the science in society review cambridge issue 9

8/2/2019 The Science in Society Review Cambridge Issue 9

1/32

Pbk Tdakedkae TldakPq Zksaky

Slo 1 | Okep :>8> | [easkztapq lc Dhmjzaìk H zl`{dpale lc Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar

Pbk Aepkzehpaleho Gl{zeho lc Tdakedk/ Tldakpq he` Ohy

Kdlpl{zatmDzkhpaei h izkkekz Khzpb/ lz he {etphjaoataei aeco{kedk :>8>/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ Aed% Hoo zaibpt zktkzsk`%

Mktthik czlm pbk Dbh~pkz ^zkta`kepPbk Pza~ok Bkoar jkiaet :>8> yapb tkskzho eky chdkt le pbk dlmmappkk% Pbat at he krdapaei ~bhtkclz h tldakpq àzkdpk` jq pbk a`kht he` a`khot lc apt mkmjkzt% A yl{o` oafk pl pbhef pbk l{pilaeidlmmappkk mkmjkzt ybl bhsk jzl{ibp pbk tldakpq pl ybkzk ap at pl`hq%

Pbk dbheik-lskz ~zldktt bht elp tolyk` `lye l{z ~hzpada~hpale ae pbk Dhmjzaìk dlmm{eapq%Pbk kskept yk bhsk ~oheek` clz pbat pkzm dlskz t{jgkdpt zheiaei czlm pbk {tk lc pkdbeloliq aebkhopbdhzk pl ~{joad lyekztba~ lc tdakedk% Pbkzk yaoo hotl jk/ ht hoyhqt/ l~~lzp{eapakt pl yzapk he`~zl`{dk pbk ekrp att{k lc pbk Tdakedk ae Tldakpq Zksaky/ he` pl koaskz ylzftbl~t ae oldho tdbllot%

Ae Ckjz{hzq/ pbk Dhmjzaìk dbh~pkz lc pbk Pza~ok Bkoar yaoo jk mhfaei apt tkdle` h~~khzhedk hp pbkHHHT dleckzkedk/ pbat qkhz bko` ae The @akil% Pbat at he krdkookep clz{m hp ybadb pl keihik yapbpbk ya`kz tdakepacad dlmm{eapq he`/ ae ~hzpad{ohz/ pl tbhzk a`kht yapb lpbkz Pza~ok Bkoar dbh~pkzt%

Yk bl~k ql{ keglq zkhàei pbk Tdakedk ae Tldakpq Zksaky%

Jktp yatbkt/Czhedktdh @hqKrkd{pask Dbhaz/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ [easkztapq lc Dhmjzaìk

TPHCC HP DHMJZA@IK

KRKD[PASK JLHZ@

Dbhaz7

Czhedktdh @hq "Tp% Dhpbkzaekt!Cl{eàei zkta`kep/ Krkd{pask

Sadk zkta`kep7Ghmkt Tbk~bkz` "Dha{t!

Krkd{paskSadk zkta`kep7

Bheehb ^zadk "X{kket!G{ealz Pzkht{zkz7

Dohazk @z{zq "Dlz~{t Dbzatpa!@asatale okh`kzt hotl tap le pbk

Krkd{pask Jlhz`

OAPKZHZQ PKHM

Kàplz-ae-Dbakc7

Ktpbkz Là`h "Gkt{t!Mhehiaei Kàplz7

H`hm Ktmhao "Capwyaaooahm!Httldahpk Kàplzt7

Heeh Hoohe "Dha{t!/ Kmaoq Jzlye

"Dbzatpt!/ @heako Izkilzq"Blmkzple!/ @heako I{kpph "Tp

Glbet!/ Fam G{ìk "Iazple!/Ghmkt Fkeek`q "Capwyaooahm!/

Pblmht Fo{qskz "^kpkzbl{tk!/Pblmht Oaei "Kmmh!/ Zkjkddh

M{z~bq "Pzaeapq!/ Dbhzokt hzfkz"Dha{t!/ Dhzloaek The`clz`

"Iazple!/ Htbkz Tpkkek "TaèkqT{ttkr!/ G{efl Phfhph "@lyeaei!/Jzhe`le Maobloohe` "Faeit!/

Mhzf Zketbhy "Kmmhe{ko!/Eh Dha "Dha{t!/ baoa~~h Jlzzaoo

"^kpkzbl{tk!Izh`{hpk Zksakykzt7

Gaooahe T{ooashe "Iazple!/ MadlPhpholsad "Dbzatpt!%

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Bkh` lc L{pzkhdb7Czhetdktdh @hq "Tp% Dhpbkzaekt!/

L{pzkhdb Pkhm7Yaooahm Jhzpkz "Kmmh!/ Bhztb

Jbhpp "Dha{t!/ Madbkook Jzllf"Tp Dhpbkzaekt!/ Azkek Ihookil

"Dha{t!/ Czhedktdh Blop "TpGlbet!/ Izkilzq Okyat "Dha{t!/

@heakook Fhmaetfa "Dohzk!/ Ghmkt

Fkeek`q "Capwyaooahm!/ ChzwhehMahb "Iazple!/ Gkeeq Mloolq

"Dlz~{t Dbzatpa!/ Zkjkddh M{z~bq"Pzaeapq!/ Zhdbeh Ehzhqhehe

"Dha{t!/ Eadf Z{ttkoo "Kmmh!/

Dbhzolppk Tpzhe`fsatp "^kmjzlfk!/

Tl~bah Wbhei "Dha{t!%

KSKEPT

Kskept @azkdplz7

Phzh Caekihe "Dha{t!Kskept Dl-lzàehplz7

Gaeiyka Tam "Dha{t!/ Dbhzokt^hzfkz "Dha{t!/ Eatbh Ekthzhpehm

"Dhpw!/ Dha Eh "Dha{t!/ IkzmhaekOa{ "Mhi`hokek!/ Ghmkt Fkeek`q

"Capw!

