the scientific revolution the rise of science (16 th – 18 th cents.) –the ancient and medieval...
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The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
The Rise of Science (16The Rise of Science (16thth – 18 – 18thth cents.) cents.)– The Ancient and Medieval MindsetThe Ancient and Medieval Mindset
““Natural philosophy”Natural philosophy”
Dependent on Greco-Roman thinkersDependent on Greco-Roman thinkers
No clear-cut lines between science and No clear-cut lines between science and pseudosciencepseudoscience
Europe still very “religious” and “superstitious”Europe still very “religious” and “superstitious”
– Science became more “modern” (by 17Science became more “modern” (by 17 thth cent.) cent.)
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Revolution in AstronomyRevolution in Astronomy– Ptolemaic TheoryPtolemaic Theory
Derived from Ptolemy Derived from Ptolemy (2(2ndnd cent.) cent.)The CosmosThe Cosmos
– Group of concentric Group of concentric spheresspheres
– GEOCENTRICGEOCENTRIC– Spheres revolve around Spheres revolve around
EarthEarth
Bible, human observation Bible, human observation “support” this“support” this
– Celestial bodies contain Celestial bodies contain “ether” “ether” perfect, perfect, incorruptible, immutable incorruptible, immutable
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)(1473-1543)– Polish clericPolish cleric– Studied philosophy, law, Studied philosophy, law,
math, and sciencemath, and science– On the Revolutions of the On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly OrbsHeavenly Orbs (1543) (1543)Based on mathematicsBased on mathematicsProposed Proposed HELIOCENTRICHELIOCENTRIC universeuniverse
– Remained hypothesis Remained hypothesis initiallyinitially
Many astronomers Many astronomers hesitated to adopt ithesitated to adopt itMathematical concernsMathematical concerns
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
The Copernican system
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Johann Kepler Johann Kepler (1570-1630)(1570-1630)– Court mathematician of Court mathematician of
emperoremperor– Provided mathematical Provided mathematical
confirmation for confirmation for Copernicus’s theoryCopernicus’s theory
– Taught Laws of Planetary Taught Laws of Planetary MotionMotion
Planets follow elliptical Planets follow elliptical orbits, not circularorbits, not circular
Distance and time of Distance and time of revolution in constant ratiorevolution in constant ratio
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)(1564-1642)– Studied medicine, Studied medicine,
mechanics, mathematicsmechanics, mathematics– Professor at U. of PaduaProfessor at U. of Padua– Fascinated with astronomyFascinated with astronomy– Discoveries with telescope Discoveries with telescope
Imperfections on moonImperfections on moon
SunspotsSunspots– Demonstrate uniformity Demonstrate uniformity
between heavens and between heavens and EarthEarth
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Galileo: Outspoken and Defiant Advocate of Copernican TheoryGalileo: Outspoken and Defiant Advocate of Copernican Theory– Asked to treat theory as hypothesis, not fact…Asked to treat theory as hypothesis, not fact…– Did not! Did not! summoned to Rome (1632), house arrest summoned to Rome (1632), house arrest– Trial before Inquisition (1633)Trial before Inquisition (1633)
Charged with challenging authority of Scripture Charged with challenging authority of Scripture heresy heresyAbjured Copernican theoryAbjured Copernican theoryPunishment: house arrest; daughter ended up saying penitential psalms in his steadPunishment: house arrest; daughter ended up saying penitential psalms in his stead
– Died within Catholic Church (1642)Died within Catholic Church (1642)
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
2009
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Questions?Questions?
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Further AdvancesFurther Advances– Physics: Law of GravityPhysics: Law of Gravity
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)1727)
Gravity: same force that Gravity: same force that holds object on Earth holds object on Earth holds planets in orbitsholds planets in orbits
– Chemistry: use chemicals Chemistry: use chemicals to treat diseaseto treat disease
Old theory: disease the Old theory: disease the result of imbalance in result of imbalance in humors humors bloodletting bloodletting
New proposition: use New proposition: use chemicals!chemicals!
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Discoveries in BiologyDiscoveries in Biology– Human anatomyHuman anatomy
Dissect cadavers!Dissect cadavers!
– Blood circulation Blood circulation – Bacteria discovered Bacteria discovered
with microscope with microscope
Vesalius and students
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution GeneralizedThe Scientific Revolution Generalized– ““THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD”THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD”
Popularized by Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Popularized by Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Empirical observation and experimentation Empirical observation and experimentation conclusionsconclusions
Inductive reasoning: let theories emerge only after Inductive reasoning: let theories emerge only after accumulation and analysis of dataaccumulation and analysis of data
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Scientific Discoveries Scientific Discoveries Revolution in Thought Revolution in Thought – Old paradigms swept awayOld paradigms swept away
Humans no longer center of universeHumans no longer center of universeCosmos are orderly and mechanistic based on God’s designCosmos are orderly and mechanistic based on God’s design
– Faith in human reason Faith in human reason optimism optimism – Skepticism beginning to brew Skepticism beginning to brew need for need for evidenceevidence
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
John Locke (1632-1704)John Locke (1632-1704)– English writer, political English writer, political
theoristtheorist– People possess “natural People possess “natural
rights”: life, liberty, propertyrights”: life, liberty, property– Function of governmentFunction of government
Protect everyone’s rightsProtect everyone’s rights
Mutual contract between Mutual contract between ruler and ruledruler and ruled
Break in contract Break in contract ruled ruled have right to reconsider have right to reconsider ruler, even rebel!ruler, even rebel!
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
Questions?Questions?