the enlightenment. 18 th century movement europe thinkers apply reason and scientific methods to all...
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THE ENLIGHTENME
NT
•18TH Century movement•Europe•Thinkers apply reason and scientific methods to all aspects of society
The Scientific Revolution
•OLD SCHOOL–Geocentric Theory
•Earth was the center of the universe
•NEW SCHOOL–Heliocentric Theory
•Sun is the center of the universe
Copernicus•Polish astronomer•Reasoned
–Earth was round–Earth rotated on an axis–Earth revolved around the sun
•Feared persecution from the Church–Published after his death
Kepler•Proved Copernicus was right–Mathematics
•Planets move in elliptical orbit around sun
Galileo•Italian scientist•Built own telescope•Observations and laws of motion supported Copernicus
Galileo•Frightened Church
–Pope summoned Galileo to stand trial• Under threat of
torture – agreed Copernicus was wrong
Sir Francis Bacon
Bacon•Scientific Method
–Observe problem/question
–Form a hypothesis–Test hypothesis–Analyze data–Draw conclusion
Rene Descartes
Descartes•Developed analytical geometry
•Relied on math and logic
•Everything in doubt until proven–“I think therefore I am”
Sir Isaac Newton
Newton
•English scientist•Theory of motion•Law of universal gravitation
Spread of S.R.•Scientific instruments
–Zacharias Janssen – microscope
–Evangelista Torricelli – barometer
–Gabriel Fahrenheit - thermometer
Spread cont.•Medicine / Human Body
–Andreas Vesalius – dissection of human bodies
–Edward Jenner – vaccinations
•Chemistry–Robert Boyle
•More than four elements in the world
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes• Absolute monarchy was best• Human beings are naturally:
– Violent– Disorderly
• Without absolute monarch = chaos• 1651 Leviathan
– Form social contract•Give up freedoms to be protected and live
peacefully
– No right to rebel
John Locke
John Locke•Government based on social
contract•Human beings are naturally:
– Reasonable– Moral
•All people have natural rights– Life– Liberty– Property
Locke cont.•Government created to protect natural rights
•People had right to overthrow
The Philosophes•Height of Enlightenment in France
•Met in Paris to discuss ideas
•Believed people could apply reason to all aspects of life
Philosophes cont.•Five concepts of core beliefs:–Reason–Nature–Happiness–Progress–Liberty
Voltaire
Voltaire•French writer•Fought for:
– Tolerance– Reason– Freedom of religion– Freedom of speech
• Made many enemies•Sent to jail & later exiled to
England for two years
Montesquieu
Montesquieu•French writer – political liberty
•Proposed separation of powers amongst branches of government–Keep individuals or groups from becoming too powerful
Rousseau
Rousseau•Passionate about individual freedoms
•Believed society corrupted people’s natural goodness
•Believed only good government was freely formed from the “will of the people”
Rousseau cont.•Social contract
–Free individuals to create society and government
•All people equal titles of nobility abolished
Beccaria
Beccaria•Italian philosophe•Laws existed to preserve social order
•Argued for rights of the accused
•Believed capital punishment should be abolished
Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft•Philosophes held traditional view toward women
•Mary argued that women need education
•Urged women to enter fields dominated by men –Medicine–Politics
Legacy• Inspired French and
American Revolutions• Three long-term effects
1.Belief in progress2.Rise of more secular
outlook3.Rise of individualism