HHHT Hee{ho Mkkpaei :>8>

@z Mlzihek Jkttle@z Jlj J{pdbkz

@z Gkcc @hookq@z Heeh Ill`mhe

@z Jkzpak Ippiket@z Zadbhz` Bhqyhz`

@z Gam Bhtkolcc

^zlc Dbzatpl~bkz Blyk@z Fhpzae Lppkztjhdb

@z ^hpzadf ^hooakz@z Hokr âlpzlytfa

@z Mhzpqe Tqmmlet^zlc Hohe Yhzzke

@z Dbzat Tmapb

TKEALZ ZKSAKYKZT

Pbat qkhz pbk aepkzehpaleho Pza~ok Bkoar Okh`kztba~ T{mmap yaoo hihae jk z{eeaei ~hzhooko pl pbk HHHTHee{ho Mkkpaei ae The @akil/ DH/ 82pb-::e` Ckjz{hzq :>8>% Pbat at h izkhp l~~lzp{eapq elp leoq plhppke` pbk dleckzkedk j{p hotl pl mkkp PPB mkmjkzt czlm hdzltt pbk [T/ he` at h olp lc c{e ht ykoo htikekzhpaei sho{hjok a`kht pl phfk jhdf pl dbh~pkzt%

Yk bhsk pyl ~ltpkzt jkaei krbajapk` hp pbk dleckzkedk jq Pza~ok Bkoar Dhmjzaìk mkmjkzt he` pbkzkat tpaoo he l~~lzp{eapq pl pzhsko yapb pbk izl{~ ac ql{ hzk aepkzktpk` ae hppkeàei% Ac ql{ hzk {ehjok pl ilhe` ckko ql{ bhsk mattk` l{p pbat qkhz/ ~okhtk ikp ae pl{db he` zkiatpkz ql{z aepkzktp clz :>88 ybke pbkdleckzkedk yaoo jk mlsaei pl Yhtbaeiple @%D%(

Ht pbk ylzo`t ohziktp ikekzho tdakedk dleckzkedk/ pbk HHHT Hee{ho Mkkpaei at h ~zktpaial{t kskep plhppke` he` ~zktkepaei hp l{z aesapk` ~ltpkz tkttale at h {eax{k l~~lzp{ea{pq pl kr~olzk hzkht lc tdakedkae tldakpq he` tdakedk ~loadq pbhp aepkzktp ql{ yapb h àtpaei{atbk` h{àkedk lc dleckzkedk hppke`kkt/he` lc dl{ztk pbk pkhm lc ~ltpkz g{ìkt%

Kmhao dleckzkedkàzkdplzNdhmpza~okbkoar%dlm clz mlzk aeclzmhpale

HDH@KMAD H@SATLZQ JLHZ@

@z @hsa` T{mmkzt^zlc ^kpkz Oappokyll`

@z K`yhz` Pheekz@z ^kpkz Ylpbkzt

@z He`zky Jkoo "Tkealz Pzkht{zkz!

^ZL@[DPALE # blplizh~bq

Hmq Jkkfke "Pzaeapq Bhoo!Dhpbkzaek Mlaz "Dha{t!O{dq Zljaetle "Dha{t!

Eadloh Tpkh` "@lyeaei!Hoath Wbapkeksh "Capwyaooahm!

@kzkf Bl "X{kket!

^blplt jq Tl~bah Wbhei% The @akil tfqoaek jq Yblatmhe{ czlm Yafamkàh Dlmmlet {e`kz DD-JQ-TH


5/32

AETA@K PPB

4PBK PZAÔK BKOAR Okep :>8> :>8>/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ Aed% Hoo zaibpt zktkzsk`%

Mktthik czlm pbk DKLTdakedk at t{~~ltk` pl jk ljgkdpask% Gl{zehoatm at t{~~ltk` pl jk ljgkdpask% Blykskz/ dledo{talet`zhye czlm kr~kzakedk/ k`{dhpale/ he` aetpap{paleho jkoakc tqtpkmt pke` pl dol{` pbat aepkepale%Ht tp{`kept/ yk hzk t{~~ltk` pl bhsk l~ke mae`t/ j{p hzk aetpz{dpk` pl `l tl jq ~zlckttalehotybltk kr~kzakedk zke`kzt pbkm hp pamkt ~llz ~kztleho ml`kot%

Yk hzk h tp{`kep gl{zeho% Yk hzk z{e/ yzappke/ he` zkh` jq pbltk ybltk aekr~kzakedk/ chz czlmjkaei oamapaei/ hoolyt clz h czktb/ o{da` kr~olzhpale% Yk lcckz h dbhedk pl izly he l~ke mae % Yklcckz h dbhedk pl `kskol~ eky aepkz~zkphpalet jq zk`kcaeaei pbk x{ktpale%

Ae pbat pamk lc ioljho dzatat pbkzk at h ekk` clz l~ke mae`t jkdh{tk/ dokhzoq/ tlmkpbaei ae l{z ~zalzpbaefaei at elp ylzfaei% Clz mheq tp{`kept/ pbat gl{zeho at he l~~lzp{eapq pl zkkeiaekkz pbk yhqyk h~~zlhdb ~zljokmt/ he` yk bl~k pbhp/ ht zkh`kzt/ ql{ zksko ae pbk dbhookeik%

Taedkzkoq/G{oah â~kzAedlmaei DKL/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ Aed%

Pza~ok Bkoar Kskept/ Okep :>8>Pb{zt`hq :2pb Ghe{hzq

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Ohpk Ckjz{hzq - @hpk PJD

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Mhzdb - @hpk PJD

Jzaìaei pbk Hzpt # pbk Tdakedkt7 H Jap lc h Tpzkpdb-1~m Ske{k PJD

Clz c{zpbkz `kphaot he` {~`hpkt satap yyy%dhmpza~okbkoar%dlm lz kmhao aeclNdhmpza~okbkoar%dlm%


6/320 PBK PZAÔK BKOAR Okep :>8> :>8>/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ Aed% Hoo zaibpt zktkzsk`%

DHMJZA@IK K@APLZAHOT

Ac ql{ hzk h ^bqtadt tp{`kep he` bhsk jkke aepkzktpk` aezktkhzdb ht h dhzkkz/ pbke ql{ yl{o` bhsk jkke izhskoqàth~~laepk` hp pbk c{eàei d{pt pbhp pbk Tdakedk he`

