THE STUDY OF ENERGY SAVING ON ACMV (AIR-CONDITIONING AND

MECHANICAL VENTILATION) SYSTEM FOR FKM BUILDING

ROSLI BIN CHE MAT

This report is submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering

(Design and Innovation)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

June 2012

2

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION

‗I hereby that I read this dissertation and found its content and form to meet

acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work for the award of Bachelor of

Mechanical Engineering (Design and Innovation) with honours‘

Signature :…………………………..

Supervisor : Dr. Reduan Bin Mat Dan

Date :…………………………..

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DECLARATION

I hereby, declare this project entitled ―the study of energy saving on acmv (air-

conditioning and mechanical ventilation) system for fkm building ‖ is the result of

my own research except as cited in the reference.

Signature:…………………

Authors name: Rosli Bin Che Mat

Date: 31 May 2012

ii

For my beloved parents, siblings and friends

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, thanks to ALLAH SWT for HIS mercy and guidance in giving

me full strength to complete the PSM (―Projek Sarjana Muda‖) project and report

about the study of energy saving on ACMV (air- conditioning and mechanical

ventilation) system for FKM building

A lot of thank to my project supervisor, Dr. Reduan Bin Mat Dan for his

support, guidance and advise me in this project and help me to complete the technical

report of PSM. This project was tested my abilities mentally and physically and also

my skill in the Mechanical Engineering.

Furthermore, I would like to thank to my PSM panels for my presentation,

En. Faizil Wasbari and En. Abdul Rafeq that willing to evaluate my PSM project.

Not forgot to second reader, En. Faizil Wasbari for PSM1 and Pn. Mahanum for

PSM2. I would like to thank to other lecturers that help me direct or indirect in this

PSM project.

Lastly, I would like to thanks to my parents, Mr Che Mat B. Che Kob and

Mrs Siah Bt Sulaiman that support me mentally and physically not even in this

project also for my study. Also to my course mate especially Mohd Azhar Ahmad,

Muhammad Azhari and others who ever never give-up in giving their support to me

in to accomplish this PSM project. Thank you very much, I will never forget all of

your kindness.

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ABSTRACT

This project presents the energy consumption and ACMV (air- conditioning

and mechanical ventilation) system of the FKM building. ACMV refers to the

equipment, distribution network, and terminals that provide either collectively or

individually the mechanical ventilating or air conditioning process to a building. The

main objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between building

energy consumption and ACMV system and evaluate the building ACMV system

performance through physical measurement. Improvement methods in ACMV

system is later being proposed to reduce building energy consumption. This study is

also tend to provide a baseline estimate of current energy use which can be used for

calculation of the energy saving impact of various options for reducing energy usage.

In doing this project, physical measurement is being conducted involving air

velocity, temperature and air change rate. Window area and the building wall area

measured to obtain the OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value). The lower OTTV

value is better for a building. Included proposals to reduce energy consumption and

reduce the OTTV in this report. The analysis conducted consists of building cooling

loads, energy saving estimates and costing for the building.

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ABSTRAK

Projek ini membentangkan penggunaan tenaga dan ACMV (penghawa dingin

dan pengudaraan mekanikal) sistem bangunan di Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal

(FKM). ACMV merujuk kepada peralatan, rangkaian pengedaran dan terminal yang

menyediakan sama ada secara kolektif atau individu pengalihudaraan mekanikal atau

proses penyaman udara untuk bangunan. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk

mengkaji hubungan antara penggunaan tenaga elektrik bangunan dan sistem ACMV

dan menilai prestasi sistem bangunan ACMV melalui pengukuran fizikal.

Kemudiannya, kaedah penambahbaikkan dalam sistem ACMV yang dicadangkan

untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga bangunan. Kajian ini juga cenderung untuk

menyediakan suatu anggaran asas penggunaan tenaga semasa yang boleh digunakan

untuk pengiraan kesan penjimatan tenaga pelbagai pilihan untuk mengurangkan

penggunaan tenaga. Dalam melakukan projek ini, ukuran fizikal dijalankan yang

melibatkan halaju udara, suhu dan kadar perubahan udara. Luas tingkap serta luas

dinding bangunan diukur untuk mendapatkan nilai OTTV( nilai keseluruhan

pemindahan haba). Semakin rendah nilai OTTV semakin bagus untuk sesuatu

bangunan. Disertakan cadangan untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga serta

mengurangkan nilai OTTV. Analisis yang dijalankan terdiri daripada membina

beban penyejukan, anggaran penjimatan tenaga dan kos penggunaan ACMV untuk

bangunan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION. ......................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv

ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ vi

List of tables ................................................................................................................. x

