties of the State

Peace and order and national security Political harmony or good laws Social justice Economic development Individual and collective development of people

Theories of the Origin of the State

Political Scientists have postulated many theories as to the origin of the creation ofthe state. Beginning from the history of ancient civilizations, the concept of a statehas already been practiced. The following theories will give us an idea of thepossibilities on how the origin of the state is created.

Divine Right Theory – this theory postulates that the state is of divinecreation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people

Force Theory – this theory embarks on the belief that some powerful group ofpeople or great warriors imposed their will upon the weak

Paternalistic Theory – this theory attributes the concept of a state to theenlargement of the family

Social Contract Theory – rests on the idea that people voluntarily submittedthemselves and their right to an organization for the purpose of establishinga society


The Three Inherent Sowers of the State

A state is a very powerful entity. Even from the earliest history, the state commandssupreme authority to enforce its will upon the people. These powers are inherent innature and the foundation of its existence. No state can exist without these powers,because it through these powers that state derive its authority.

1. Eminent Domain – the power of the state or of those to whom the power isdelegated to take or expropriate private property for public use upon paymentof just compensation

Conditions for or Limitations of the Exercise of Eminent Domain

Existence of public use Payment of just compensation Observance of due process of law in the taking Police Power – the power of the state to enact laws or regulations in relation

to persons and property

2. Police Power – the power of the state to enact laws or regulations in relationto persons and property

Basis of Police Power

The welfare of the people is the supreme law So use your own so as not to injure another’s property

Illustrations of Police Power

Public health Public morals Public safety General welfare and convenience


3. Power of Taxation –the power of the state to impose charge or burden uponpersons or property or property rights for the use and support of thegovernment

What is a Nation?

A nation is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics andshares the same history, ancestry, culture, and language.

Benedict Anderson asserted that nations were “imagined communities” it isimagined because even though people do not know each other or do not meetall the members, they share the same common history, culture, language andtradition that are practiced by every member. They have the same feelings ofbelongingness and talk the same events that were part of their history eventhough they were miles away from one another.

Government Defined

The government is an agency of the state to which its will and ideology isexpressed. A state cannot exist without a government as it is one of theelements of the state. It is through the government that the state’s politicalideology is reflected.

The Philippine State has adopted various forms of government. However, theprovocative challenge to the Philippine governmental structure was adoptedduring the rule of Ferdinand Marcos, when he fused together the executive andlegislative department.


1.1.8 Government

Introduction

One of the reasons why the Americans stayed in the Philippines was the beliefthat the Filipinos do not know how to govern themselves. Throughout our history,our concept of government has been influenced by colonial powers and after theyleft that influence has never been wavered. However, that influence has beenchanged when President Marcos imposed his constitutional authoritarianism; thatwas the time that we deviate from the American governmental structure. Marcosexplored an experiment as to the best form of government that would suit theculture and history of the Filipinos.

Political Maturity of the country and its people are always measured through thestrength and stability of the government they have. An unstable governmentrepresents immaturity. Our past and present governments are testaments of ourinability to move to the cradle of political civilization. We have been mentored byone of the best governments in the world, and yet we have continued to struggleas a nation, government and state.

Rizal once said that people and government are correlated. The reason why wehave stupid government it is because we have stupid people, stupid people do notform good government and good government does not stem from stupid people.Government and people are reflection of both.

Every government is founded on the political ideology of the people. If thegovernment is not formed based on the ideals of the governed, that governmentwill not last long. It is important that the subjects must consent to the morals oftheir government. This section of the module will discuss the purpose andnecessity of government, forms of government and the government of thePhilippines.


Objectives:


Identify the different types of government. Describe the different types of government experienced by the Filipinos

under colonial powers. Compare and contrast the past governments of the Philippine to the

present.

What is Government?

A government is an apparatus to which a governing body functions andexercises authority. It is through government that the will of the state is reflectedand enforced.

