TheScienceandFineArtofNaturalHygiene

FirstEdition1934Second,RevisedEdition1953

ThirdEdition1994

MailingAddress:AmericanNaturalHygieneSociety,Inc.

P.O.Box30630Tampa,FL33630

ISBN0-914532-36-7LibraryofCongressCatalogNumber:94-079571

PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA

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TableofContentsFromThePublisherDedicationIntroductionI.CellsandTheirEnvironmentII.TheMysteryofLifeIII.InternalSymbiosisIV.BasicNeedsofLivingV.TheLawsofLifeVI.PhysiologicalCompensationVII.TheStimulantDelusionVIII.TheSafeguardsofLifeIX.HealthItsConditionsandRequirementsX.HealthStandardsXI.TheHygieneofHealthXII.RestandRelaxationXIII.SleepReposeXIV.AirandLightintheHomeXV.CareoftheSkinXVI.BathingXVII.ClothingandDressXVIII.CareoftheHairXIX.CareoftheEyesXX.CareoftheGlandsXXI.EmotionalControlXXII.CareoftheOrificesoftheBodyXXIII.CareoftheTeethXXIV.CareoftheColonXXV.CareoftheFeetXXVI.PoisonHabitsXXVII.LivingLifetoLiveitLongerXXVIII.GeneralCareofBabiesandChildrenXXIX.TheSymbioticSocietyXXX.TheGenesisandDevelopmentofHygieneAbouttheAuthorBackCover

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FromThePublisherEvery philosophic movement has its literary cornerstones, and the modern dayNaturalHygienemovementisnoexception.

Dr. Sheltons seven-volumeHygienicSystem,whichhe began crafting in 1934,indisputably serves as the literary foundation uponwhich themodern day NaturalHygienemovementisbased.

With this publication ofThe Science and Fine Art of Natural Hygiene, theAmericanNaturalHygieneSocietycompletesthereprintingofthefirstthreevolumesofDr.SheltonsclassicHygienicSystem.

TheScienceandFineArtofNaturalHygieneisanexactreprintofthetextoftheraresecondedition(1953)ofVolumeIoftheHygienicSystem.Originallygiventhetechnical title Orthobionomics,The Science and Fine Art of Natural Hygieneprovides the readerwith thebasicprinciplesofNaturalHygiene, focusingonbasicphysiologyasviewedthroughHygieniceyes.Nowhereelsewillthereaderfindsuchanin-depthexaminationofthebasicprinciplesofNaturalHygiene.

ThethreevolumesoftheHygienicSystemwhichtheAmericanNaturalHygieneSociety has brought back into print: Vol. IThe Science and Fine Art of NaturalHygiene,Vol. II TheScienceandFineArtofFoodandNutrition, andVol. IIITheScience andFineArt ofFasting, are themost importantworks in the series.Theydescribe the basic foundation upon which this profound health system is built.Subsequentvolumesweremorenarrowlyfocusedandareofalimitedinterest.

InreprintingtheclassicworksofDr.Shelton,withdeeprespectforhisoriginaltexts, theAmerican Natural Hygiene Society is fulfilling an important part of itsfundamental commitment to upholding the uncompromising truths of NaturalHygieneoneverylevel.

ThisbookdescribesanapproachtohealthcarethathashadbeneficialeffectsforthousandsofpeoplewhosoughtDr.Sheltonscareforavarietyofhealthproblems.

Nothinginthisbookisintendedtoconstitutemedicaltreatmentoradviceofanynature.Moreover,aseverypersonrespondsdifferentlytodietandlifestylechanges,itisstronglyemphasizedthatanypersondesiringtoimplementtherecommendationsinthisbookshouldconsulthisorherdoctor.

InpublishingandreprintingTheScienceandFineArtofNaturalHygieneitistheintention of theAmerican Natural Hygiene Society to keep information about thework ofHerbertM. Shelton available to the reading public.Dr. Sheltons theoriesand teachings are his own and are not necessarily consistent with those of theAmericanNaturalHygieneSociety.

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TheAmericanNaturalHygieneSociety is dedicated to teaching people how tolive the healthiest, happiest lives possible. For membership information about theSociety and its award-winningHealth Science magazine write:American NaturalHygieneSociety,P.O.Box30630,Tampa,FL33630,Phone(813)855-6607.

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DedicationALLmeneverywhere, inallcountries,and inallages, inallprofessionsand inallschools of healing, who have either directly or indirectly contributed to ourknowledgeofOrthobionomicsandOrthopathy,andespeciallyto

IsaacJennings EmmetDensmoreRussellT.Trall Chas.E.PageSylvesterGraham FelixL.OswaldGeorgeH.Taylor O.S.FowlerJoelShew JamesC.JacksonWm.L.Alcott SusannaW.DoddsThomasL.Nichols MaryGoveRobertWalter HarrietA.ShawHelenDensmore JohnH.TildenEdwardH.Dewey HermannReinheimerEdmondR.Moras FlorenceNightingale

ThisvolumeisrespectfullydedicatedbyTheAuthor

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EVERYbirth is an hygienic regeneration.The constitutional defectswhichdegenerateparents transmit to their offspring aremodifiedbythe inalienable bequests of an elder worldthe redeeming instincts

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whichourAll-mothergrants to every childof earth Individualsmaydeprave these instincts till their functionsareentirelyusurpedby thecravings of a vicious appetency, but this perversion is neverhereditary;Naturehasordainedthatallherchildrenshouldbeginthepilgrimageoflifefarbeyondthepointwheretheroadsofmiseryandhappiness diverge. As the golden age, the happy childhood of thehumanracereturnstothemorningofeverylife,thenormaltypeofourprimogenitor asserts itself athwart the morbid influences of allintermediate generations; the regenesis of every new birth bringsmankind back from vice to innocence; from mysticism to realism;fromghost-land to earth.For a time thosebetter instincts thwart theinfluence of miseducation as persistently as confirmed vicesafterwardsthwartthesuccessofreformatorymeasures;butiftheworkofcorrectphysicalculturewerebegunintime,ourinnatepropensitieswouldconspire tofurther itspurposesandbar theboundarybetweenvirtue and vice which conscience often guards in vain. Thetemptations thatbeset theadultconvertdonotexist for thewardsofNature.To thepalateof anormal child, alcohol is asunattractive ascorrosive sublimate; the enforced inactivity of our limbs, whichafterwards becomes dyspeptic indolence, is as irksome to a healthyboyastoawildanimal,andayoungIndianwouldprefertheopenairof the stormiest winter night to the hot miasma of our tenement-houses. Few smokers can forget the effects of the diffident firstattempttherevoltof thesystemagainst the incipienceofavirulenthabit.Thesamewithotherabusesofourdomesticandsocial life. Ifwewould preserve the purity of our physical conscience, wemightreferallhygienicproblemstoanunerringoracleofnature.

FelixL.Oswald

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IntroductionIf any one thing distinguishes our times from all past times more decidedly thananythingelse,itisthatmindisadvancinginallthatcanpromisegloryandhappiness.With itsmany instrumentsofprecision it soarshigh into the realmsof thematerialuniverseandunfolds themanywonders thathavebeenhidden from thepeoplesofthe past. It pierces deep into the dark recesses of our littleworld; it is disseveringmatter and displaying themanymarvelous properties of its component parts; it israpidly subduing the long-established tyranny of the old elements and compellingthem toyield theirpowersubservient to thedirectionofman; slowly, sometimes itseems rapidly, mind is unravelling the mysteries of nature, supplying man withtranscendentpowersandslowly,painstakinglyunravellingthelawsofnatureinmanyfieldsofexistence.Thousandsofancienterrorshavebeendraggedoutintothelightandshownintheirtruecolors,sothatsciencehasactuallybeencalledasearchforerrors.

Butwithallofthegreatadvanceinmanydepartmentsofscience,wearestillintheperiodofpre-historyinourthinkingabouthealth,diseaseandhealing.Thatmentrainedinthesciencesofphysics,chemistry,biology,anatomy,physiology,etc.,canstillresorttoanimisticthinkingwhentheyconsiderdrugsanddoses,forinstance,istheparadoxofparadoxes.BecausewhatiscalledtheModernScienceofMedicineisboggeddown in themireofshamanism, it isnotmodern, it isnotscience, it isnotmedicine. It enfolds in its current premises and conclusions, aswell as in its totalpractices, sophisticated, rationalized and attenuated translations of the primitivesuperstitionsoftheshaman.Thismeansthatthedelusionsandfeatsofmagic,outofwhich, historically,medicine originated, are still inherent in its boasted science. Itsbacteriology is but a new demonology; itscures andimmunizers but means ofexorcism;itspsychiatryandpsychoanalysisbutnewformsoftheurgy.Insteadoftheprogress of which the modern shaman continually boasts representing genuineadvance in knowledge and means to ends, it constitutes subtle refinements of thesuperstitions, and hallucinations of primitiveman and technological improvementsuponhismanyandvariedtechniquesofmagic.

When the church put out the light of classic learning, there followed a barreninterregnum,aperiodofintellectualdarknessandstagnation,whichlastedformorethan twelve centuries, and which served as an insuperable barrier to the worldsintellectualprogress.Fortunately,towardstheendofthefifteenthcenturytherecameanintellectualawakening,anewbirthofthespiritofprogressandlearning.Thelong,darkwinterwasoverandthefirstgentlebreathingofalargointellectualspringtime

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waswaftedover the earth, thawingout themindsofmenandbidding themawakefrom their long season of intellectual lethargy. A spirit of inquiry began to takepossession of the more advanced minds, which resulted in unlocking the buriedtreasuresofwisdomandknowledgecontainedintheliteratureofGreeceandRome.

The increasingpowerof theascendingsunof thenew intellectualdaystartedathaw in the intellectualworld; the snows upon themountainsweremelted and theice-boundstreamsofknowledgeunlocked,sothatoncemoretheirwaterscouldflowintheirregularchannelsandwater theearth. Itwas inevitable, that,as theRiverofKnowledge, swelled by themountain torrents and by the rains of the new Spring,rushed on impetuously, sweeping away the barriers which had so long stayed itsprogress,thetimeshouldcomewhenthesuperstitionsofmedicineshouldbewashedawayintheflood.

Althoughtherewerefore-runners, therealmedicalawakeningcameintheearlypartofthenineteenthcentury.Anewspiritofinquirytookpossessionofmen.Theywent toNature to learn theways of life.This questioning ofmedical dogmas andpracticeswasmoreorlessworldwide;butwearehereinterestedchieflyinwhattookplaceinAmerica.