List of figures .............................................................................................................. xi

List of symbols and abbreviation .............................................................................. xiii

List of appendixs ........................................................................................................ xv

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1

1.0 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 1

1.1 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... 2

1.2 SCOPES OF PROJECT ................................................................................ 2

1.3 PROBLEMS STATEMENT AND SOLUTIONS ........................................ 3

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................. 4

2.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 4

2.1 AIR- CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION (ACMV)

SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 5

2.1.1 Air- Conditioning ................................................................................... 6

2.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation .......................................................................... 7

2.2 GREEN BUILDING ..................................................................................... 7

2.2.1 Green Building Index (GBI) .................................................................. 9

2.2.2 How Does GBI Work ........................................................................... 10

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2.3 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY .................................................................. 11

2.4 RADIATION ............................................................................................... 13

2.5 OVERALL THERMAL TRANSFER VALUE (OTTV) ............................ 15

2.5.1 Concept 0f OTTV ................................................................................ 16

2.6 GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN DESIGN OF AIR

CONDITIONING INSTALLATIONS .................................................................. 18

2.6.1 Design Considerations ......................................................................... 18

2.6.2 Load Calculation and Sizing for AC System ....................................... 18

2.6.3 Air Side System Design Criteria .......................................................... 19

2.6.4 Water Side Distribution System ........................................................... 20

2.6.5 Off Hours Control ................................................................................ 20

2.6.6 Energy Saving Systems ........................................................................ 21

2.7 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) .......................................... 23

2.7.1 Energy Consuming Areas .................................................................... 23

2.7.2 Application of EMS to ACMV system ................................................ 23

2.8 BENEFITS OF LOW ENERGY BUILDINGS .......................................... 24

CHAPTER 3:

METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 25

3.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 25

3.1 FLOW CHART OF THE PROJECT .......................................................... 26

3.2 STRATEGY TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF ACMV ....... 29

3.3 DETERMINE OTTV( OVERALL THERMAL TRANSFER VALUE) .... 31

3.3.1 Building Specifications ........................................................................ 31

3.3.2 OTTV Formula .................................................................................... 34

3.3.3 Malaysian Standard MS 1525:2007 ..................................................... 34

3.4 determine cooling load ................................................................................ 35

3.4.1 External Load ....................................................................................... 35

3.4.2 Internal Load ........................................................................................ 37

CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................

viii

RESULT ..................................................................................................................... 40

4.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 40

4.1 Result for OTTV calculation ....................................................................... 40

4.1.1 Sample calculation OTTV.................................................................... 43

4.2 Result of cooling load calculation ............................................................... 46

4.2.1 Sample calculation of cooling load ...................................................... 48

4.3 Electricity costing for FKM building .......................................................... 54

4.4 Guidelines for maintenance an air conditioning systems ............................ 55

4.4.1 Schedule of maintenance...................................................................... 56

4.4.2 Monthly Routine Service and Repair ................................................... 57

CHAPTER 5 (DISCUSSION) ................................................................................... 63

5.1 Current OTTV ............................................................................................. 63

5.2 Proposed OTTV .......................................................................................... 64

5.3 Background To MS ( Malaysia Standard ) 1525 : 2007 .............................. 65

5.4 Building Envelope, Window Design And OTTV ....................................... 65

5.5 Ways To Improve OTTV (Reduce OTTV) ................................................. 66

5.6 Building cooling load estimation ................................................................ 66

5.6.1 How to keep cooling loads low ............................................................ 67

5.7 Electricity costing for FKM building .......................................................... 68

5.8 Services and maintenance............................................................................ 68

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ......................................................... 69

6.1 Achievement of objective one ..................................................................... 69

6.2 Achievement of objective two ..................................................................... 69

6.3 Achievement of objective three ................................................................... 70

6.4 Recommendations for future work .............................................................. 71

6.4.1 To optimize the design of ACMV system in term of sizing. It should be

balance between cost of optimization and saving. ............................... 71

6.4.2 To study individual component energy saving .................................... 71

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REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 72

APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................ 77

APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................ 79

APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................ 82

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Thermal conductivities of some materials at room temperature

(Source: Cengel, Y.A, 2003)

13

2.2 Emissivity‘s of some materials at 300K (Source: Cengel, Y.A,

2003)

14

3.1 Properties of green glazed wall 33

3.2 Properties of pre-cast concrete wall 33

4.1 Summary of current OTTV 41

4.2 Summary of proposed OTTV 42

4.3 Summary of current cooling load 46

4.4 Summary of proposed cooling load 47

4.5 Solar Cooling Load (SCL) at 12 pm 49

4.6

5.1

Schedule Of Maintenance

Total OTTV for each facade elevation

56

63

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 PusatTenaga Malaysia 8

2.2 Diamond Building Putrajaya 8

2.3 A simple experiment setup to determine the thermal

conductivity of a material (Source: Cengel, Y.A, 2003)