Purpose and Necessity of Government

Advancement of the Public Welfare – it is the duty of the government toprotect and safeguard the sanctity of life and property for the perpetuity ofsociety.

Consequence of Absence - without government, anarchy and chaos willprevail.

Forms of Government

As to the number of persons exercising sovereign powers:

Monarchy –authority is vested on one single person; the duration of the rule isindefinite and power is inherited


Classification of Monarchy

Absolute Monarchy – all powers are vested on the monarch without theparticipation of any other government agencies or departments

Limited Monarchy- the power of the monarch is defined in the constitution Aristocracy or Oligarchy – political power is exercised by few, privilege class Democracy - political power is exercised by the majority of people and

decision-making is not only exercised by a single ruler but distributed todifferent branches of government

Classification of Democracy

Direct or Pure Democracy – is a form of democracy where people are directlyexercising sovereignty through citizens assembly

Indirect or Republican Democracy – a form of democracy where people electtheir representatives to represent them in the execution and legislation oflaws, these select body of people act on behalf of the people

Political Actions of People Allowed In an Indirect Democracy

Initiative Referendum Recall

As to the extent of power exercised by the central or national government

Unitary Government – the power is vested on the national government Federal Government – there is a power sharing between the two

governments, the national and the local. Powers are defined in theconstitution. In the US, the power is divided between the federal and thestate government.


As to the relationship between the executive and legislative branches ofgovernment:

Parliamentary Government – the executive is also a member of the legislativebranch, and the legislative has the power to terminate the tenure of office ofthe executive.

Presidential Government – the independence of the three branches ofgovernment is constitutionally defined.

Other Forms of Government

Constitutionalism – is the limitation of government by law as prescribed by theconstitution?

A government is considered constitutional or operating within the blanket ofthe constitution if it has four limitations:

The legislature convenes as stipulated in the constitution and cannot bedissolved or dismissed by political parties other than itself

Courts are appointed and independent from the influence of the legislativebranch

The power of the executive to appoint is shared with the legislative branch Only the legislature can make laws, but the veto power can be exercised by

the executive

Authoritarianism – is a form of leadership where the leader has absolute controlover his/her people. It imposes strict adherence to authority. Authoritarian regimesare strongly hierarchical.

Characteristics of Authoritarian Government


Citizens are strictly subject to state authority Limited civil liberties Curtailment of freedom Strict adherence to hierarchy Limitation on the freedom of expression There is frequent use of force or military participation Opposition is not allowed

Forms of Authoritarian Government

Absolute monarchy Communist states are authoritarian Dictatorships are always authoritarian fascist nations are authoritarian Despotisms are authoritarian Theocracy is authoritarian

Liberalism – the idea of liberalism supports the inculcation of individual freedomand less governmental control. Liberalism emphasizes equality of opportunity of allpeople and encourages freedom of expression. This idea wants a limit in the role ofgovernment when it comes to individual choice such as birth control or religion.

Principles that Liberals want the State to Adopt

Political Liberalism –the idea that society exists for the benefit of everyindividual. Political liberalism does not adhere to the differences of race, sexand economic status instead embraces every one as equal.

Cultural Liberalism – liberals do not want the government o intrude intoindividual choice such as sex, religion or lifestyle.


Economic Liberalism – it advocates individual rights of property and freedomof contract.

The Government of the Philippines in Transition

Government during the Spanish period

Colonial Government

1565-1821- indirectly governed by the King of Spain through Mexico 1821-1898- ruled directly from Spain through the King’s representative in

the Philippines

The Extent of Power of the Government

The Philippine Colonial Government under Spain is unitary. It’s centralized instructure and national in scope which means that the central government does notdelegate the powers and that the authority is concentrated on the nationalgovernment. All laws are promulgated by the central government as well as theexecution. Branches of government do not exist, and all the powers are vested onthe governor-general.