Pkdbeloliakt Chdaoapakt Dl{edao "TPCD! bhsk aepzl`{dk`%Tp{`keptba~t he` ~zlckttlztba~t ae bqtadt he` Htpzlelmqyaoo jk d{p jq :; ~kzdkep he` izhept yaoo jk d{p jq 8> ~kzdkepV8]% C{eàei yaoo jk yapb`zhye czlm lskz :; aepkzehpaleho~zlgkdpt/ ybadb aedo{`k HOADK - pbk `kpkdplz hp DKZE!/pbk Dhttaea-B{qiket mattale tp{`qaei Thp{ze he` pbk [FEk{pzael chdplzq - h ~oheek` ~hzpadok hddkokzhplz pbhp dl{o`bko~ ~bqtadatpt {e`kztphe` pbk ehp{zk lc lek lc pbk mltp

mqtpkzal{t ~hzpadokt V:]% Pbk plpho zk`{dpale ae zktkhzdb he``kskol~mkep "Z#@! ae ~hzpadok ~bqtadt/ e{dokhz ~bqtadt/htpzlelmq he` t~hdk kr~olzhpale at 88; maooale lskz caskqkhzt% Pbktk thsaeit yaoo dokhz pbk 0> maooale `kcadap aeapt d{zzkep j{ìkp he` yaoo bko~ caehedaho tphjaoapq ae pbkc{p{zk V8]%

Ehp{zhooq/ ac tdakedk c{eàei bht pl jk d{p `{k plt{db accad{op kdlelmad dazd{mtphedkt/ pbke pbk ohtp hzkh lczktkhzdb pl chdk t{db d{pt yl{o` jk pbltk pbhp tkkm pl bhskhe am~hdp le lskzhoo tldakpq/ t{db ht tpkm dkoo zktkhzdb lzzkekyhjok kekziq% Zk`{daei c{eàei czlm d{zaltapq-ok` - lzjo{k tfq - zktkhzdb/ t{db ht Baib Kekziq ^bqtadt he`

Htpzlelmq tl{e`t oafk pbk mltp oliadho l~pale%Pbat at ybhp pbk Jzapatb Ilskzemkep kda`k` he` pbkTPCD h~~zlsk`% Olz` @zhqtle/ pbk Tdakedk he` AeelshpaleMaeatpkz/ tha` pbhp pbk d{pt `kmletpzhpk` pbhp pbkzk ykzkzkho pketalet ae bhsaei ohzik aepkzehpaleho ~zlgkdpt {e`kzh taeiok zktkhzdb dl{edao/ okhàei pl izhept jkaei tx{kkwk`jq aedzkhtkt ae dltpt lc pbk ohzik aepkzehpaleho ~zlgkdpt ybadbhzk elp tlokoq yapbae pbkaz dlepzlo V4]% Mheq tdakepatpt bhsktblye pbkaz àth~~zlsho hp pbk eky c{eàei tdbkmk7 @hsa`Kshet/ bkh` lc pbk HOADK zktkhzdb izl{~ hp Jazmaeibhm

[easkztapq/ tha` pbhp pbk ~zlgkdp yht zkohpaskoq aekr~ketask hp;>>/>>> ~kz qkhz he` dhook` pbk kdatale dzhwq tkkaei pbhppbk kr~kzamkep at hozkh`q j{aop V4]% Yaooahm Ikookpoq/ h e{dokhz~bqtadatp czlm pbk [easkztapq lc T{zzkq/ bht dlmmkepk` lepbk chdp pbhp e{dokhz ~bqtadt yaoo chdk h ;> ~kzdkep zk`{dpalelskz pbk cask qkhzt/ dlm~hzk` yapb ~hzpadok ~bqtadt he`htpzlelmq ybadb hzk tkkaei tmhookz d{pt lc ;+ he` 8>+zkt~kdpaskoq% Ikookpoq bht tha` pbhp bat cako`t at elp ykoofelye ae pbk TPCD he` pbhp pbk TPCD ekk`t {zikep zkclzmV4]%

J{p bly `l ~bqtadatpt he` htpzlelmkzt g{tpacq plpbk zktkhzdb dl{edaot pbhp {taei ~{joad mlekq pl c{e` t{dbohzik ~zlgkdpt at hdp{hooq ylzpbybaok clz pbk c{p{zk< MadbhkoTpkzoaei/ dbhaz lc pbk TPCD/ bht tha` pbhp pl{ib dbladkt bh`pl jk mh`k he` pbk kdatale bht elp jkke phfke oaibpoq% Pbk:%0 jaooale t~keàei ~ohe tpaoo aedo{`kt lpbkz mhglz ~zlgkdpt

t{db ht pbk pbzkk lpbkz OBD `kpkdplzt he` pbk OAIL @hzfMhppkz Zktkhzdb Ohjt V8/:]% Qkp/ pbkzk at h ckkoaei hmlei pbktdakepacad dlmm{eapq pbhp ~{ooaei ~zlgkdpt yaoo zkt{op ae pbk[F ohdfaei ae aeco{kedk ae tdakedk aepkzehpalehooq he` mlzktp{`keptba~t he` pkdbeloliadho atdlskzakt yl{o` jk mh`khjzlh` V0]% Tdakepatpt tbl{o` dbhookeik pbk Ilskzemkep aepbkaz dlmmapmkep ae c{eàei tdakepacad zktkhzdb% Clz krhm~ok/^zlckttlz Jzahe Dlr/ ckooly lc pbk [easkztapq lc Mhedbktpkz/bht {tk` bat Pyappkz ckk` pl keihik h kjhpk le pbk att{k% Bkcazmoq jkoakskt pbhp pbk Ilskzemkep bhsk chaok` pl t{~~lzp[easkztapq zktkhzdb he` tdakepacad kskol~mkep he` pbhp izheptpl aepkzehpaleho ~zlgkdpt tbl{o` jk `kda`k` jq h t~kdahoatpjl`q hopkzehpask pl pbk TPCD V;]%

@zhqtle tha` bk yaoo ylzf yapb Tpkzoaei pl cae` hjkppkz zktlo{pale ae Ckjz{hzq :>8> V4]% Bl~kc{ooq jq pbke/zktkhzdb ckoolyt he` lpbkz ~zlmaekep tdakepatpt yaoo bhskdlesaedk` ~loapadahet pbhp ap at ekdktthzq pl c{e` zktkhzdbhe` kskol~mkep t{ccadakepoq kel{ib clz pbk [F pl zkmhaeaeco{kepaho ae pbk jo{k tfq hzkht lc zktkhzdb he` pl ~zlsa`kkel{ib tp{`keptba~t he` zktkhzdb izhept pl `l tl%

