early thinkers
TRANSCRIPT
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Founder of Sociology
emphasized the study of society muscientific
urged sociologists to use systematicobservation, experimentation, andcomparative historical analysis as themethods.
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Aspects of social life that have to do with order, s
and social organization that allows society and grohold together and endure.
Refers to those processes of social life that patterinstitutional development and have to do with schange.
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Feminist and Methodologist• Like Comte, she insisted that the study ofsociety represents a separate scientificfield.
• Ardent defender of women’s rights
• Showed the similarities between theposition of women in western societies andthat of American slaves.
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It shows how the basic mo values of the young Americnation shaped its key instituarrangements.
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• Compared society to a biological oand depicted it as a system, a whmade up of interrelated parts.
Structural-functional theory
Spencer focused on the structures osociety as an organism and functioncontributions these factors make to survival.
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• Spencer applied the concept ofsurvival of the fittest to the socialworld.
• People and social patterns that
were “fit “ would survive andthose that were “unfit” would dieout.
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Political ctivist Sociologist Philosopher Historian
Economist and Political Scientist.
• Science is not only a vehicle ofunderstanding society but also a tool for
transforming it.• Major figure in sociological theory.
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Class Conflict
-Society is divided into those who own the meaproducing wealth and those who do not.
-patricians and plebeians; masters and slaves
Middle Ages
-guildmasters and journeymen; lords and serfs
Contemporary Western Societies
-oppressing capitalist class (bourgeoisie) and t
oppressed working class (proletariat)
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Ancient Rome
derive their income through their ownersthe means of production, primarily factories,allows them to exploit the labor of the worke
Contemporary Western Socie
owns nothing except their labor power
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•development depends on the clash ofcontradictions and the subsequent creation new, more advanced structures.
• The world is made up not of static structure
of dynamic processes, a world becoming rathan of being.
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Slavery
• Slaverybeingdisplacedbyfeudalism
Feaudalism
• Feudalism bycapitalism
Capitalism
• Capitalism bysocialism
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Political ideologiesReligion
Family organization
Educationgovernment
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“Economic Factors –
whether one owns and controls the means of production – are primary”
• Karl Marx is viewed by manyas an economic determinist.
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• “How does the society holdand endure?”
• Marx attributed too much imeconomic factors and classand not enough to social sothat Marx did not recognizecapacity of modern society
itself.
• Was the first sociologist to fcomplex problems associatediscipline and rigorous empisocial life.
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• The density of social relationships,literally the number of relationshipsthat exist among a collection ofpeople.
• The more people are connected to
one another, the stronger andmore meaningful are thesentiments that emerge out ofthese relationships.
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ocial olidarity – the tendency of people to maintsocial relationships.
• Mechanical Solidarity (Early Societies)
People derived a sense of oneness from
so much alike.• Organic Solidarity (Modern Societies)
Society is held together by the interdepefostered by the differences among people.
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Are aspects social life thatcannot be exin terms of thbiological or tmentalcharacteristicthe individual.
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Include society itself, its major institutionsthe various forms that underlie society.
Are social rules, principles of morality,meanings of symbols, and the sharedconsciousness.
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Protestants than Catholics• unmarried than the married
• soldiers than civilians
• in times of peace than intimes of war and revolution
• in times economic prosperityand recession than in times ofeconomic stability
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He is known not only for his
theoretical contributions but also for anumber of specific ideas that havegenerated considerable interest andresearch in their own right.
His sociological work covered a widerange of topics, including politics,organization, social stratification, law,religion, capitalism, music, the city, andcross-cultural comparison.
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“A critical focus for sociology is the study human subjectivity”
Intention Values
Beliefs Attitude
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“understanding” or “insight”
Sociologists mentallyattempt to place
themselves in the shoesof other people andidentify what they thinkand how they feel
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Is a concept constructed by sociologists portray the principal characteristics of somthey want to study.
It is a tool that allows sociologists to geneand simplify data by ignoring minor differe
order to accentuate major similarities.
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Value-free Sociologyimplies that a person does not ta
sides on an issue
implies that one does not care
pursuit of scientifically verifiable
knowledge