12

2.4 Radiation heat transfer between a surface and the surfaces

surrounding it (Source: Cengel, Y.A, 2002)

14

2.5 Radiation heat transfer between a surface and the surfaces

surrounding it (Source: Cengel, Y.A, 2003)

15

3.1 Final Year Project Flow Chart 28

3.2 Strategy To Reduce Energy Consumption Of ACMV 29

3.3 Top View With Actual Orientation 31

3.4 West Wall 31

3.5 South Wall 32

3.6 East Wall 32

3.7 North Wall 32

4.1 Refrigerant Compressors 57

4.2 Water Chillers 58

4.3 Cooling Towers 59

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4.4 Cooling Chiller Pump 60

4.5 Water Pumpset 60

4.6 Air Filter At Air Handling Unit 64

4.7 Air Handling Unit 64

4.8 Ducting System 64

4.9 Piping System 64

xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATION

A area

U heat transfer coefficient

TD temperature difference

CLTD cooling load temperature difference

CLTDc corrected cooling load temperature difference

Q cooling load

SHGF solar heat gain factor

SC shading coefficient

CLF cooling load vactor

RT refrigerant ton

LM correction for latitude and month

K Thermal Conductivity

α Thermal absorptivity

ω Specific Humidity

m Specific mass flow rate

Relative humidity

T Absolute Temperature

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h Enthalpy

'fgh Enthalpy of vaporization

QL Latent heat transfer

QS Sensible heat transfer

Q Heat transfer rate

W Work

COP Coefficient of Performance

OTTV overall thermal transfer value

ACMV air conditioning mechanical ventilation

PSM ―projek sarjana muda‖

xv

LIST OF APPENDIXS

APPENDIX TITLE

A Gantt chart

B Table which used for calculation

C Plan floor of FKM building( MARS)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND

The project tries to find ways on reducing the energy consumption of the

ACMV (air- conditioning and mechanical ventilation) system of the FKM building.

Air Conditioning is the control of the humidity of air by either increasing or

decreasing its moisture content. Added to the control of the humidity is the control

of temperature by either heating or cooling the air, the purification of the air by

washing or filtering the air and the control of the air motion and ventilation.

Ventilation refers to the process of supplying and removing air by natural or

mechanical means to and from any space, Such air may or may not be conditioned.

Building energy standards or codes are becoming more and more important in

energy efficiency policies [1]. These standards can help raise concern and awareness

of building energy conservation, promote energy efficient designs in buildings,

encourage the development of energy efficient building products, and form a basis

for assessing building energy performance and developing energy efficiency

programmers [2]. Many countries in the world are now developing or upgrading their

building energy standards in order to achieve the energy efficiency goals.

In response to broad concerns regarding the environment and climate change,

Green Buildings are becoming much more common and are increasingly in demand

by building owners and occupiers [3]. As a result, they are featuring more

prominently in the portfolios of most building developers, architects and engineering

consultants. The current green trends are quickly becoming the new standard.

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1.1 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this study are:

i. To reduce OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) of FKM building and

complying requirement of MS (Malaysia Standard) 1525.

ii. To propose methods on ACMV system maintenance and operation that

can reduce building energy consumption.

iii. To estimate saving energy consumption for FKM building by calculate

cooling load.

1.2 SCOPES OF PROJECT

The scopes of this study are:

i. Building load calculation including OTTV (overall thermal transfer

value).

ii. Practical measurements involving temperature, humidity and air change

rate.

iii. Standard guidelines of procedures for building maintenance based on the

study.

3

1.3 PROBLEMS STATEMENT AND SOLUTIONS

One of the biggest energy consumption for a non-residential building is the

AMCV system. Any saving made on the energy consumption at this system will

give significant impact to the cost of running and maintaining the

building. Critical analysis and study need to be conducted on which component

of the total ACMV system uses the highest energy and innovation and critical

thinking is required on how to reduce these consumptions. Present OTTV value

need to be determined and new expected OTTV value need to be projected in

order to bring about the saving into the system. These are the solution for this

problem:

i. Redesign the building properties especially the window and the walls.

ii. Research and find types of air conditioner and the systems of ACMV.

iii. Determine cooling load.

iv. Conduct the measurements including the OTTV, present energy

consumption by the ACMV and temperature mapping.

v. Propose Energy estimates, costing and saving.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This literature review is based on term on related topic that was study and has

been discussed by a professional and has given a complete explanation on how the

things of study work out. The stated review below is important hint in study of

saving energy consumption of ACMV (air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation)

system relates on GBI (green building index).