H`hm Ktmhao at h tkdle` qkhz tp{`qaei ^bqtadho Ehp{zho Tdakedkthp Capwyaooahm Dlookik% Bk at d{zzkepoq pbk Mhehiaei Kàplz lcPbk Pza~ok Bkoar Dhmjzaìk%

[F Tdakedk7 Bly @l Ql{ G{tpacqJo{k Tfq Zktkhzdb>1 @kd 83 Vdapk` :>8> Ghe 0]6 Hshaohjok czlm7 bpp~7,,yyy%pamktbaibkzk`{dhpale%dl%{f,tplzq%ht~13;2V:] Tdakedk ^zlizhmmk ^zalzapathpale :>8>-:>8;/ Tdakedk he` Pkdbeloliq ChdaoapaktDl{edao VLeoaek]% :>>1 @kd 83 Vdapk` :>8> Ghe 0]6 Hshaohjok czlm7 bpp~7,,yyy%tdapkdb%hd%{f,~md,~zko,tpcd,Dl{edaoEkyt838:>1%ht~rV4] [F bqtadt bap jq thshik d{pt/ bqtadtylzo`%dlm/ Aetpap{pk lc bqtadt VLeoaek]%

:>>1 @kd 83 Vdapk` :>8> Ghe 0] bpp~7,,~bqtadtylzo`%dlm,dyt,hzpadok,ekyt,08:;9

V0] Dlokt/ % Ybhp at pl jk lek8> Ghe 4 Vdapk` :>8> Ghe 0] Hshaohjokczlm7 bpp~7,,pkoktdl~kz%ylz`~zktt%dlm,:>8>,>8,>4,ybhp-at-pl-jk- lek,V;] ^zlckttlz Jzahe Dlrt Pyappkz Ckk` Vpykkpt czlm :>>1 @kd 836 dapk` :>8> Ghe 0]Hshaohjok czlm7 bpp~7,,pyappkz%dlm,^zlcJzaheDlrV3] Zk~zl`{dk` Czlm Yafamkàh Dlmmlet% {joad @lmhae% Hshaohjok czlm7 bpp~7,,{~olh`%yafamkàh%lzi,yafa~kàh,ke,2,2:,HOADK\@kpkdplz%g~i

H chzkykoo pl HOADK czlm pbk [F< Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V3]

Plpho zk`{dpale at 88;mlskz cask qkhzt%


7/32

DHMJZA@IK K@APLZAHOTDHMJZA@IK K@APLZAHOT

;PBK PZAÔK BKOAR Okep :>8> :>8>/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ Aed% Hoo zaibpt zktkzsk`%

DHMJZA@IK K@APLZAHOT

He aedzkhtaei l~~ltapale mlskmkep pl d{zzkep [F

oajko ohy at j{aoàei czlm mheq x{hzpkzt/ elp okhtppbk tdakepacad dlmm{eapq% Ybaok oajko ohy kratpt pl

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C{zpbkz dhtkt/ ybadb hzk ae tlmk yhqt mlzk ylzzqaei/bhsk aeslosk` h zhàloliatp/ t{k` jq IK Bkhopbdhzk ybldoham bk hdd{tk` pbkm lc t{~~zkttaei aeclzmhpale hjl{p heaegkdphjok dlepzhtp hikep/ ybadb/ bk dohamk` hp h dleckzkedk/bh` dh{tk` ta`k kcckdpt ae bat ~hpakept V:]% Helpbkz mkàdho`ldplz/ @z ^kpkz Yaomtb{ztp/ yht t{k` jq h bkhzp am~ohepmhe{chdp{zkz/ hcpkz iasaei he aepkzsaky hp h dleckzkedk aeybadb bk mh`k tlmk dzapadho dlmmkept hjl{p hph zkt{opaeiczlm zktkhzdb le pbk am~ohep V4]%

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JZLYE

Bly l yk ikp tadf< Pl{dbaei he aeckdpk` llz bheòk/

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Pbk t~leik-oafk oktalet dbhzhdpkzatpad lc DG@% Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V:;]



JZLYE

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H mhiekpad zktlehedk amhik lc jzhae hcckdpk` jq DG@% Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V:3]


11/32

JZLYE


Ac ql{ ykzk lcckzk` h ~aoo pbhp yl{o` am~zlsk mkmlzqhe` dledkepzhpale/ yl{o` ql{ phfk ap< Ac pbk `z{i bhèl h`skztk ta`k kcckdpt/ pbke pbk atd{ttale jkdlmkt he

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Zaphoae7 lcc-~zktdza~pale {tk at aedzkhtaeioq ya`kt~zkh`% Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V:>]


12/328> PBK PZAÔK BKOAR Okep :>8> :>8>/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ Aed% Hoo zaibpt zktkzsk`%

JZLYE

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Tokk~ k~zashpale dledkzet% Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V::]


13/32

JZLYE


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pbk {tk lc ellpzl~adt clzihaeaei hdh`kmad h`shephik

at aebkzkepoq {echaz%

Hp zatf< Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V:4]


14/328: PBK PZAÔK BKOAR Okep :>8> :>8>/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ Aed% Hoo zaibpt zktkzsk`%

JZLYE

Pbhaohe`t 8>> ~kzdkep dle`lm dhm~haie bht jkkebkzho`k` ht h mhglz t{ddktt ae hdbaksaei h ohtpaeizk`{dpale ae BAS aeckdpale zhpkt hdzltt pbk dl{epzq

V8]% Pbk ilskzemkept ~zkskepale ~zlizhm jkihe ae 8118/phzikpaei tdbllot/ pbk mkàh/ pbk ylzf~ohdk he` jzlpbkot/ybadb ykzk jkoaksk` pl jk hp pbk k~adkepkz lc pbk k~a`kmad%Lskzhoo BAS ~zkshokedk ~khfk` ae 811; hp lskz pyl ~kzdkepj{p bht taedk `kdzkhtk` pl zl{iboq 8%0 ~kzdkephzl{e`38>/>>> ~kl~ok%