InEurope,medical reform took twogeneraldirections.Under the leadershipofHahnemann, there was amove towards decreased dosage; under the leadership ofPriessnitz, there was a movement to substitute physical measures for drugs. InAmerica,medical reformalso took twogeneral directions.Under the leadership ofSamuelThompson, therewasamovementaway fromheroicdosageand the lancetand virulent poisons and a tendency to return to herbal remedies; under theleadershipofTrall, JenningsandGraham therewasa tendency todiscardalldrugsand the lancet and rely wholly uponHygiene. The American and Europeanmovements intermingledso that theHygienicmovementbecamecorruptedwiththeadmixtureofhydrotherapy,massageandmanualadjustments,witharesultinggreatlossinvitalityandeffectiveness.

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RussellT.TrallAsamovement,Hygienewaslaunchedin1832,whenSylvesterGrahamgavehis

firstseriesoflecturesinNewYork.FromNewYorkhewenttoProvidence,Bostonandothercities,andsoonavigorousmovementcameintobeing.Hisfollowerswereknown asGrahamites andhis teachings soonbecameknowasGrahamism.Abriefaccount of the development of the movement thus started and of the men who

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became identifiedwith itandcontributed to it,willbegiven inanotherpartof thisvolume.Atthispoint,IneedonlysaythatGrahamandhisfollowersmetwithmuchopposition from the medical professions, the bakers, butchers, tobacco dealers,sellersof alcoholicdrinks, etc.For all of these soon realized that the spreadofhisteachingswouldgreatlycurtailtheirincomes.

Grahamwas soon joinedby Isaac Jennings, aphysicianof theold school,whohad discovered for himself the fallacies of medical theories and futilities and thedangers of medical dosing, andWilliamAlcott, also a regular physician who haddiscarded drugs and the lancet, and a little later byRussellThackerTrall, anotherphysicianoftheoldschoolwhohadbecomeconvincedoftheradicalunsoundnessofmedical theory and practice.Others became a part of the advancingmovement, sothat it swelled toa tide thatpromised tosweepallbefore it.VictorHugomade thesageobservationthatThereisnogreaterforceintheworldthananideawhosetimehascome.Hygienewasmorethananidea.Itwasacomplexofideas,principlesandpracticeswhosetimehadcome.Inafewshortyearsithadcircledtheglobe.

No perfumed breath of Spring, no sparkling beauty of a morning in June, nosweetmelodyofmockingbirdornightingale,noexquisite joyofsensecanstir thecenter of mans being like the grasp of a new and vital truth. His whole being isquickened, his senses are new senses, his emotions new emotions, his reason, hisaffection,hisimaginationarebornanew;thechangeinhimisgreaterthanheknows;hemarvelsatanewvisionthatunfoldsbeforehim;hefindsitsecstacyanunutterablething;heknowsthatitsunfoldmentcontainsinconceivablesurprisesforhimandforallmankind.Heisirresistablyimpelledtogivethenewtruthtotheworld.

Personalhygieneisanold,oldstory,butitwasnotuntilSylvesterGrahamdidso,that itwasevercarried to thepeoplewith the fervorofacrusader. ItwasnotuntilJennings, Graham, Alcott and Trall came upon the scene thatHygiene wassystematized, its principles developed and it was offered to the people as an all-sufficientwayoflife.Therewasbeginningatthattimeapopularprotestagainstthebleeding and heroic dosing practiced by the regular medical profession.Homeopathy and physio-medicalism arose in response to the demand for mildermedication;while theHygienicSystemcameinresponsetoandcreatedorincreasedoppositiontoallmedicationwhatsoever.

The principles and practices of theHygienic School are new, original andindependent. They have never hitherto, been written into the books of any of theschoolsofso-calledhealing,nortaughtinanyoftheircolleges,norrecognizedbythevarioushealingprofessions.Whiletheyareeachandallindirectoppositiontoeachandallofthefundamentalprinciplesonwhichpopularso-calledhealingsystemsare

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based, theyaredemonstrably inharmonywith the lawsofnature.Hygiene reversesalloftheirdoctrinesandrepudiatesalloftheirpractices.TheHygienicSchoolisthefirst, and thus far the only school in theworld thatmade the laws of life and theconditionsofhealththeleadingfeaturesofitsteachingsandpractices.

SYLVESTERGRAHAMHygiene is thatbranchofbiologythatrelates to thepreservationandrestoration

of health. It is not a branch of so-calledmedicine. The hygiene of health and thehygiene of impaired health are one; but, for convenience, we divide it intoPreservative Hygiene, or theHygiene of Healthful Maintenance andRemedialHygiene, or theHygiene ofHealth Restoration. GeneralHygiene, which embracesbothPreservativeandRemedialHygiene,istheemployment,inthepreservationandrestoration of health, ofmaterials, agents and influences or conditions that have anormal relation to life, according to well defined and demonstrable laws andprinciples of nature.To be a hygienicmaterial the thingmust fulfill some normalneedofhealthylife.

ByPreservative, orPreventiveHygiene ismeant the intelligent employment ofhygienic principles, materials and conditions in themaintenance of functional andstructuralintegrity.

ByRemedialHygieneismeanttheintelligentemploymentofhygienicprinciples,materialsandconditionsintherestorationoffunctionalandstructuralintegrity.

PriortoandatthetimeoftheestablishmentoftheHygienicSystemandforsometime thereafter, themedical professions of theworld gave no attention to hygiene.Therewasnotamedicalcollegeintheworldthathadachairofhygieneanditwasnot until near the close of the nineteenth century that any medical college everestablishedachairofhygiene. In theway that is characteristicof medicine, theybeganimmediatelytopervertandmisapplythelittlehygienetheyadoptedandnowmake use of. For this reason, although Trall, Graham, Jennings, etc., spoke ofHygiene and theHygienic System,we of today designate the systemby the phrase

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NaturalHygiene todistinguishit fromthespurioushygieneof themedicalschools.AtthiswritingIdonotknowwhofirstusedthephraseNaturalHygiene.Icoinedthephraseseveralyearsagowithoutbeingaware,atthetime,thatothershadusedit.H.Lahmann of Germany entitled one of his works on dietNaturalHygiene. This, ofcourse,hadnoreferencetothewidermeaningofthephraseasweemployit.

The principles and practices ofNatural Hygiene are founded in the truths ofphysiology and biology and are sustained and perfected by all the valuablediscoverieswhichmarkthemoderndevelopmentofthebiologicalsciences.Itisthefunction ofNaturalHygiene to respect the lawsof life and todefer to the inherentpowersofthelivingorganism.Hygieneembracesandseekstoembracethetruthsinnatureandseekstolearntheirproperapplicationtothepreservationandrestorationofhealth.Thusitseekstoembodyacorrectscienceandartofcareofboththewelland the sick. It relies, therefore, upon no favorable accident to result frommaneuveringthebodywithmaterialsandconditionsthathavenonormalrelationtolife.Itturnsphysiologytotheusesofbody-careandisexultantattherangeofmeanstoitfromthissource,whicharecompetenttosecurethehighestphysicalandmentalgood.

Natural Hygiene seeks to understand exactly and precisely the nature andinfluence of air, water, food, light, exercise, rest, sleep, temperature, clothing,housing,noise,theemotions,etc.,andtoapplytheknowledgeofthesethingsintheprocessesofliving,actingeverandalwaysinproperrelationtothelawsoflife.Bythismeansweseeknotalonetopreservehealth,butalsotorestoreitifwehavebeensounwiseas to impair it. It is a comprehensive treatmentof thewholeproblemofliving in termsof a valid standard; a synthesis of interrelated and correlated livingfactorsproductiveofapatternoflivingnormalforhumanbeings;onethatcoversthetotalneedsofmanandnotmerelyoneortwoofhisrequirements.NaturalHygieneisa way of life, not a plan of treatment; it is a mode of living; not a system oftherapeutics. Thus understood, the phraseNatural Hygiene acquires a realsignificance,atoncenovel,startling,intenseanddelicious.

TosaythatHygieneisnotasystemoftherapeuticsisnottoallyitwithChristianScience,whichdeniestheexistenceofpain,disease,death,matter,etc.,andforbidsits members to study hygiene. Theoretically and practicallyHygiene is bothnaturalisticandrationalistic,ratherthanspiritualisticinitsapproachtohealth,diseaseandhealing.Hygieneisnottobeconfusedwithanyofthesystemsoffaithhealing,for itsemploymentofmaterialsandconditions thatarephysicalandmentaland itsrelianceuponnaturallawandnaturalprocessesdefinitelytakesitoutsidetherealmofthesystemsoffaithhealing.AllofthiswillbemadefullyclearinVol.VIofthis

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series.Inthelightoftheforegoing,letusattemptamoreaccuratedefinitionofNatural

Hygiene. It is that branchof biologywhich investigates the conditionsuponwhichhealth depends, and the means by which it may be sustained in all its virtue andpuritywhilewehaveit,andrestoredwhenithasbeenimpaired.Beforephysiologywas investigated the rules of hygiene, so far as they were valid, were instinctive,traditionalandempirical.Todaytheserules,sofarastheyarevalid,arebasedonthegrowing knowledge of physiology. It is our contention that if we had a perfectknowledge of the laws of life and applied them in a perfect system ofHygiene,diseasewouldbeimpossible.InthissenseHygieneistheartofintelligentorhealthfulliving.

The system built by Jennings, Trall, Graham and their contemporaries andsuccessors,theycalledtheHygienicSystemorHygieotherapy.Trallbecameskepticalofthevalueofdrugsandthebleedingpracticestheninvogue,andofthecorrectnessofmedicalprinciples,whilestillamedicalstudent.Jenningswasforcedtoabandonthemedical doctrines and practices he had been taught, after years of practice, byexperiences that revealed the incorrectness of the theories and the evils of thepractices. These two men worked independently. While their theories differed insome particulars, as did their practices, fundamentally, both their theories andpracticesagreed.Thisbecomesallthemoreplainwhenonereadstheirlong-drawn-outdebateofthesubject.Graham,whosework,also,wasbegunindependently,wasinfluenced by these men and in turn, influenced them, converting Jennings tovegetarianism.

Thesemenagreedtocalltheprinciplesandmethodstheylaunched,theHygienicSystem. In the Jennings-Trall debate,which ran serially inTrallsmagazine during1864,JenningssaysofTrall:heonlyneedstounderstandthehygienictheoryalittlemore perfectly to place himon a vantage groundwhere he can chase a thousandAllopaths,andtwocanputtenthousandofthemtoflight.