ACMV represent Air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems. It

fills the fundamental principles and systems in a manner that is technically accurate,

yet of practical use in the real working world [4]. Today‘s really, which mandates

time and cost effectiveness in ACMV work, dictates this principles approach. By

doing this project, some research and observation needed to know energy

consumption saving and ACMV systems report [21].

i. Research the energy consumption of air- conditioning and mechanical

ventilation, ACMV by the journal by previous study, journal, article, etc.

ii. Research the system of ACMV and their equipment.

iii. Research the green building index Malaysia, MS1525:2007 about energy

management system of ACMV.

iv. Research the concept OTTV (overall thermal transfer value) review.

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2.1 AIR- CONDITIONING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION

(ACMV) SYSTEM

ACMV stands for air conditioning and mechanical ventilation and refers to

the equipment, distribution network and terminals used either collectively or

individually to provide fresh filtered air, heating, cooling and humidity control in a

building.

A facility can have any combination of heat operated (absorption) and

cooling mode to supply the ACMV system. For heating a facility, a gas-or oil-fired

boiler or furnace, heat pump, rooftop unit, new technology such as infrared radiation,

or electric heat could be employed. Common cooling sources include rooftop units,

chillers, heat pumps, air conditioner or some sort of off-peak cooling system.

For the purpose of this part, ‗ACMV system‘ is considered to be of three

basic types:

a. Central air- distribution systems

In this type, either ACMV system equipment or an engineered and

field-assembled combination of ACMV system components, receives

recirculated room air (plus outside air as required) from a central duct

system, performs the required ventilating or air-conditioning functions, and

delivers the conditioned air to the central duct system, for final delivery to the

conditioned space of the building.

b. Central circulating water systems

In this type, a centrifugal, rotary, screw, scroll or reciprocating,

compression refrigeration or absorption refrigeration type water-chilling

package provides chilled water to a central piping system; and the piping

system supplies cooled water, as required, to water-air heat exchangers

(terminal units) serving the conditioned space of the building. The water

chilling package, including its heat-rejecting element and the terminal unit

are considered to be ACMV system components.

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c. Multiple units systems

In this type, a number of units of ACMV Equipment, each receiving a

supply of electric energy, perform the functions of cooling air for distribution

to a space or zone of the building.

2.1.1 Air- Conditioning

Air conditioning is treating air for temperature, cleanliness and humidity, and

directing its distribution to meet requirements of a conditioned space. Comfort air

conditioning is when the primary function of the system is to provide comfort to

occupants of the conditioned space. The term industrial air conditioning is used

when the primary function is other than comfort.

There are three basic types of air conditioners:

a. Direct expansion coolers include window air conditioners, heat pumps and

packaged or rooftop units. Air is cooled and dehumidified as it moves past a

cold, refrigerant-filled coil.

b. Chilled water systems use water cooled by a refrigeration machine instead of

air. This cool water supplies a coil, which cools and dehumidifies the air.

c. Evaporative (or ―swamp‖) coolers are usually only appropriate in hot, dry

climates and bring hot air in contact with a water spray or damp surface. The

result is evaporation of moisture, which lowers the temperature of the air.

7

2.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation

Ventilation is a process that either supplies or removes air from a space by

natural or mechanical means. All air that is exhausted from a building must be

replaced by outside air. Outside air must be brought to a certain temperature by

makeup air units used throughout the building. Negative building pressure can be a

problem during winter heating season and could lead to a number of other problems

such as difficulty in opening doors and equipment operation. Air seeps through gaps

around windows, doors and ducts. Equations are available to estimate makeup air

heating costs in the Guide to Industrial Assessments for Pollution Prevention and

Energy Efficiency, referenced at the end of this document

Air is distributed through ducts. Units such as a window air conditioner,

distribute air directly from the unit. Other units using baseboards or radiators may

deliver heat through water, steam or electric resistance systems. Blowers and

registers deliver air in forced air systems.

2.2 GREEN BUILDING

A Green building focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource use –

energy, water, and materials – while reducing building impact on human health and

the environment during the building‘s lifecycle, through better sitting, design,

construction, operation, maintenance, and removal. Green Buildings should be

designed and operated to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on its

surroundings. These are the important about green building:

a. Green buildings are designed to save energy and resources, recycle materials

and minimise the emission of toxic substances throughout its life cycle.

b. Green buildings harmonise with the local climate, traditions, culture and the

surrounding environment.

c. Green buildings are able to sustain and improve the quality of human life

whilst maintaining the capacity of the ecosystem at local and global levels.