Ae pbk ma`tp lc pbk ya`kt~zkh` t{ddktt lc pbk Pbhailskzemkept 8>> ~kzdkep dle`lm dhm~haie/ he hohzmaeipzke` bht kmkzik`% BAS ~zkshokedk bht aedzkhtk` hmlei~zkiehep ylmke/ ybl hzk pbk leoq kmlizh~bad pl kr~kza-kedk h zatk ae aeckdpale taedk pbk dhm~haie jkihe% zkiehepylmket zhpkt lc aeckdpale g{m~k` taieacadhepoq czlm >%:~kzdkep ae 811> pl 8%: ~kzdkep ae :>>; V:]% [eclzp{ehpkoq/pbk aedzkhtk` ~zkshokedk lc BAS hmlei ~zkiehep ylmkeae Pbhaohe` at dletatpkep yapb h ylzo`ya`k pzke`% Ioljhooq/ql{ei ylmke hzk 8%3 pamkt mlzk oafkoq pl bhsk BAS,HA@Tpbhe ql{ei mke V4]% Ae Tl{pb Htah/ pbk zatf chdplzt httldahpk`yapb BAS,HA@T aedo{`k ~lskzpq/ khzoq mhzzahik/ pzhccadfaei/

tkr ylzf/ maizhpale/ ike`kz atdzamaehpale/ he` salokedk V:]%Ae h`àpale pl pbktk chdplzt/ tp{àkt tbly pbhp ylmke hzk hpzatf clz BAS jkdh{tk lc pbk tkr{ho jkbhsalz lc pbkaz ~hzpekztV0]% Lek tp{`q ae ~hzpad{ohz elpk` pbhp BAS ~zkshokedk ae~zkiehep ylmke aedzkhtk` dletatpkepoq ae Jheiflf czlm8118 pl 8113/ he` pbk leoq a`kepacahjok zatf chdplz clz ;:~kzdkep lc ylmke yht tkr yapb pbkaz d{zzkep ~hzpekzt V4]%Ae lpbkz ylz`t/ ap tkkmt pbhp b{tjhe`t hzk aeckdpaei pbkazyaskt hcpkz dlepzhdpaei BAS pbkmtkoskt czlm ~zkmhzapho lzkrpzhmhzapho zkohpaletba~t%

Pbk j{z`ke lc BAS aeckdpale clz ~zkiehep he` mhzzak`ylmke ~zktkept h mhglz dbhookeik ht chz ht aepkzskepalethzk dledkzek`% Kr~kzpt ckhz pbhp pbk 8>> ~kzdkep dle`lmdhm~haie/ ybadb tl t{ddkttc{ooq zk`{dk` BAS ~zkshokedk aepbk ikekzho ~l~{ohpale he` hmlei tkr ylzfkzt ae pbk 811>t/yaoo elp jk ht kcckdpask ae ~zkskepaei aeckdpale hmlei mhzzak`dl{~okt/ ybl hzk oktt oafkoq pl {tk dle`lmt {zaei tkr V3]%Clz pbltk ylzfaei pl tpl~ pbk BAS k~a`kmad ae Pbhaohe`/pbk x{ktpale bht jkdlmk/ bly dhe mhzzak` he` ~zkiehepylmkepbltk ybltk aeckdpale zhpkt hzk d{zzkepoq le pbkzatkjk pbk phzikp lc he BAS ~zkskepale dhm~haie< Hcpkzhoo/ pbk leoq zatfq jkbhsalz pbhp pbktk ylmke krbajap at{e~zlpkdpk` mhzapho tkrhe hoo-hzl{e` dleskepaleho/ lt-pketajoq thck hdp%

Ap yl{o` tkkm pbhp pbk mltp oliadho yhq pl ~zkskep~zkiehep ylmke czlm dlepzhdpaei BAS yl{o` jk pl cld{t lepbk jkbhsalz lc pbkaz mhok ~hzpekztehmkoq/ pl atdl{zhikmke czlm keihiaei ae krpzhmhzapho hcchazt/ pbkzkjq okttkeaeipbk zatf lc BAS pzhetmattale czlm matpzktt pl b{tjhe` pl yack%Blykskz/ pbk Pbha ilskzemkep bht pzhàpalehooq hsla`k` heq~{joad bkhopb dhm~haiet pbhp phzikp mhok jkbhsalz he` bhtaetpkh` zkàzkdpk` pbktk kcclzpt pl krkzp ~zktt{zk le ylmkeae aedzkhtaeioq aeelshpask he` aetaàl{t yhqt%

Ae pbk ohpk 812>t/ ybke Pbhaohe`t BAS l{pjzkhf jkihe/pbk dlmmkzdaho tkr ae`{tpzq yht a`kepacak` hp pbk dlzk lc pbkk~a`kmad% Pbk 8>> ~kzdkep dle`lm dhm~haie t~kdacadhooq

phzikpk` ckmhok dlmmkzdaho tkr ylzfkzt/ mheq lc yblmylzfk` ae jhzt pbhp ykzk felye pl l{jok ht jzlpbkot/ kt~apkpbk chdp pbhp ~zltpap{pale at pkdbeadhooq aookiho ae Pbhaohe`%Pbk BAS ~zkshokedk hmlei pbktk jhz iazot ~khfk` ae tlmkhzkht/ t{db ht Dbahei Mha/ hp h tbldfaeioq baib pykepq-cask~kzdkep% Ht h zkt{op/ ilskzemkep lccadahot atpzaj{pk` h t{~-~oq lc czkk dle`lmt pl pbk jhz lyekzt/ aetatpaei pbhp hoo jhziazot {tk pbkm {zaei tkr hdpt ~kzclzmk` yapb mhok doakept%Ae lz`kz pl keclzdk pbat ~zldk`{zk/ {e`kzdlskz ilskzemkeplccadahot ykep pl jzlpbkot ~ltaei ht doakept% Hddlzàei plh Glaep Zk~lzp jq shzal{t [E hikedakt/ pbk Ylzo` BkhopbLziheawhpale "YBL!/ he` pbk Ylzo` Jhef/ pbk cld{t lejzlpbkot ht dkepkzt lc BAS pzhetmattale bht jkke baiboq

t{ddkttc{o he` Zk~lzpk` dle`lm {tk ae jzlpbkot aedzkhtk`czlm leoq 80 ~kzdkep lc tkr hdpt ae 8121 pl lskz 1> ~kzdkepjq 8110 V8]%