InabiographicalsketchofTrall,whichappearedintheHeraldofHealthforJuly1864,arethesewords:Hiswritingsandbookshaveplacedhimattheheadofanewsystem,whichhehasentitledtheHygienicorHygieo-TherapeuticrepudiatingthetermHydropathy,asexpressiveofonlyasingleoneofitsremedialappliances.His school founded in 1852, as theHydropathic and Physiological School, wascharteredin1857underthenameoftheNewYorkHygieo-TherapeuticCollege. Thisbiographicalsketchsays:Dr.TrallmayjustlyclaimtobethefatheroftheliteratureoftheHygienicMedicalSystem,andthechiefexponentand,indeed,thediscovererofitsphilosophy;andhiswritingsareacceptedasstandardifnotauthoritativeinthis

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countryandinEurope.In 1872, a small book by Trall was published under the title,The Hygienic

System, inwhichhedefined theHygienicSystem tobe thetreatmentofdiseasebyhygienic agencies. In this booklet he listed as Natures Materia Medica, thefollowing materials and forces: air, light, temperature, electricity, magnetism,exercise,rest,food,drink,bathing,sleep,clothing,mentalinfluences,andmechanicalor surgical appliances.He explained that truly remedial agents arematerials andinfluenceswhichhavenormalrelationstothevitalorgans,andnotdrugs,orpoisons,whose relations areabnormal and anti-vital and added that, the trueHealingArtconsists insupplying the livingsystemwithwhateverof theabove itcanuse underthe circumstances, and not in the administration of poisonswhich itmustresist orexpel.

The evolution of the magazine also marks the evolution of Trall from aHydropath, which he became when he gave up drugs, to aHygienist. Originallystarted by Dr. Joel Shew, in 1845, asThe Hydropathic Journal and Herald ofReforms,as itbecamemoreandmoreHygienic theneedforachangeofnamewasrecognized and discussed. Finally, in 1862, the namewas changed to theHygienicTeacher,then,in1863itwasagainchangedtoTheHeraldofHealth.Whenin1865TrallsoldthemagazinetotwoofhisgraduatesandtroublebetweenTrallandthenewowners followed, he started a newmagazine under the titleTheGospel ofHealth,January,1867.

The medical historian, Shryock says, During the seventies and the ensuingdecadesmanyof the cures (institutions)were establishedpracticingwhatbecameknownastheHygienicSystem.MostofthesewerelocatedintownsoftheEastandMiddleWest,andaconsiderablenumberowedtheirorigintomentrainedbyTrall.MississippiValleyHistoricalReview,Sept.1931.

Drs. Jackson, Densmore,Walter, Page, and others accepted and employed theterm,HygienicSystem.Forexample,inhisHowtoTreattheSickWithoutMedicine(1868)Dr.JamesC.Jacksonuses the term,hygieo-therapeuticagenciesandcallshimselfahygienicphysician.DoctorWalterusesthetermTheHygienicSchool,although he seems to have preferred the terms, nutritive cure and nutritivesystem.In1877hebeganthepublicationofamagazineunderthetitleTheLawsofHealthinwhichheadvertisedhissanatarium,atWernersville,Pa.,asonethatreliesforitssuccessuponproperhygienicconditionsinconnectionwithspecialapplicationof the best hygienic agencies. Another magazine of the period,The Science ofHealth, was an independent health monthly which teaches the Laws by whichHealth is preserved and Disease eradicated, and Life prolonged, on Hygienic

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Principles. Its agencies are: Food,Drink,Air, Exercise,Light,Temperature, Sleep,Rest,Bathing,Clothing,Electricity,RightSocialRelations,MentalInfluences.IamunabletolocateanyreferencetotheHygienicSystemintheworkswhichIhaveofDr.DioLewis;hedoesrefertoNaturalMethodsandhemadealmostexclusiveuseofHygienicorNaturalMethodsandplacedpracticallynorelianceinhydrotherapy.

In hisHow Nature Cures, Dr. Densmore, repeatedly refers to hygienists andhygienic physicians who use no medicine whatever, and refers toHygienists asPhysicians of the reform school. Dr. Page, who was born in 1840; in hisTrueHealth Art (1906) poses genuine hygienic treatment opposite that of the anti-Naturalistsanddefines thehygienicphysicianasonewhoknowshowtoapplyall known hygienic agencies, and speaks of the necessity of having the hygienicinsteadoftheunhygienicphysicianinattendanceuponthesick.

While Dr. Tilden more often used the phrase the Toxemia System, he didfrequentlyrefertohisworkasHygienic,whichitwasinalmostallparticulars.Intheearlierperiodofhiswritings,especiallyinhismagazine,TheStuffedClub,heoftenreferred to Trall and even quoted from him occasionally, but as time passed hediscontinued referring toanybodybackofhimself, so that thegreatmajorityofhisreaderscametobelievethatthewholesystemoriginatedwithhim.

TheHygienic System was not merely a historical phenomenon of interest tohistorians;itwastheburstingforthoflifeitself.Itarosetomeetaneedofthepeopleandithascontinuedandwillcontinuetoexistbecausetheneedisever-present.Then,as now, the people were wandering in a wilderness of ignorance and superstition.Theyaskedfortruthandthemedicalschoolsgavethemsteriletheoriesandfancifulhypotheses;theyaskedforbreadandweregivenpoisons.Theylostconfidenceintheregularmedicalprofession inparticularandbecameconvinced that themembersofthisprofessionwerekillingmostofthosewhodied,aconvictionthatisborneoutbythefacts.

ButitshouldnotbethoughtthattheHygienicSystemwasreadilyacceptedbyallwhenitwasfirstofferedtotheworld.Opposed,denounced,ridiculed,misrepresentedandslanderedbythemedicalprofession,thewhiteflourinterests,thetobacco,liquor,tea, and coffee interests, the bakers and butchers, and all of thosewho saw in it athreat to their purses, the people were misled in great numbers. Juvenal declared:There is no darkness but ignorance, but herewe had large groups spreading theworst kind of ignorance, that ofmisinformation, in an effort to prevent the peoplefromreceivingthetruthaboutHealth,DiseaseandHealing.Thereare,ofcourse,atalltimes,greatnumbersofpeoplewhoarewillfullyignorant;thisistosay,theyaresatisfiedwith their ignoranceandrefuse to investigateanynewtruth that isoffered

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them,ortoacceptanytruththatconflictswiththeirignoranceandmisinformation.Trallwrote inScienceofHealth,July1872, thatDoctrineswhichareradical in

theory, revolutionary in practice, and subversive of establishedusages and existinginterests,mustofnecessitybeopposedby the learnedand refusedby the illiterate.Beforetheycanbegenerallyaccepted,orfairlyinvestigated,thepublicmindmustbere-educated.Anditisathousandtimesmoredifficulttodispossessitofitsengrainederrors and life-long prejudices than to educate it truthfully. Health Reform hasexperienced the adverse influences of all progressive movements; yet it has mademore rapid strides towards universal recognition than any other great reformatorymovementhasdoneinthehistoryoftheworld,inthesameperiodoftime.

InthissameeditorialhepointedoutthatitislessthanhalfacenturysinceDr.Jenningsdemonstratedby actual and extensive experiment, that all diseases canbetreatedmore successfullywithoutmedicines thanwith them.Then, coming to theactualestablishmentoftheHygienicSystemasadistinctschool,withitsowncollege,hesaysthelecturesandwritingsofGrahamandAlcotthadpreparedmanymindsforinvestigatingthenewmedicalsystem.Itisnotoutofplacetomentionatthistimethatthenumberofitsperiodicalswasgreatandtheflowofbooksonthesubjectwasphenomenal.Themovementreallymadegreatinroadsuponthepopulardrugsystem,whichTrallsaid,inthissameeditorial,wasdividedintoseveralschools,andhasexisted for nearly three thousand years. A great popular following was soonrecruitedand itcontinued togrowuntil it threatened theveryexistenceof thedrugschools,afactattestedbymedicalhistorians.

Few readers, perhaps, fully understand the difficulties that attend the effort tointroduce new, radical and revolutionary principles to theworld. It is not easy formen to discard ingrained errors and life-long prepossessions, nor to comprehendtruthswhichconflictwiththeaccumulatedprejudicesofthreethousandyears.Veryfew individuals, once professionally educated, can ever be wholly divested of thetheories of their schools. IfF the principles of theHygienic School arc (rue, theyoverthrowalltheteachingsanddestroyallofthepracticesofthemedicalschoolsandrender useless all of their great libraries of accumulated lore.More than this, theirgeneral acceptancewill destroy a number of great commercial enterprises that arcamongthemostprofitableenterprisesofthepresentera.

The truths announced by theHygienists annoyingly disturbed those whosefinancial interests these truths threatened, the willfully ignorant and those smugintellectualswho are unwilling to expend the effort necessary to examine anythingnewandstrange,butwhoareevertooreadytopronouncetheinnovatoraleaderinbyways of error, hoping thereby to dispose of him. In spite of the opposition and

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misrepresentations of these groups many people did hear and heed the voice ofHygiene as it thundered out across the nation, reverberating through the hills andhollowsandenteringthroughthedoorsandwindowsofthevillagesandtowns.ThetimeofHygienehadcomeandnothingcouldstopit.

Hygienebringswithitchangesandtheoldordereverresiststhechangesthatarerequired by the new. The fundamental change that is necessary will proverevolutionary,destroyingvastfortunesofinvestedwealth,scrappingwholelibrariesof medical literature, and changing our whole manner of thinking about health,diseaseandhealing.Sucharevolutionwillberesistedtothelastdropofenergybythosewhosevestedinterestsarethreatened.

The set-back received by the movement from the CivilWar, the panic of theseventies,thefailureofthecollegeandthedeathofTrallwaslonginbeingrecoveredfrom.Indeed, themovementwasalmost inastateofsuspendedanimationfromtheeighties of the last century till the twenties of this. There were workers andpublications, but no concerted effort on the part of the workers. Every man wasworkingasafree lance.Dr.SusannaW.DoddsdidestablishanothercollegeafewyearsafterthedeathofTrall,butitwasshortlived.

Themanorwoman,interestedinthetruth,comewhatmay,willnotbedeterredfrom candidly and fully investigatingNatural Hygiene because vested interestspersist in opposing it, slandering it, misrepresenting it and decrying it from therooftops. A genuine lover of truth possesses, as an inseparable and essentialcharacteristic, a willingness to be governed by it implicitly and to follow it, boththeoretically and practically, wheresoever itmay lead, although, thismay be doneonlyat thecompletesacrificeofpreconceivedandmostsacredlycherishednotions,andevenhisgoodopinionofhimselfandofhischurchandhispoliticalparty.

Whenthedevoteesofanydogmaorcreed,whetherinreligion,politics,medicine,or science, shrink from the light of thorough searching and impartial investigation,theymanifestalatentconsciousnessoftheweaknessorerroroftheirdogmaorcreed,andanapprehensionthatthelightofclearlyunfoldedtruthwillrevealitsdeformityanduntenableness.Theoppositionof theseweaklingsmayretard, itcannotpreventthemarchoftruth.