Governments during the revolutionary Era

The Biak-na-Bato Republic The Dictatorial Government The Revolutionary Government

The First Philippine Republic

These governments were proclaimed under the leadership of Aguinaldo.However, these governments were never recognized by the international community


nor did the United States and Spain. These governments had only existed in writingbut have never been exercised full sovereignty that is common in all governments.

Governments during the American Regime

The Military government Proclaimed the day after the capture of Manila The existence of war gave the US legal basis to establish military government Civil government Inaugurated in Manila on July 4, 1901 Signaled the end of the war and the imposition of Benevolent Assimilation Signaled the neutralization of the natives Started the imposition of civil liberties Commonwealth government A ten-year transition period for political independence Partial autonomy granted to the Filipinos The three branches of government were under the control of the Filipinos Sovereignty still resides in the US government

Governments during the Japanese Occupation

The Japanese Military Administration

Established one day after its occupation Composed of the Military imperial army with limited participation from the

Filipinos The Philippine Executive Commission Composed of Filipinos organized by the military forces of occupation Exercised both the executive and legislative powers Subject to the commander of the Japanese forces The Japanese sponsored republic The same character as the Japanese executive commission Authority rests on the Japanese military


The Provisional Government of 1986

The provisional government of 1986 was instituted not in accordance with theconstitution. The circumstances surrounding the institution of the provisionalgovernment made it unfounded in the eyes of the law and the internationalcommunity but it has the support of the majority of people, thus even though thedemocratic transition of power provided for under the constitution was not followed,the people accepted it as their true government.

Most governments were established under the existing laws of transition ofpower particularly in a democratic state, but there are instances where theestablished government is founded not in the procedure provided for by theconstitution. These governments are viewed as de facto or not constituted underthe law but has the general support of the populace. The provisional government ofCory Aquino is de facto, however, its status has changed when the internationalcommunity recognized it, the government “in practice” became government “inprinciple” meaning it achieved the legal status of de jure.

1.1.9 Constitution

Introduction

The constitution is regarded as the fundamental law of the land. It is in theconstitution that the political ideology of the state is expressed as well as its formand the boundary that separates the state and the people. The constitutionembodies the political and social ideals of the nation. It is also in the constitutionthat powers and authority of a political entity are defined.

The constitution serves as a contract between the state and the people; adocument that binds the state and its subjects. It is where the power of thepowerless is guaranteed and it also in the constitution that government’s reach islimited.


Objectives:


Identify the importance, the form, content of the constitution and the manner ofamending it.

Compare and contrast the differences of the 1935, 1973 and 1987 constitution interms of the power of the president

Point out the strengths and weaknesses of each constitution

Constitution Defined

A constitution is the fundamental law of the land. It refers to that body of rules andprinciples in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are regularlyexercised.

Nature and Purpose Of Constitution

Serves as the supreme fundamental law Establishes basic framework and underlying principles of government

Though the constitution is viewed as a document that guarantees the rights ofthe people, that guarantee can be twisted by some rulers or leaders. Everyconstitution has its own strengths and weaknesses; that is why it can be amendedor revised; not only to serve the interests of the people but to adapt to the changingtimes. A constitution should not be dormant just like culture but it must befuturistic. It must answer future political, legal, and social issues.


A constitution is not written to address present issues or situations but writtento address potential problems that may arise in the context of the agreementbetween the state and the people and the ruler and the ruled. This module willdiscuss the nature and purpose of constitution, its different types, advantages anddisadvantages and the constitutions of the Republic of the Philippines.

Constitutional Law

A branch of public law which focuses on the study of the constitution, itsnature, formation, amendment and interpretation. It also concerns on the principlesthat have derived from the interpretation and application done by the courtparticularly the Supreme Court.

Kinds of Constitution

How it is Created?