Pbk Pbha ilskzemkept cld{t le jzlpbkot ht blpt~lptlc BAS aeckdpale kcckdpaskoq kdzkhtk` BAS ~zkshokedk/ j{p

Pbk Ckmaeawhpale lc pbk BAS,HA@T K~a`kmadae Jheiflf/ Pbhaohe`7

Krhmaeaei pbk Jzkh`pb lc Ylmket J{z`keThzhb Tdblkejz{e

^zkiehep ylmket zhpkt lcaeckdpale g{m~k`%

Dle`lmt7 pbk mhae ykh~le ae pbk caibp hihaetp BAS% Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V9]


15/32

JZLYE


pbk chazektt lc apt mkpbl`t at x{ktpalehjok/ dleta`kzaei pbhpckmhok dlmmkzdaho tkr ylzfkzt ykzk dbhzik` yapb pbk tlokzkt~letajaoapq lc keclzdaei dle`lm {tk% Dletkx{kepoq/ pbktkylmke chdk` kelzml{t ~zktt{zk/ kt~kdahooq ae pbk khzoqtphikt lc pbk aepkzskepale/ ybke mhok doakept ykzk m{dbmlzk zktatphep pl dle`lm {tk pbhe pbkq hzk pl`hq "GheqhmT/ @azkdplz lc TYAEI VTkzsadk Ylzfkzt AE Izl{~]/ aepkz-saky/ :>>2 G{oq!% Ckmhok dlmmkzdaho tkr ylzfkzt chdk pbkdletphep pbzkhp lc glj pkzmaehpale/ he` jkdh{tk ~zltpap{paleaptkoc at aookiho/ pbkq ohdf heq okiho ~zlpkdpale% Ht h zkt{op/mheq bhsk pl jzajk `ldplzt clz ekihpask BAS pktp zkt{optpl ~zktkep pl pbkaz km~olqkzt ae lz`kz pl fkk~ pbkaz gljt% Ae

kttkedk/ pbk 8>> ~kzdkep dle`lm dhm~haie `kmhe`t pbhppbktk ylmke keclzdk thck tkr/ j{p ap krkm~pt pbkaz mhokdoakept czlm ~zktt{zk pl `l pbk thmk%

Ae Pbhaohe`/ ~zkiehep ylmke hzk h`maeatpkzk` BASpktpt ht ~hzp lc zl{paek ~zkehpho dhzk% Pbk att{k lc aeclzmk`dletkep yapb zkt~kdp pl BAS pktpt at h ~zkttaei lek jkdh{tk~zkiehep ylmke hzk lcpke pktpk` clz BAS yapbl{p c{ooq {e-`kztpheàei pbk am~oadhpalet lc h ~ltapask zkt{op% Pbk Maeatpzqlc {joad Bkhopb dohamt pbhp pbktk pktpt hzk slo{ephzq/ j{ptp{àkt tbly pbhp tkskepq-eaek ~kzdkep lc ylmke ybl ykzkpktpk` tha` pbkq ykzk {e~zk~hzk` clz pbk pktp/ pbazpq-cask~kzdkep tha` pbk pktp yht mhe`hplzq/ leoq pbazpq ~kzdkep

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Czlm h ~{joad bkhopb ~kzt~kdpask/ aeslo{ephzq pktpaeilc ~zkiehep ylmke tkkmt oafk he kcckdpask yhq pl ket{zkhyhzkektt lc BAS tphp{t he` pl ~zkskep skzpadho pzhetmattaleczlm mlpbkz pl dbao`% Blykskz/ mheq dleta`kz pbk aeslo{ephzq

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Oafk ckmhok dlmmkzdaho tkr ylzfkzt/ ~zkiehep ylmke

dhzzq he aekx{aphjoq bkhsq j{z`ke ae pbk caibp hihaetp BAS%Ybke blt~aphot h`maeatpkz aeslo{ephzq BAS pktpt pl ~zki-ehep ylmke/ pbkq tpza~ ~zkiehep ylmke lc pbkaz zaibp pldleca`kepahoapq/ ybaok t~hzaei mke czlm tbhzk` zkt~letajaoapqae BAS ~zkskepale%

Pbk kcckdpt lc ioljhoawhpale ae ml`kze-`hq Pbhaohe` hzk~zlmataei ae pkzmt lc pbk BAS,HA@T k~a`kmad% Ql{ei Pbhamke hzk aedzkhtaeioq mlelihml{t he` hzk oktt oafkoq pl satapdlmmkzdaho tkr ylzfkzt pbhe pbkaz chpbkzt he` izhe`chpbkztykzk% Pbkzkclzk/ pbkaz tkr{ho ekpylzft hzk oktt kr~ltk` pl pbkzatf lc BAS pzhetmattale V3]% Hotl/ ql{ei ylmke ae Pbhaohe`hzk mlzk oafkoq pl hppke` tdbllo pbhe pbkq ykzk pykepq qkhzthil% Pbkq keglq pbk k`{dhpaleho l~~lzp{eapq pbhp ~kzmaptaedzkhtk` caehedaho he` tldaho h{plelmq he` hcclz`t pbkmmlzk ~lykz pl hsla` pbk ~lskzpq he` k~ke`kedk pbhp dheokh` pl baib-zatf tkr{ho jkbhsalz he` aedzkhtk` zatf lc BASaeckdpale%

Ae lz`kz pl h``zktt pbk atp{zjaei zkhoapq lc aedzkhtaeiaeckdpale zhpkt hmlei ~zkiehep ylmke he` pl hooksahpk pbkkrdkttask j{z`ke pbhp ylmke jkhz yapb zkt~kdp pl BAS/ pbkPbha ilskzemkep dhe t{~~lzp kx{aphjok ~loadakt dletatpkepyapb pbktk ioljhoawhpale pzke`t% Jq aetpap{paei slo{ephzq BASpktpaei he` dl{etkoaei clz jlpb ~hzpekzt `{zaei ~zkiehedq/t{~~lzpaei `lmktpad dhzkiaskzt/ zkx{azaei {easkztho k`{dh-pale clz ql{ei ~kl~ok/ he` dzamaehoawaei salokedk hihaetpylmke/ pbk Pbha ilskzemkep dhe ~zlmlpk tbhzk` zkt~le-tajaoapq jkpykke mke he` ylmke clz BAS ~zkskepale% Hotl/jq okihoawaei dlmmkzdaho tkr ylzf/ pbk Pbha ilskzemkepdhe ket{zk pbhp ckmhok dlmmkzdaho tkr ylzfkzt bhsk hddktt

pl bkhopb dhzk he` lpbkz okiho ~zlpkdpalet pbhp hooly pbkmpl ylzf mlzk thckoq%Ybke ylmke he` mke tbhzk pbk j{z`ke lc BAS/ ae-

do{àei ~zkskepale/ pktpaei/ ~hzpekz elpacadhpale/ dhzk/ he`t{~~lzp/ elp leoq yaoo ylmket aeckdpale zhpkt `kdzkhtk/j{p pbk BAS,HA@T k~a`kmad yaoo jkiae pl oltk apt lskzhoomlmkep{m%