It is anunfortunate fact that after the schoolingprocesshashermetically sealedthemindof the student, there is little possibility of a new thought ever expressingitself or of one gaining entrance through the carapace with which the educatedmindsurroundsitself.Untilpeoplelearnhowtolearnandceasetomeeteverynewandnovelpropositionwithpiddlingcriticismorawranglingspiritofcontroversy,theadvanceofnewknowledgemustcontinuetobeslowanddisheartening.Nevertheless,

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Hygieneisdefinitelyonthemarchandthearmyofitsadherentsincreasesinnumbersalmostdaily.

There are, however,manyprejudices to overcome,much ignorance to supplantandgreatmisunderstandingtodispel.TodaythereisgreaterneedthaninthedaysofGrahamandTrallforthespreadofaknowledgeofNaturalHygiene;for,today,theforces of commercialism are, more than ever, poisoning the people in a thousandways and ruining the peoples food supplies in ways that our grandfathers neverdreamed of. The medical profession, arsenaled with the most destructive anddiabolicalweapons in its history, now seeks power to regiment the conduct of thepeople, canalize their thinking, and outlaw every truant idea that conflictswith itsinfallibledogmas, and is forgoingnewcreedsof repressionand suppression,underthe specious pretense of emancipating us from our bondage to disease.Today, themedicalprofession,asaninstitution,andthephysicianasanindividual,occupiestheplaceinourlivesthatwasfilledbythechurchandthepriestintheMiddleAges,andthesemoderncounterpartsoftheMedievaltyrannyareeverybitashungryforpower,asruthless in theirexerciseof it,andascertainof theirowninfallibilityaswasthepriestandthearch-bishop.Itisevidenttoallwhohavewatchedtheirdriveforpowerthattheywillstooptoanythingandstopatnothingintheirefforttogaincontroloverthelifeofthepeople.

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I.CellsandTheirEnvironmentThebodyisanassemblageofcorrelatedorgansandparts,eachworkingforthegoodofthewhole.Eachorganandpartiscomposedoftissueswhilethetissuesaremadeup of cells. The unit of structure of which every living thing, plant or animal, iscomposedisknownasacell.Whatthebricksaretothehouse,thecellsaretoaplantor animal. Just as a pile of sand is composed ofmillions of grains of sand, so arelivingbodiescomposedofmillionsoftinycells.Everybladeofgrass,everyflower,tree,bird,worm,animalandmanisbuiltofcells.

Acellisamicroscopicbitoftransparent,jelly-likematerialcalledprotoplasm.Acell is notmerely a speckof protoplasm. It has structure and its various structuresservedifferentfunctions.Beforeproceedingtoamoredetaileddescriptionofthecell,perhapswe can give you a better understanding ofwhat ismeant by this term byreferring to a little being that hasonlyone cell.That suchminutebeings exist caneasilybeseenbytheaidofthemicroscope.

Theamoebaisacolorless,single-celled, jelly-likeprotoplasmicorganismfoundinseaandfreshwater. It isconstantlyundergoingchangesof form,andnourishingitselffromsurroundingobjects.Itcanbeeasilyfoundinmudanddecayingvegetationinpoolsofwater.Theamoeba is the lowest typeofcell life. It swimsabout in thewaterandnourishesitselfwiththefoodfoundthere.Itreproducesitselfbydivision.It grows until it reaches a certain size then divides into two. There are, then, twoamoebaewhichrepeattheprocessofgrowthanddivisionwiththeresultthatwehavefourofthem.Thefourbecomeeight,theeightbecomesixteen,andsoon.

The amoeba is so small that a thousand of themplaced in a rowwould hardlyreachaninch.Itpossessesnohead,arms,legsormouthandappears,whenstill,tobemerelyalumpofjelly.Butitcanpushoutanypartofitsbodyasafoot,andthenbyrollingitsbodyintothefootisabletomoveslowlyalong.Itcanputoutanypartofthebodyasanarmandgatherinaspeckoffood,orcanmakeamouthbydrawinginsomepartofitsbodyandclosingaroundthefood.Havingnolungs,itbreatheswiththesurfaceofitsbody.Anypartofanamoebacandoanythingthatanyotherpartcando.

Thehumanbodyisacommunityofcellsandmaybecomparedtoacommunityofpeople.Theamoebamustdoallofitsworkforitselfbutthecellsinmansbodywork foreachother.Thecellshave theirworkdividedso that, insteadofeachcellhavingtodoeverythingforitself,astheamoeba,wehavedifferentkindsofcellstododifferentwork.Undersuchanarrangementthecellcandothatworkinwhichitspecializesbetterandmoreefficiently.

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Thecells composing an animalbody are similar to, thoughmore complex thantheamoeba.Allcellscomposingthebodyofanyanimalareofcommondescent,butthey have taken on widely different characters and functions, this being madenecessaryby the conditionsunderwhich theyare to exist.Theamoeba, leadinganindependent existence, must perform all the activities essential to its existencepreparation of crude food, locomotion, etc. In the multicellular animal this ischanged.Thespecializationwhichgroupsthecellsofsuchananimalintoanumberofclasses,eachwithdefinitework toperform,also,entails thedependenceofeachclass upon the other. While the amoeba is self-sufficient the cells of the animalcannotcontinuetoliveunderordinarycircumstancesifseparatedfromthebody.

The association of cells into an organism necessitates the formation of specialstructures,organs, to perform special work and this in turn necessitates theassumptionofspecialfunctionsbythecellsmakingupthevariousstructures.Specialfunction,asdistinguishedfromthecommonorfundamentalfunctionsofcells,isthepowertoperformaspecialworkinthebody.Specialfunctionsarethosewhicharenot common to all cells and are not essential to the life of the cell per se, but areessentialtothelifeoftheorganism.Specialfunctionvariesgreatlyforthedifferentcells,someasthebonecellsservingassupportsforotherstructures;othersliketheskincellsasprotectors;some,likethekidneycellsexcretewastematter;someofthelivercellssecretebile,othersstoreupglycogen,etc.Fundamentalfunctionsarethosethatarecommontoallcellsalikeandareessentialtothelifeofthecellperse.

Whencells are thusmassed, as in thebodyofaworm, the situationof thecelldiffersmuchfromthatofthecellleadinganindependentexistence.Itsenvironmentismadeuplargelyofotherassociatedcells.Comparativelyfewareindirectcontactwith the outsideworld, the greater portion being submerged among their brothers.Theyareshut in fromfoodsupplies, fromtheoxygenof theairandfromwater.Acell so situatedwould soon perish,were no special provisionsmade for its needs;theyareconsequentlydependentuponeachother.

Thecellsofthecomplexorganismaredifferentiatedandgroupedtoformvarioustissues;thetissuesaregroupedtoformorgans;while,theorgansaregroupedtoformsystems. The digestive system, for instance, is made up of the mouth, teeth andglandsofthemouth,esophogus,stomach,intestine,colon,liverandpancreas,andtheglandsofthestomachandintestine.Systemsaregroupedtoformorganisms.

Anorganism is an entity capable of vital purposive activity.Thework of eachparthasavital relation to theworkofotherparts. In thedifferentiatingprocessbywhichtissuesandorgansareproducedthereisintegrationsothatthebodyremainsaunit.

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Cells forming the bodies of the higher animals are not capable of independentexistenceunderordinarycircumstancesbecauseof theirspecializedcharacter.Oncethegermcellsofthedevelopingembryobecomedifferentiatedtheyareincapableofreturning to their former undifferentiated or germ-cell state.This is to say,musclecells,whenonce theyhavebecome such, canneverbe anythingother thanmusclecells. To borrow from Delafield and Prudden,Text-book of Pathology, whendifferentiationhasadvancedsothatsuchdistincttypesoftissuehavebeenformedasconnective tissue, epithelium, muscle, nerve, these do not again merge throughmetaplasia.Thereisnoevidencethatmesoblastictissuescanbeconvertedintothoseofepiblasticorhypoblastictype,orviceversa.Oncecellshavebeendifferentiatedand dedicated to a particular function, they can never become another and distincttypeofcellwithotheranddifferentfunctions.Thereforetheirdependenceuponthebodyandtheirhelplessnesswhenseparatedfromit.

Underordinarycircumstances theamoeba is supposednot todie.Barringdeathbyviolence,poisoningorstarvationit issupposedtogoondividingandredividingforever.Conditionallyitissupposedtobepossessedofeverlastinglife.Whataretheconditions upon which life depends? So far as these are discoverable they are:appropriatefood,waterandoxygen,propertemperatureandfreedomfrompoisoningand violence. We might say its life depends upon a favorable or congenialenvironment, and that so long as its environment remains congenial it continues tofunctionandreproduce.

Inexperimenting,inthelaboratorywithpiecesoftissuesfromanimalsithasbeenfoundthat,ifthesearewashedcleaneachdayandsuppliedwithfreshnutrientmedia,they are able to live indefinitely. They grow and reproduce, old cells evenregeneratingandbecomingyoungagain.Theydonotseemtogrowoldinthesensethattheirvitalitybecomesdiminished.Theirlifeandhealthdependuponthemediuminwhichtheyliveanduponitsbeingcontinuallyrenewed.

Ifcellsthatarekeptcleanandproperlynourishednevergrowoldinthesensethatthey lose their vitality, and in thehumanbody there are organs and functions that,whennormal,completelyridthebodyofwasteandtoxins;andanotherprocessthat,whennormal,keepsthecellssuppliedwithafreshsupplyofnutrientmaterial,whatimpairstheseorgansandfunctionssothatthecellsdogrowold,dolosetheirvitalityanddie.Itisassumedbysomebiologiststhatthisimpairmentisanecessaryresultofthecommunityactionofthecellsofthebody.

Acertain factofcommonobservationwhichhasbeendenominatedTheLawoftheCellhasbeenformulatedinthesewords:Everycellinthebodywillcontinuetoperform the functions for which it was designed throughout its entire life cycle

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provideditsenvironmentremainscongenialtoit.Thetissuesusedinlaboratoryexperimentsaresuppliedtheirnutrientmediaand

have theirwastewashedawayby theexperimenter.Healsosupplies themwith therequisitewarmth.The human body is adequately equippedwith special organs thefunctions of which it is to keep the cells supplied at all times with food, water,oxygen,warmthandtocarryawayfromthecellsandcastoutofthebodyallwasteandpoisonsthatformthereinorthatgainadmittancefromwithout.Thatthenormalorganism is fully capable of supplying its cellswith these conditions of continuedactiveliferequiresnoproof.Thereisnosoundreasonforbelievingthatthecellsofthe body could not live as long and aswell in the body as in the test-tube of thescientistifthefunctionsoflifearenotimpaired.