Conventional or Enacted – one which is enacted by a constituent assembly orgranted by a monarch to his/her subjects

Cumulative or Evolved – a product of the evolution of society and usuallyoriginates in the tradition, customs and judicial decisions

As to their form:

Written – a type of constitution that is enacted by select body of people at aparticular time and expressed in a codified format

Unwritten –a type of constitution that is a product of political evolution andmainly based on customs, traditions and judicial decisions


Manner of Amendment

Rigid or Inelastic – cannot be amended or revised except in the mannerprovided for in the constitution

Flexible or Elastic – can be amended or revised in the same way that ordinarylaws are amended or repealed

Advantages and Disadvantages Of A Written Constitution

It is clear and definite It can be read just like an ordinary book It is accessible It cannot be amended or revised without the necessary requirements

stipulated in the constitution Only exceptional procedures can amend or revise the constitution As to the contents Constitution of government Constitution of liberty Constitution of sovereignty

Constitution Distinguished from Statute

Constitution Statute1. A legislation submitted to the people A legislation from the people’s representative2. States the framework of the law and thegovernment

Provides the details of the subject of which it treats

3. Intended not only to meet existingconditions but to address future conditions

Intended to meet existing conditions

4. Supreme fundamental law of the state Statutes and other laws must conform


Authority to Interpret the Constitution

A private individual may interpret or ascertain the meaning particularprovisions in the constitution

Only those charged with official duties can give” authoritative” interpretationof the constitution

Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines

While nations in other parts of the world enjoy the protection of aconstitution, the Philippines being a colony of Spain did not have theprotection stipulated under the provisions of a constitution. Spain did notbother to extend the civil liberties enjoyed by her people to the people of thePhilippines.

The Filipinos chance to define the framework of their government and outlinethe civil liberties of the people only started after the collapse of the rule ofSpain in the Philippines.

The 1898 Constitution

A constitution promulgated under the watch of Aguinaldo

A constitution patterned to that of Mexico, Cuba and other former colonies of Spain

Created under the revolutionary government of Aguinaldo

A constitution that outlines the branches of government but does not specificallyinvoke the principle of checks and balances

Not ratified by the Filipino electorate



Drafted by the Filipino representatives

Enacted by the US Congress

Approved by the President of the US

Created under a constitutional convention

Ratified by the Filipino electorate

The constitution did not contain the original ideas of the government

Dominating influence was the US Constitution

Amended three times

Amendments

Establishing a bicameral legislature

Allowing the reeligibility of the president and vice-president to seek second term inoffice

Creating a separate Commission on Elections

The insertion of the Parity Amendment


Proposed by the 1971 constitutional Convention Ratified by the “Citizens Assemblies” Promulgated under martial law Introduced a parliamentary style of government Unlimited reelection of the President The president holds tremendous power


Amendments

Making the incumbent president the president and prime minister Given the president the power to legislate Permitting natural-born citizens who have lost their citizenship to be

transferees of private land for use by them as residence Allowing the grant of lands of the public domain to qualified citizens Providing for urban land reform and social housing program


Dubbed as the “freedom constitution” Drafted by a constitutional commission appointed by the president Ratified by the Filipino people Limited the power of the president to impose martial law Consistent with the doctrine of separation of powers and the principle of

checks and balances

The Difference between Amendment and Revision

Amendment – a change effected in some parts of the constitution withoutconsidering the whole document.

Revision – is a re-writing or substantial changing in the constitution

The Importance of Amendment or Revision

Mechanism for responding to changing conditions To address political, economic and social problems A safety valve against the use of force or revolution in order to change the

constitution


Methods that can be used to Amend or Revise the Constitution

By Congress as a constituent assembly upon a vote of ¾ of its members By a constitutional convention By the people directly through initiative upon petition of the required number

(12 percent of the registered voters)

What is a Constitutional Convention?

A body assembled for the purpose of framing, revising or amending theconstitution for the approval of the electorate.

Methods that can form a Constitutional Convention

Congress by 2/3 vote of all its members Congress by a majority votes of all its members

Requirements of Amendments Proposed by the People through Initiative

A petition of at least 12 percent of the total number of registered voters People’s initiative is limited only to amendments not revision Legislative district must be represented by at least 3 percent of the

registered voters

the transitional society of the american period

Documents