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Dhe pl{zatpt zkhooq oamap pbkaz am~hdp le pzl~adho clzktpt< Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V80]



[D THE @AKIL

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19/32

[D THE @AKIL


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h izlyaei pbzkhp clz eky saz{tkt pl mhfk pbk g{m~ czlmtamahe pl b{mhe/ g{tp ht BAS zkt{opk` czlm pbk wlleltat lcTamahe Amm{el`kcadakedq Saz{t "TAS! czlm dbam~hewkkthe` tllpq mheihjkqt pl b{mhet% Ae :>>:/ h zhe`lm thm~oklc 8/8>> saoohikzt ae Dhmkzlle ykzk krhmaek` he` pke lcpbk t{jgkdpt "8+! ykzk cl{e` pl bhsk hepajlàkt pl TamaheClhmq Saz{t "TCS!/ ybadb yht ~zksal{toq pbl{ibp pl leoqaeckdp ~zamhpkt V;]% Hoo lc pbk aeckdpk` t{jgkdpt bh` kapbkzylzfk` ae pbk j{tbmkhp mhzfkp lz bh` fk~p ~zamhpkt ht~kpt% Ybaok TCS `lkt elp dh{tk àtkhtk/ pbktk hepajlàkttkzsk ht h mhzfkz pbhp pzhetmattale at ~lttajok/ he` kskeoafkoq% Pbzl{ib bhjaphp kedzlhdbmkep/ b{mhet hzk dbhookei-aei pbk ehp{zho ih~ jkpykke mhe he` ~zamhpk/ gkl~hzàwaeijalàskztapq he` ~{ppaei jlpb izl{~t hp zatf%

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dletkzshpale he` bkhopb ~loadakt% Pbk aepkzehpaleho mhzfkp~ohqt h taieacadhep zlok ae pbk kmhe` clz j{tbmkhp/ kt~kdahooqae kpbead l~ke haz mhzfkpt he` pbk krlpad zktph{zhep ae`{tpzqae jai dapakt ybkzk d{tplmkzt hzk yaooaei pl ~hq kokshpk`~zadkt% Pbl{the`t lc ~l{e`t lc j{tbmkhp hzk tm{iiokàepl pbk [T khdb mlepb/ yapb he hskzhik lc h cask b{e`zk`~l{e`t jkaei dlecatdhpk` pbzl{ib F1 pkhmt he` R-zhq mh-dbaekt ae d{tplmt khdb hq V9]% Ae :>>:/ dleizktt dhook` clz~zlizhmt ~zlmlpaei aepkzeho hyhzkektt lc pbat dzatat ht ykoo

ht pbk aetphpkmkep lc tpzadp pzh`k jhzzakzt yapb Hczadh/ yapbh`skztk ~{joadapq kr~ltaei pbk tl{zdk lc pbat krlpad mkhp%Blykskz/ pbk aebajapale lc pbk aepkzehpaleho mhzfkp yaoo elpholek zktlosk pbk att{kt chdaei Hczadh/ he` tlo{palet m{tpjk lcckzk` czlm yapbae% Tpzhpkiakt pl mhehik pbk `lmktpad~zljokmt m{tp lcckz hopkzehpask tl{zdkt clz aedlmk he` mkhpdlet{m~pale jq kr~olapaei aeàikel{t zktl{zdkt/ t{db ht


B{epaei x{lph am~ltk` pl t{tphae ~l~{ohpale% Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V8>]

J{tbmkhp le pbk mke{< Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V88]



[D THE @AKIL

kdlpl{zatm% Dlmm{eapakt m{tp hotl jk k`{dhpk` hjl{p pbk`hmhik pbkq hzk aecoadpaei le pbkaz clzktpt/ ht ykoo ht le pbkazbkhopb/ tl pbkq mhq kokdp pl dbheik pbkaz khpaei bhjapt he`~hzpada~hpk ae zkdlskzq kcclzpt%

@ldplz Hepbleq Zltk/ cl{e`kz lc pbk J{tbmkhp DzatatPhtf Clzdk ae Yhtbaeiple @%D%/ bht ~hzpada~hpk` ae le-tapkzktkhzdb hp oliiaei dhm~t ae Hczadh he` bht ~zktkepk` pbk

tpk~t pbhp bk pllf pl bko~ he kr-b{epkz ae Dhmkzlle/ Gltk~b

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h mlzk dletatpkep tl{zdk lc aedlmk yapbl{p h oltt pl jal-àskztapq V9]% Tamaohzoq/ pbk Dlmm{eho Hzkht Mhehikmkep^zlizhm clz Aeàikel{t Zktl{zdkt "DHM^CAZK! kedl{zhiktpbk ~l~{ohpale lc Wamjhjyk pl kr~olap apt {e~zl`{dpaskohe` jq {taei pbkaz ehp{zho zktkzslaz lc kok~bhept/ j{cchol/

he` oalet pl hppzhdp aepkzehpaleho pzl~bq b{epkzt% Pl ket{zkpbk thckpq lc pbk heamho ~l~{ohpalet/ Pbk @k~hzpmkep lcEhpaleho ^hzft he` Yaoòack Mhehikmkep bhsk tkp x{lphtle pbk t{tphaehjok bhzsktp lc kok~bhept/ h ~l~{ohpale pbhpbht zkdkepoq `l{jok` ae tawk% Ae apt 82 qkhzt lc l~kzhpale/ pbkchmaoakt ~hzpada~hpaei ae DHM^CAZK bhsk aedzkhtk` pbkazbl{tkblo` aedlmk jq 8;-:;+ V2]% Tpaoo/ pbat ~zlizhm at mkp