Theorganscomposingtheanimalbodymakethemediuminwhichitscellslive.Thebody is alsocapablewithin reasonable limitsof regulatingandmaintaining itstemperatureatthedesiredpoint.Suchbodiesareequippedwithorganswhosedutyitistotakecrudefoodsubstancesfromthesurroundingenvironmentandprepareitforusebythecells.Otherorganscarryittoandfromthecells.Othergroupsoforganseliminatefromthebodyorfromthismediumwhichbathesitscellsinacontinuouslyflowingstream,allthewasteandpoisonsthathavebeenformedbytheactivitiesandbreaking down of the cells, or which have gained an entrance into the body fromwithout.

Thecellsofthebodyrequire,iftheyaretocontinuetolive,growandreproduce,proper nutrition, adequate drainage, a suitable temperature, and protection fromviolence. The organs of the body are capable of replacing, by growth andreproduction,suchastheyhavebeenobservedtoundergoforthescientist,inthetesttube,allwornoutandbrokendowncells,whilethebodyiscapableofremovingandexpelling the injured or dead cells. The stability and integrity of structure andfunction,displayedbythelivingorganism,ismaintainedbythecontinualformationof new cells and cell products to supplant the old and outworn ones. It is by theirpowersofassimilationandself-maintenancethattheymaintaintheirconditioninthefaceofthechangestowhichtheyaresubjectedbyexternalconditions.

Heretoforewehaveattempted to interpret these laboratoryexperiences to favorextremelongevityinman.Thishasbeenagreatmistake;for,adultcellswillnotgrowin tissue cultures unless they are fed with embryo juice and this causes themimmediatelytoreverttotheirprimitivestateandreproducethemselvescontinuouslyas in germ. We cannot feed embryo juice to the cells of the body and it wouldprobablyprovedisastrousifwecould.

Cellsinthelaboratoryarekilledbystarvationandbypoisoning.Whyassumethat

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their death in the body is due to other causes? The uneliminated products ofmetabolism, plus the breaking down of cells in disease, plus toxins absorbed fromwithout,areascapableofdestroyingcellsinthebodyasinthescientiststesttube.Drugs,serums,vaccines,anti-toxins,etc.,thataretakenintothebody,inanymanner,foranypurpose,kill cellsandcrippleorgans.Starvationof thecells resulting fromeating denatured food or from impaired digestion and assimilation is capable ofkillingcellsinthebody.

Theprocessesoflifearecarriedonideallyonlyinanutritivemediumwhichisinastateofsolution,lifebeingpossibletocellsonlywhentheirnourishmentisinliquidformsotheycanassimilateit.Theamoeba,aswaspreviouslystated,livesinwaterorsubstances containing liquid. The cells composing both plant and animal bodieslikewiserequirealiquidmediuminwhichtolive.

Inallthelargerformsthereisamovingliquidmediumwhichflowsincessantly.In animals this medium is known as the blood and lymph, in plants as sap. Thismedium bathes all the living cells in the body and acts as a common carrier,supplying them with food and oxygen and removing their wastes. In the higheranimalsthelymphonlycomesindirectcontactwiththemajorityofthecells.Fromthis theydraw theirneedful suppliesof foodandoxygenand into it theydischargetheir waste. The resources of the lymph at any point are very limited and arereplenished constantly from the blood stream which passes close by in rapidmovement invesselswhose thindelicatewalls permit thepassageofmaterial bothways.Thebloodexchangesitsfreshoxygenwhichithasjustbroughtfromthelungsforthecarbondioxidefromthelymph.Itthencarriesthecarbondioxidetothelungsandexchangesthisformoreoxygen.Atthesametimeitexchangesfreshfoodforthewasteofthecellsandcarriesthesewastestotheorgansofeliminationforexcretion.

Just as the amoeba appropriates food and oxygen from the water or slime inwhichitlivesandmovesandhasitsbeingandexcretesitswasteintothissamewaterorslime,sothecellscomposingtheorgansoftheanimalbodyappropriatefoodfromthelymphinwhichtheyliveandmoveandhavetheirbeing,andexcreteintothissamelymphtheirwaste.

Life, in a complex organism, such as the human body, depends uponnutrition,drainageandinnervation.Letusglanceateachofthese.

Nutrition:Thelivingthinggrows,reproducesandmultipliesitspartsandextendsitselfbythisrepetition.Toeffectthisitselectsfrommatterincontactsuchelementsasithasthecapacitytoarrangeaspartsofitsownstructure,andaspromptlyrejectsandrefusesallothers;anecessaryconditiontothemaintenanceofitsvitalintegrity.Intheplantoranimal,orwherevervitalityreigns,assimilationandgrowthandrefusal

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and rejection are its constant actions, and the energy of these acts must bear aconstantrelationtoeachother;forthevitalendowmentequallyseeksitsownwelfareineitheract.Thisprocessofself-formationfromdissimilarmaterialswhichiswhollypeculiartolivingthings,and,withoutwhichnonecouldexist,isbyappropriationandtransformation.Collectivelythisiscallednutrition.

Nutrition is the digestion, absorption, assimilation and disassimilation of food,waterandoxygen.Itisthesumoftheprocessesconcernedinmaintainingthenormalcondition of the cell and includes growth and repair. So long as this is adequatelyaccomplished, the cells and the tissues which they form are able to perform theirfunctions and to exhibit their owncharacteristic activities, todevelop andmaintainthemselves.Developmentistheprocessbywhicheachorganofalivingbodyisfirstformed;orbywhichonewhichisalreadyincompletelyformed,issochangedinformandstructureastobefittedforthefunctionsforwhichitisdesigned.Growth,whichconcurswithdevelopmentandcontinuesafterit, isproperly,thenormalincreaseofthe sizeof apartby the insertionor super-additionofmaterials similar to thoseofwhichitalreadyconsists.Ingrowthproper,nochangeofform,structureorfunctionoccurs.Partsonlyincreaseinweightandsize,andif theyacquiremorepower, it ispowerofthesamekindasbeforeexercised.Maintenanceistheprocessofrepairandreconstruction by which the worn out or injured parts of a tissue or organ arereplaced. Development, growth and maintenance are all accomplished by cellproliferation and, in the case of development, differentiation. What produces thedifferentiationisnotknown,probablyneverwillbeknown,butitisknownthatthepowerthatdeterminesthedevelopmentoftheembryofromthegermorovumtothenine months infant is identical with that which is the source of the constantpreservation and renovation and of the development and growth of the individualafterbirth.

Drainageistheprocessbywhichwasteandtoxicmatteriscarriedawayfromthecellsandtissues,bythebloodandthelymph,andcarriedtotheexcretoryorgansforelimination. It involves, also the detoxifying processes by which toxins areneutralized, theprocessesofexcretionand theactsofvoiding.Theseprocessesarecommonlyregardedaspartsofthegeneralprocessofnutritionandareseparatedforconvenience.

Innervation is theconstantandregularsupplyofnerveenergyornerveimpulseto the organs and tissues of the body. If the nerve supply to an organ or part isdestroyed it loses sensation and motion and perhaps it atrophies but it does notnecessarilydie.Fromthisitbecomesapparentthatorganicfunctionisnotpossibleintheabsenceofthenervesupply.Ifnutritionanddrainagearecutofffromanorganor

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part its death is only a matter of minutes. This may serve to show the relativeimportanceofnutritionanddrainageascomparedwithinnervation,butitmustnotbelost sightof thatnutritionanddrainage in thehigheranimals iswhollyamatteroforganicfunctionandthatunderallordinarycircumstancesnormalorganicfunctioniscapableofmaintainingnutritionanddrainageuptothestandarddemandedbyhealthylife.Thepreparationoffood,theintakeofairandwaterandtheirdistributiontothecellsandtheremovalofcellularwasteandtoxinsareallaccomplishedbyorgans,thefood,airandwaterbeingpassivesubstancesunderthecontroloftheseorgans.

The tremendous importanceof thenervous systemand thevitalorgans throughwhichitcarriesonthefunctionsofanimallifeisthusmademanifest.Foritmustbeborneinmindthatsuchistheinterdependenceofthevariouspartsofthebodyuponeach other that serious injury to one speedily affects the others. Nutrition anddrainageareasessentialtothenervousstructuresastothemuscularorglandular,etc.Oxygen is requiredby thenervesaswell asby themuscles. If fromanycause thelungsaredamagedandoxygenationofthebloodimpairedthewholesystemsuffers.If breathing is stopped entirely for a fewminutes death of the whole body is theresult.Damage to theheart suspendingcirculation results in somaticdeath.Yet thesoleworkoftheheartanditsaccessoryorgans,thevascularsystem,istodistributetothe various parts of the body the nutritivematerial.Death comes because nutritionand drainage have ceased. Destruction or serious impairment of the kidneys, forinstance,soonresultsindeathfrompoisoningasthesefailtorelievethebloodofitsload of toxins before its return to the tissues.The toxins soon accumulate in suchquantitiesastooverwhelmthecellsandstopallfunction.

Just as life, growth and reproduction, in the tissues used in the experiments,referred to in a previous paragraph, is a master drama of nutrition, drainage, andwarmth under control of the scientist in the laboratory, so life, growth andreproduction,ofthetissuesinthebody,isamasterdrama,ofnutrition,drainageandwarmthunderthecontrolofthenervoussystemandtheorgansbymeansofwhichitaccomplishes its work. If innervation is entirely suspended it results in a train ofpathologicalphenomenaincludedunder the termdeath.Respirationandcirculation,andthroughthelatter,nutritionanddrainage,aresuspendedsuddenly,ifthecauseisapplied with sufficient force. If the cause is applied more gradually so thatinnervationisgraduallysuspended,inafewdays,itmaybe,orinafewyearsitmaygiverisetoanyoneoranumberofthemanypathologicalphenomenathathavebeenclassified as disease and given separate names. Given perfect nutrition, perfectdrainage and adequate nerve energy the organism will maintain itself in perfecthealthforanindefinitetime.Anyinterferencewitheitherofthesethreerequirements

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mustinevitablyreacttothedetrimentandinjuryofthebody.Allofthesemanyandvariedmechanismshaveoneprimeobjectincommonandthisisthepreservationoftheconstantconditionoftheinternalstate.