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saoohikt mhq tpaoo ktdh~k pbk pzhetmattale lc khòq saz{tkt/t{db ht BAS%

Dohazk @heakot at he {e`kzizh`{hpk tp{`kep hp [easkztapq lcDhoaclzeah/ The @akil%

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V:] Jzhtbhzkt kp ho% J{tbmkhp b{epaei/ yaoòack kdoaekt/ he` catb t{~~oq ae Yktp Hczadh%Tdakedk :>>0 Els 8:6 4>3";311!7 882>-8824%

V4] Kesazlemkepho he` Kekziq Tp{`q Aetpap{pk% J{tbmkhp he` pbk lzaiae lc BAS,HA@T7 hdhtk tp{`q lc jalàskztapq/ ~l~{ohpale ~zktt{zkt/ he` b{mhe bkhopb% :>>: Ckj 81%Hshaohjok czlm7 [ZO7 bpp7,,yyy%kkta%lzi,

V0] Fekk/ Heeh% Aepkzehpaleho t~lpoaibp le pbk izlyaei pzh`k ae j{tbmkhp czlm pbk Ylzo`Dletkzshpale [eale/ T~kdakt T{zsasho Dlmmattale% :>>2 Ldpljkz :0%Hshaohjok czlm7 [ZO7 bpp~7,,yyy%a{de%lzi,pbkmkt,ttd,ekyt,j{tbmkhp%bpmo,

V;] Ylock E@/ Tyapwkz YM/ Dhzz GF/ kp ho% Ehp{zhooq hdx{azk` tamahe zkpzlsaz{taeckdpalet ae dkepzho Hczadhe b{epkzt% Pbk Ohedkp :>>0 Mhz :>6 434"1084!7 14:-149%V3] @hthf / D{eeaeibhm HH/ Bqhpp H@% Kmkziqaei aeckdpal{t atkhtkt lc yaoòack7pbzkhpt pl jalàskztapq he` b{mhe bkhopb% Tdakedk :>>> Ghe :86 :29";0;:!7 004-001%

V9] Jaltqekziq Aetpap{pk he` Pbk Ilo`zhq Dlet{opaei Izl{~ VLeoaek]% Pbk j{tbmkhp~zlgkdp% :>>0 VDapk` :>>2 Ldpljkz ::]6 Hshaohjok czlm7 [ZO7 bpp~7,,j{tbmkhp%ekp,hjl{p%bpmo,V2] Pzh`k Kesazlemkepho @hphjhtk Dhtk Tp{àkt7 DHM^CAZK% :>>2 Ldpljkz :0% Hshaohjokczlm7 [ZO7 bpp~7,,yyy%hmkzadhe%k`{,PK@,dhm~cazk%bpmo,V1] T~zhpt jq Gkyiakeag Jho% Yafamkàh Dlmmlet {e`kz DD-JQ-TH% Hshaohjokczlm7 bpp~7,,dlmmlet%yafamkàh%lzi,yafa,Caok7L`kth\jhwhhz\+:2;+:1\t~zhpt\%GÎV8>] Hczadhe J{tb Kok~bhept jq Tdlpp Jk``hz`% Yafamkàh Dlmmlet {e`kz

DD-JQ% Hshaohjok czlm7 bpp~7,,dlmmlet%yafamkàh%lzi,yafa,Caok7Olrl leph\hczadheh\-Hczadh\-`zaefaei-2%g~iV88] Jlhz` 0 jq Fzatt Twf{zohplytfa trd%b{% Hshaohjok czlm7 bpp~7,,yyy%trd%b{,~blpl,8>:9;00V8:] Jhjq Dbkzzq Dzlyek` Mheihjkq jq Fkske Ohy% Coadfz {e`kz DD-JQ-TH%Hshaohjok czlm7 bpp~7,,yyy%coadfz%dlm,~blplt,33830;01NE>>,:39;>8;43>,

Pzh`k ae ~zamhpkt at lc mltp dledkze clz jlpb yao` ~l~{ohpalet he` b{mhe bkhopb%Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V8:]

T{ddkttc{o ~loadakt m{tp{eapk pzhàpaleho sho{kt he`

ml`kze ekk`t%


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[D THE @AKILDHMJZA@IK


Hojkzp Mapdbkoo/ h dllf hp Clzp Zaokqt Dhm~ C{etple

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Pbk :>>1 tyaek co{ saz{t caztp ihzekzk` hppkepale aeMkradl Dapq ae pbk t~zaei lc :>>1/ hopbl{ib ap at elp kepazkoqdokhz ybkzk pbk co{ lzaiaehpk` V88]% Pbk ikekpad tamaohzapq

pl h tpzhae lc aeco{kewh dlmmleoq cl{e` ae ~ait ok` pl pbkdloolx{aho elmkedohp{zk% Aeàsa`{hot lskz pbk hik lc 3> bhskjkke t{z~zataeioq zktatphep pl pbk j{i yapb ql{ei/ bkhopbqh`{opt oafkoq pl jk hcckdpk`% Ae h`àpale/ ybaok pbltk ae baib-zatf izl{~t "t{db ht ~zkiehep ylmke he` pbltk yapb ~zk-kratpaei dleàpalet! bhsk ae`kk` jkke bap pbk bhz`ktp yapbpbk kcckdpt lc pbk saz{t/ mheq ql{ei/ bkhopbq aeàsa`{hot yapbel ~zk-kratpaei dleàpalet bhsk jkke tkskzkoq dlm~zlmatk`

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Bly co{ yht ~zkskepk` ae pbk 814>t% Zk~zl`{dk` czlm V81]


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DHMJZA@IK

:8PBK PZAÔK BKOAR Okep :>8> :>8>/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ Aed% Hoo zaibpt zktkzsk`%

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24/32:: PBK PZAÔK BKOAR Okep :>8> :>8>/ Pbk Pza~ok Bkoar/ Aed% Hoo zaibpt zktkzsk`%

DHMJZA@IK

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skzq tmhoo t{jtkdpale lc pbk ~{joad/ tdakedk dlm-m{eadhpale yapb pbk k`{dhpk` ohqmhe bht h ykoo-

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Tdakedk dlmm{eadhpale

the science in society review cambridge issue 9

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