Whatthebioticororganicforceiswemayneverknow,butwedoknowthatitisnotindependentofcertainconditions.Thenecessaryelementarycombinationsofthevitalprinciplemaybepresentandyetnotmanifestlife.Thisdormantstateoflife,asseen in the impregnated germ of the egg before incubation or in the seed beforegermination, is not to bemistaken for death.Themanifestations of life begin onlyunder the influence of certain necessary conditions, such aswarmth, air,moisture,etc.,andtheseconditionsneverceasetobenecessaryforthecontinuedmanifestationoflife.Whetherlifeispassiveoractivedependsupontheconditionsunderwhichitoperates.Theovaofanimalsandseedofplantsremaininastateofgermonlysolong as they are maintained perfectly quiescent and beyond the influence of theexternalfactorsessentialtotheirdevelopment.Theyremaincapableofdevelopmentandmaintain theircreative force,but this force is latentordormant. Itpasses frompassivitytoactivityonlyundercertainessentialconditions.Theovaofsomeanimalswill, ifwithdrawn from the inclemencyof the atmosphere andwarmth, retain theirlatentcapabilityofdevelopmentforalongperiod.Thustheproductivepowersoftheova ofmany insects are preserved throughout the winter. The same is true of thegerminating power of seeds.Under favorable conditions this power is preserved intheseedsofmanyplantsformanyyears.Assoon,howeverasthesearesubjectedtotheexternalinfluencesnecessarytocallthisinherentpowerintoactivity,thegerm,ifstillcapableofdevelopment,becomesdeveloped;ifnotstillcapableofdevelopment,putrefactionensues.

Ifthoseconditionsthatcalledthepassivelifeoftheseedorovumintoactivityarewithdrawn,developmentandgrowthceaseandeitherspeedydeathensues,orelsetheplantoranimal falls intoa stateof suspendedanimation.These form thenecessarymaterials and influences with which growth and repair or maintenance as well aseliminationarecarriedon.

Aftertheyoungbirdorreptileishatchedoraftertheyoungmammalisborn,theyrequireexerciseorvoluntarymuscularactivity,andrestandsleep.Afterbirth,also,their minds become active, and it is then that mental influence begins to affectfunction. The young child under these same conditions, supplied with these sameexternalfactorsandrefrainingfromindulgencesinharmfulhabits,suchasanimalsdonotindulgein,willlikewisedevelopintoasturdy,wellformedhumanbeing.

Thusweseethatlifeisdependentuponcertainexternalinfluencesandconditionsheat,light,air,water,foodandthatundertheinfluenceofandbytheuseofthese

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theorganicbeing isdeveloped from thegermandby theuseof thesesameforces,influences and materials, it carries on its processes and functions, repairs andmaintainsitspart,defendsandreproducesitself.

Theessential conditionsof life are, therefore, seen tobevery simple.Theyareusually within easy reach of the rudest savage, though often out of reach of hisboastedcivilizedbrother.Ifthereisalackofanyoftheseessentialsoflifeoranoverabundance of any of them, or if harmful habits are permitted to interferewith theprocessesoflife,diseaseistheresult.

Orthobionomistsdifferentiatebetweennaturalhygiene,whichconsistsoftheuseofthosenaturalconditionsuponwhichactivelifedepends;and,thatpseudo-hygienepromulgatedbythesonsofChiron,whichconsistschieflyinagermchase.NaturalHygiene,forinstance,demandsordinarycleanliness,whilemedicalhygienedemandssterility as secured by extreme heat, antiseptics, etc.Natural Hygiene has provedadequatetotheneedsofplantandanimallifeinallagesoftheworld,inallclimatesandatallseasons.Medicalhygienehasnotprovedtobedependable; indeed, ithasoftenworkedincalculableharm.

Bionomy deals with the laws of life. Bionomics deals with the adaptation oforganisms to their environment. Orthodox biologists make no distinction betweenhealthful adaptation and pathological adaptation. A distinction should be madebetweenanimateandinanimateenvironmentandbetweenthatwhichisfriendlyandsustains us, and that which is inimical and injures us. I have coined the termOrthobionomics to designate the correct adaptation of life and environment. Mal-bionomicadaptationisunhealthfuladaptationandresultsindegeneration.

The body possesses the ability of adjusting itself to unnatural or anti-vitalconditions,ifgivensufficienttime.Ifwesticktoapracticeorinfluencelongenoughtheverylawsofnatureseemtochangetofit theabnormalcondition;and,althoughtheexperimentmaykillamillionormorepeople,shortenthelivesofmillionsmoreanddethrone thementalandmoralcontrolsofmanymore,wepersist inseeing themerelyapparentchangeoflawsandignoretherealdamagebehindtheappearance.

Thepenaltyforeveryviolated lawmustbepaid,andso longaswecontinue toviolateit,justsolongwillnaturecontinuetoexactherprice.Therealpenaltyisthedifferencebetweenwhatmanisandwhathemighthavebeen.

Inrepairingahousethecarpenterusesthesamematerials,toolsandmethodsthatwereemployedinitsconstruction.Nomanattemptstorepairahousebuiltoflumber,withbrickandmortar.Heemploysa sawandhammerandother tools forworkingwith wood and not a trowel and other tools for working with brick and mortar.Carpenters are employed to repair wooden structures and masons to repair stone

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structures.Anyothermethodsandmaterialsof repairwouldnotbe toleratedbyanintelligentownerofahouse.

Theprocessofrepairinhousesisthesameastheprocessofconstruction.Soitisin all other structures, in allmachines, etc.We do not even think that it could beotherwise.We use less intelligence in dealing with the human body. For foodwesubstitutepoisonousdrugs;forrestweusestimulation;forcleanlinesswesubstituteantiseptic-sterility;intheplaceofsunlightweemployelectriclightsofallcolorsandhues;purewaterisrejectedforcoffee,tea,sodafountainslopsormineralwaters.Nomanexpectshishousetoberepairedinstantlybuthewantsinstantaneouscures.Heknowsthatiftheworkmenarerushedtheydonotdoasgoodorasneatworkandhishousewill not be substantial or beautiful; but hewants thecurative process forcedforwardatarapidrate.Heknowsthattheslowgrowthoftheoakorhickoryismoreenduring than the rapid growth of themushroom, but he thinks he can force rapidhealingandstillhaveanenduringstructure.

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II.TheMysteryofLifeWith all of its wonders and mysteries, inorganic nature is but the platform uponwhichrisesthefarmorediversifiedandmajesticsuperstructureoflife.Intherealmoflife,newforcescomeintoplay,comparedwithwhich,inthemarvelouscharacteroftheirworkingsandthestrangenessoftheirresults,allothersappearsimpleandplain.

Scientistshavedesiredandsoughttoreduceallknowledgeofnaturetotermsofonekind,sothatinsteadofspeakingofaninanimateworldandaworldoflife,theymaybe able to view all things as one systemunder the domain of purely physicallaws.Butasithasbeenobviouslyimpossibletoexplainawaylife,sothatitmaybereducedtothelevelof lifelessmatter, theyhaveadoptedthealternativepropositionthatallmatterisalive.

FromAristotle to the present, no one has been able to formulate a satisfactorydefinitionoflife.DavidDietztellsusinhisStoryofSciencethatmanyauthoritiesconsiderthefollowingdefinitionbyG.H.Lewestobethebestyetdevised:Lifeisaseriesofdefiniteandsuccessivechangesbothinstructureandincomposition,whichtakeplaceinanindividualwithoutdestroyingitsidentity.Thisisnotadefinition;itismerelyageneralandvaguestatementofsomeofthethingsthattakeplaceinthelife-timeoftheindividual,butitfailstoaccountfortheindividualandforthecauseofthechangesandthepreservationofidentity.

Prof.Tyndallpicturedlifeasimmanenteverywhereandaddedthathewasnotanxioustoshutouttheideathatthelifeherespokenof,maybebutasubordinatepartandfunctionofahigherlifeas thelivingmovingbloodissubordinate to thelivingman.Thisviewcannotbeacceptedbythedevoteesofmodernsciencewhohold,notonlythatthereisnolifeperse,butalso,that,thereisnohigherlife.EvenTyndallelsewhere defined life as interaction between an organism and its environment.Strangely,theyallstartwithanorganism!Togetthemassivetrunkofthefullgrownoak tree, with its swaying branches, whispering leaves and hungry roots, from anacorn by means of the interaction of soil, sunlight, heat and water, is a form ofnecromancythatnoteventheancientsdreamedof.Tosay,asTyndalldid, that thisinteractionislifeistostultifyhumanreason.

The ancient theory that life arose spontaneously from non-living matter(abiogensis)hasbeenthoroughlydiscreditedandmostbiologistsoftodaypretendnolonger to believe in the possibility of spontaneous generation.Biogenesis, or theorigin of living beings only from pre-existing living organisms, is now a wellestablishedfactofscience,althoughalong,hardstrugglewasnecessarytoestablishit.Biologistssay,however,thatthereisnosuchthingaslifeintheabstract.Allwe

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havearethelivingthings.Lifehasabsolutelynoexistenceapartfromconcretelivingorganisms.Thisistosay,thereisnoentitycalledlife.

Insomeunknownmanner,thefirstlivingorganismcameintoexistence.Astherewas no life prior to the coming into being of the first concrete living organism,mostbiologistsonlypretendtohaveabandonedtheancienthypothesisofabiogenesiso rspontaneous generation. They simply assume that itmust have taken placesometime, somewhere, somehow. It is an absolute necessity of modern biologicaltheory, for inevitably, there comes a time, in tracing living organisms backward,when therewas no living organism to give rise to offspring.Here the principle ofliving organisms only from living organisms breaks down for the very reason thatanyexistenceoflifeintheabstractissummarilyrejected.

MaynardShipleysays:Inthegradualtransitionfromnon-livingtolivingmatter,anentirelynewandpeculiartypeofenergybioticenergyemerges,whichisnotexplicablemerelyonthegroundsofincreasingcomplexityofatomicstructure.Wecallthingslivingbecauseoftheenergychangeswhichtheyexhibit,andnotbecausethey are complex chemically or physically.A dead animal is just as complex as alivingorganism.Whatismissingisbioticenergytheformofenergywhichgivesrisetothedistinctiveenergytransformationswhichweaggregatetogetherunderthe termlife. The recognition of this fact, however, does not commit us to theoutworndoctrineofvitalismortheAristotelianentelechy.

Itwill be seen, at a glance, thatMr.Shipleyhere assumes thatabiogenesis didtakeplace,althoughheprovidesnoevidencethatitdoesnowoccur;anditisobviousthat if it ever occurred it was a physio-chemical process that could and should berepeateduntoldmillionsoftimes.Indeed,therewouldseemtobenoreasonwhythechemist could not create living organisms in the laboratory. No amount oflaboratory manipulation has ever been productive of even the simplest livingorganism.

ItwasatoncebeobservedthatbioticispracticallytheGreekequivalentoftheLatin vital.Shipley runs fromtheplain implicationsofhisdescriptionofwhatheandotherscall bioticenergybysaying:modernscience recognizes thatnotonlydifferentresultsmaybeobtainedunderdifferentconditions,butthatabsolutely newqualities emerge at critical moments, both in the domain of chemistry and in thephenomenaofbiology.Wetalknowof emergentevolution.Thusitisbyemergentevolutionthatheproposes tosecurehishypotheticalgradual transitionfromnon-living to living matter.Emergent evolution is the key tospontaneous generation.Science refuses to give up its superstitious belief in the origin of life from thelifeless, of the intelligent from the non-intelligent, of the conscious from the

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unconscious, of the active from the inert, of something from nothing, or whatamountssothesamething,thegreaterfromthelesser.

Like the fabled ostrich that hid from danger by burying its head in the sand,scienceburiesitsheadinbioticenergyandannouncesthatvitalismisoutworn.Thereis,inspiteoftheseemingidentityofbioticwithvitalenergy,adifference.Vitalitywasconceivedofasaprimary force,a forcenotderived fromother forcesandnot transformable into them. Biotic energy is conceivedof as anabsolutelynew quality thatemerges under different conditions. It is derived from otherforcesandistransformableintothem.Itisanewsuperstitiondevisedbythedevoteesof theboasted scientificmethodwho refuse to accept the results of thatmethod.Thescientificmethodcontinuestorefusetogivethemspontaneousgeneration,butthey are determined to have it in spite of all the evidence, experimental andotherwise,tothecontrary.Wewilljusthavetoletthemplaywithbioticenergyasanadditiveresultantofemergentevolutionuntilitsnoveltywearsoffandtheytireoftheirtoy.Theselittleboysmusthaveabright,shiny,newtoyatfrequentintervalstokeepuptheirinterestintheirlittlerackets.

Alllivingthingsariseonlyaschildrenofotherlivingthings.Nocombinationofmatterhasevenbeenknowntomanifestlifethathadnotbeenpreviouslyvitalizedbysomepre-existinglife.Noeggorseedwasevenknowntobeproducedexceptbyaliving organism.Nothing livingwas ever known to be produced except by a priorlivingorganism.Merematter,bycombinationorseparation,canproducenothingbutmerematter.

The functions of nearly all of the organs of the body are now known, and thestructureshavebeentracedwiththescalpel,andexaminedwiththemicroscope,untillostinmoleculesoratomsbeyondthepowerofvision,thoughaidedbylenseswhichmagnifyourareaamilliontimes.Butnothinghasbeendiscoveredintheatomsandmolecules thatwill explain thephenomenaof living function.There are somewhoexplain life as the result of peculiar structure, but these leave the structureunaccountedfor.Toconfoundlifeitselfwithoneofitsconditionsisasabsurdastoconfoundthemoonwithmoonshine,becausetheformerisessentialtothelatter.

Manyeffortshavebeenmade tocreate living thingsartificiallyandsuccesshasrepeatedlybeenannounced.Butwhen theseorganiccreationsof thechemistsaresubmittedtothevitaltest,theyfail.Theywillnotdoanything.Theywillnotgrow.Theywillnotfunction.Theywillnotrepairthemselves.Theywillnotmultiply.Theonlypropertytheymanifestisthatofinertiawhichisthepropertyofadrystickoralifelessstone.Wearepronetothinkofthemanythingsthatmanisabletodowithmatterandattributeallthistomatter,leavingoutoftheformulatheintelligentcontrol

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andintricatemanipulationsofmatterbymanhimself.Tissueculture in the laboratoryandglandgrafts,aswellas the lowest formsof

life, show that a nervous system and nervous energy are not essential to life andfundamental function. It seems to be primarily ameans of control of function in acomplexorganism.Certainspecialororganicfunctionsceaseentirelywiththelossofnervousactivation,while the fundamental functionsof life in thecelldonotcease.Nerve force,ornervous impulse, isnot, therefore, identicalwith lifeand,whatevermaybetrueofvitalforce,nerveforceisavariablequantity.It isgenerated,stored,expendedandwastedjustaselectricitymaybe.

The nervous system is the chief coordinating apparatus of the body. Withoutnervecontrol,eachorganwouldworkinitsownway,ornotfunctionatall,insteadofassisting the other organs of the body in carrying on the functions of nutrition,respiration,circulation,excretion,etc.

Nerveenergymaybesavedandstoredup,oritmaybedissipatedandlost.Itis,apparentlystoredinthebrain,spinalcordandthelargenerveplexusesandcentersinthe body. It is probably generated within the body, although there are those whobelieve it to be absorbed fromwithout. Nobody knows how or fromwhence it isreceivedorgenerated.

If we admit the possibility of Tyndalls higher life we have a more rationalstarting point for our first living organisms than that provided by the totallydiscredited, but not abandoned theory ofspontaneous generation. Graham, whoemployedthe termvitalityassynonymouswithlifesaid:Vitalityisnotintheleastdegreetheresultofpeculiararrangementsofmatter,butthepeculiararrangementsofmattercomposingorganicbodies,arealwaystheresultsofvitalaction,anddependon vital power and action for their continuance; and hence living bodies not onlyderive their origin from pre-existing beings like themselves, but, also, in a perfectstate, always possess faculties and powers by which vitality perpetuates itself inconnectionwithorganization,inthesuccessivepropagationoforganizedbodies.

Dietz re-affirms the fact of centuries of observation in thesewords: so far asmanhaseverobserved,livingorganismsariseonlyfromotherlivingorganisms.Allbiologistsagreewith this,butnearlyallof thembelieve thatbefore therewereanymentoobserve,oneormorelivingorganismsdidarisespontaneouslyoutoflifelessmatter. Even Professor Thomas Henry Huxley, who said: Life existed beforeorganismandisitscause,believedintheprimitivespontaneousgenerationoflivingformsfromlifelessmatter.

Graham pointed out that the vital instincts behaved as though directed byintelligence.Tildenheld thatphysiology isorganizedpsychology. If thishasany

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meaning at all, it means that life is more than a physio-chemical episode. Prof.Eddingtonholdsthatmindisthefirstandmostdirectthinginourexperience,allelsebeingremoteinference.Shallwesaythen,that,anintegratedorganismfunctionsbyvirtue of wisdom incarnated in its tissues? If we answer this question in theaffirmative,wemustthenask:Whatistheorigin,ifithasanorigin,ofthiswisdomandwhatisitconnectedwith?What,intheotherwords,isitthatisincarnated?

It is very true, asS.Greiner says inPrelude toSanity that theobserverof thelivingprocessremainsatalltimesoutsideitspurlieus,sothathisdescriptionofithasnorelevance to the intrinsicwisdomof thebody. It isalso true,ashesays in thissame book that The body refuses to turn itself into a textbook; and if his scalpelforceanentry into itssanctum, itguards itswisdomthroughdying.Nomatterhowartful his larcenies and subtle his strategies, he cannot invade its precinctswithoutfirst committing murder; and what he subsequently gleans from autopsies of thecadaverisnotevenaparodyofthatlivingorganism.

In1930AustinH.ClarkoftheU.S.NationalMuseum,abiologistofnote,wrotein his bookThe New Evolution, in which he presented his theory ofzoogenesis:thosewhostudyanimalsbothinthefieldandinthelaboratorysoonbecomeawarethatnoanimalformcanproperlybeunderstoodfromthefactsrevealedbythestudyofitsstructureandanatomyalone.Ananimalissomethingmorethanthesumtotalof the organic compounds, the secretions and the deposits that make up its body.There is something in addition to the tangible physical complex represented by itsstructureandanatomy.

Thebodilymechanismof every animal in life is operated and controlled by amentalmechanismwhichasyet,weareunabletoexplainintermsofphysicsandofchemistry.Ineachsortandkindofanimalthismentalmechanismtakestheformofadefinitecomplexpeculiartothespecies.

Thementalcomplexesareasmuchapartoftheindividualityofeachspeciesasarethetangiblestructuresofthebody.Tobaseourconclusionsuponasinglesetofcharacteristicsandtodismissothersasirrelevantissimplytoconfessourinabilitytocomprehendandtointerpretthewholeinitstruerelations.

Here, again, life andmind are inseparably associated. One prominent biologisthas remarked that if the amoebawere as large as a dogwewould not hesitate toascribe intelligence to its actions.Unfortunatelywe continue to refer to a cell as aspeckofjelly-likesubstanceprotoplasmandeverystudentofcytologyknowsthatthisissimplyfalse.

Weknowprotoplasmonly as an individualized and highly organized structure.Always it is surrounded by a limiting insulatory envelope so that it constitutes a

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physiological unit,whether it is a cell in a highly complex organism composed ofmanycells,ormerelyasinglecelllivinganindependentexistence.Protoplasmis,inotherwords,amereabstraction,havingnoexistenceapartfromthecell.Itisonlyinthisindividualizedstatethatprotoplasmmaybesaidtolive.Mostofwhatthepublicreadsandhearsaboutprotoplasmissheernonsense.

Biologistsdevotemuch space todiscussionsofprotoplasm,perse, althoughnosuchthingisknown.Theyareguiltyofdiscussingapureabstractionandinvestingitwithpropertiesorcharacteristics thatbelongonly to livingorganisms.Metabolism,reproduction, irritabilitythese are seen in living organisms only and not in someabstractorundifferentiated,orunorganized,orlifelessprotoplasm.Protoplasmdoesnot reproduce itselfbut living organisms do. Protoplasm does not carry on anymetabolicprocesses,but livingorganismsdo.Protoplasm isnot irritable,but livingorganismsare.Protoplasmisseenonlyincells,neverapartfromthem,andcellsarecomplexorganisms.

Protoplasmdoesnotmakecells;cellsmakeprotoplasm.Noprotoplasmhaseverbeenseenthatwasnottheproductofandpartofacell.Noprotoplasmwaseverseento produce a cell. Every cell is derived from a preceding cell. The old question:whichwasfirst,thehenortheegghasnotdefinitelybeensolved.Theproblemofcreationalwayshas transcended the intelligenceofman, and it is entirelyprobablethatitalwayswilldoso.Whichcamefirst,structureorfunction?Thisisaquestionthat has long been the subject of controversy in science. Some hold that structuredetermines function; others that function determines structure. So far as we knowthey have always co-existed and they vary simultaneously and concomitantly, orcoetaneously.Weknow,too,thatchangeinfunctionandstructuremaybecommitantor successive effects of a common cause. Functionwithout structure to function isinconceivable.Whycantweletthemcontinuetoco-exist.

Todefinelifeasthesum-totalofvitalphenomenaisnottoaccountforthevitalphenomenaitaccountsforneitherlivingstructurenorlivingfunction.Weareinthehabitofsaying,inthewordsofCannonthattheintegrityoftheorganismasawholerests on the integrity of the individual elements, and the elements, in turn, areimpotentanduselesssaveaspartsoftheorganizedwhole,andwhilethisisafactofobservation, it is but half a fact.Actually, when we make this statement, we aremerelygoingaroundinacircle.Thebodydependsonitsparts,itspartsdependonthebodythey all depend on what? It is obvious that the controlling principle thatoriginallyintegratedthepartsintoaunifiedwholeandthatmaintainstheirintegrity,isnotresidenteitherinthewholeorinitsparts,buttranscendstheorganism.

There are phenomenawhich are characteristic of every kind of livingmatter

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andwhichareknownonlyinconnectionwithlivingmatter,andwhichceasewhenthe living matter has died, and these phenomena, we must insist, are not to beconfounded with merely chemical or physical phenomena, but must be classed asvital, no matter what the ultimate source of such activities may prove to be. Aphysiological order exists and requires recognition as differentiated from purelyphysio-chemical order.This leads to the necessity for discovering physiological orbiological laws. As we advance in our studies of nature from the simple to thecomplexandtotheincreasinglycomplex,thisistosay,asweattainnewlevelsinourunderstandingofthephenomenaofnature,wearecompelledtoformulatenewlawsto express and describe the orderly sequence of events in each of the levels ofexistencethatwestudy.Itispreciselybecauselivingorganismspresentfeaturesandactivities that are not present in either physical or chemical phenomena that it isnecessarytofindandformulatelawsofbiology.

Iamconvincedthatthephraselivingmatterisbothincorrectandinaccurate.Itisdoubtfulthatmatter iseveralive.Weknowlifeonlyinorganizedstructures.Yetorganizationisnotlife,forweseedeadorganismsofthemostcomplexnature.Weshould,Ibelieve,speakoflivingorganisms,notoflivingmatter.

PierreLeCompteDuNouy, says: Our science isnotuniversal asyet andonlygoverns inanimate matter. If we maintain our faith in science as far as inanimatematter isconcernedand there isno reasonforusnot todosotherecanbeonlyoneexplanationforitsfailure,namely, thatnatureitself isnothomogeneous,aswebelieved,andthatthereisasolutionofcontinuitybetweeninorganicmatterandlifewhichouractualsciencecannotaccount for.Thusweneednotaccusescienceasawhole. Itkeepsall itsvalues,as farasweareconcerned, foreverything that isnotalive.Life,then,doesnotfitintotheuniversalpatternwetriedtobuild.

Du Nouy has arrived, after many years of searching for a physico-chemicalexplanation of living phenomena, at about the same point arrived at by ProfessorLionelBealeanumberofyearsago,whenhedeclaredthatanabsolutelinemustbedrawnbetweenthelivingandthenon-living.BothofthesemenseemtoagreewiththeHygienic position that theorganic world is not a mere sub-division of theinorganic.

Beale said that living matter is distinguished from all other matter by aproperty,poweroragencybywhichitselementsarearranged,directed,andpreparedto combine according to a prearranged plan for a definite purpose. There is nogradual transition from the non-living to the living. Life is a special position,independent of and not in any way related to the physical forces, powers, orproperties,andholdinginthecosmosaremarkableandpeculiarplace.

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Livingorganisms,evenintheirprimalstages,moveandgrow.Allthingselsecanbemoved; living things, of allmatter,move.Anythingmaybemoved; only livingthings canmove themselves.This power of self-movement is characteristic of andpeculiartolivingorganisms.

Living things direct their own activities. The most complex machine everinvented by man requires direction. The simplest organism is capable of self-direction.

The livingorganismseeksandprepares itsownfoodandrepairs itself.Lifelessengines need to be repaired by man. They are not capable of appropriating andassimilating suitable materials and transforming these into engine-substance andemployingthisinrepairingthemselves.

The livingmachine isverycomplexand itsactionsarepoweredfromwithin.Themost complex lifelessmachine derives its power fromwithoutwater power,windpower,steampower,electricpower,gaspower.The linotypemachine isverycomplex,butitispoweredfromwithoutandisoperatedanddirectedfromwithout.

The living organism is self-evolving. From a microscopic ovum the mostcomplexlivingorganismevolvesalongdefiniteandpredeterminedlinestothelatestcomplexities of structure.The steam engine does not evolve itself, but ismade byman. It must be supplied with water and fired by man, have its heat and steam-pressureregulatedbymanandmustbeoperatedanddirectedbyman.

The materials that go into an organized body cannot organize themselves.Somethingelsemustorganizethem.Lifeistheorganizingagent.Lifeonlyfrompre-existentlifeisafactofnature.Lifecomesonlyfrompre-existinglifebyaprocesswecallreproduction.Onlylivingorganismsarecapableofreproduction.Noman-mademachine,howevercomplex,canproduceanotherandlikemachine.

Biologistsandanatomistsare fondofdissectinganimalsandplants.Theystudythe dead. Biology is a refined form of necrologythe science of the dead. Onebiologist of note suggests thatwhile biology should dealwith living things, it hashungaroundthemorguesolongthatit isthescienceofdeadremains,whichhasbecomeasortofcommonmeetinggroundofgeology,chemistryandphysics.Headdsthatittendstobecomeasciencewithnobearinguponthosedeeperproblemswhichconcerncosmicqualitiesandvalues.

Most biologists have mounted too many butterflies and dissected too manygrasshoppers. They have spent too much time studying dead structures andchemically analyzing dead substance, not sufficient time studying the actions andfunctions of living organisms.All unconsciously, perhaps, they have transformedbiologyintonecrology.Thereisnomentalmechanismtobefoundinthemorgue.

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The biologist is no biologist at all, for he tends to conceive of living in terms ofmechanicalandchemicalprocesses,insteadofseeingthemasorganicprocesses.Wehave theworkof organs, indeedwehave the correlatedworkof awhole groupofinterrelated organs, not any merely mechanical movements or purely chemicalreactions.Itisessentialthatweseeinlifetheactionsofthelivingorganism,notthemeremotionsofamachineorthereactionsofachemicalsubstance.

By life ismeant the primal force of living existence.What is it;where does itoriginate;whatbecomesofitatdeath;whatisitsnature?Theseareallinterrogationswecannotanswer.Happilywedonothavetoanswerthem.Wecanliveandliveinthe highest and fullest sense without being able to answer a single one of thesequestions.

Grahamsaysthat,whilewedonotknowwhattheessenceoflifeis,weknowascertainlyasweknowanythingconcerningmatter,thatitcouldnotspringfromanyofthepropertiesorpowersofinorganicmatter,andthatitsrelationtotheorganizationofmatter is of necessity in the nature of things, and has ever been since the firstestablishment of the vital economy in connection with organizedmatter, that of acauseandnotofaneffect.ScienceofHumanLife,page201.

The manifestations of force in the living organism appear to represent thecollectiveenergyofmanyinternalelementalparts.Thelivingorganismemploystheforcesofheat,light,gravitation,etc.,inwaystosuititsownends.Asamechanismitemploysmechanicallaws;asachemicalbodyinwhichchemicalprocessesareevergoing on, it employs chemical laws; the laws of gravitation are involved in all itsmotions; it possesses the power to use the forces and agents of nature or to rejectthem, even to completelyovercome someof them, according to its ownneeds andinterests.Butthecontroloftheorganismoverthemechanical,chemicalandthermalforces andmaterials has a limit, andwhile it can control all forces to its ownbestinterestwithinthatlimit,andtheseforcescontributetothesupportoflifeonlysolongas they are controlled by the organism, these forces and agents are capable ofproducingharmtotheorganism.

Vitalprocesseshaveadefiniteobjectiveandpursue thiswithapersistencyandpurposiveness that denotes control similar to that which we exercise over ourconscious activities.Mansmind is probablyonly apart of that largermindwhichbelongstolife.Inbuildingthebody, lifeactsasif itknowsandevenforeknows.Itmakes provision for eventualities even before they arise; is both anticipative andeconomic.Intheadaptationofman,animalsandplantstotheirnaturalenvironmentand the precise adjustment of the internal relations to the external world, there isorderandprevisionandeconomy.Even in the instinctiveworkofanimals, suchas

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the building of a dam by the beaver or the comb by the bee, there is apparent aprevisionofwhichtheanimalseemstobeunconscious.Theremayevenbeacosmicprevisionasthefactsofsymbiosisseemtosuggest.

In analyzing the phenomena of life we apprehend them as manifestations, themotions of which can be mechanically traced. If their motions are not actuallyexplainedtheyareatleastexplainable.Theresidiumwhichislifeisthespontaneitythat pervades all processes of life.Life is not passive, it is no deadmachine actedupon from the outside by push. Its manifestations must be considered as activeprocessesofself-motion.

Justasthesnowflakeexhibitsadesignofunfailingregularity,sothesequenceofbiological events in the organism takes place according to an intrinsic necessitywhichgives themdefinitedirectionandwhen, at the seasonable timedefinite aimsareattainedandwhichhavebeenpreparedbyprecedingeventstheworkappearslike the work of a predetermined purpose. It is an immanent teleology whichdominatesthebody.

The adjustments of the forces of the body to purpose, to the building up andimprovementofstructuresyet imperfectand to thedischargeof functions lying thefuture,andthesubordinationoftheforcesandsubstancesofthebodytoasystemofadaptation and adjustment, suggest purpose and intelligence. Is the purposeconsciousorunconscious? Ifnot conscious, it is anticipativeofneedsprovided forbeforetheyarise,andisadaptivetounbornrequirements.

Themostperfectand,atthesametime,themostcomplexexampleofthestrivingafterapredeterminedgoal,oneinwhichfunctionsandeventsyetinthefardistanceare anticipated and prepared for, is supplied us by ontologythe development ofplantoranimalfromgermtoadulthood.Prof.Huxleysbeautifuldescriptionof theevolutionoftheyoungsalamander(NewYork1871)willfitanydevelopingembryo:Itisasifadelicatefingertracedoutthelinestobeoccupiedbyaspinalcolumnandmoulded the contour of the body; pinching up the head at one end, the tail at theother; fashioning flank and limb to nice salamandarine proportions in so artistic away, that, after watching the process hour by hour, one is almost involuntarilypossessedbythenotionthatsomemoresubtleaidtovisionthananachromaticwouldshowthehiddenartistwithhisplanbeforehim,strivingwithskillfulmanipulationtoperfecthiswork.LaySermons,p.261.

Thelivingbodyisnotbuilt fromwithoutasabuilderconstructshishouse.Theideaisnotintroducedintotheworkbytoolsandshapingprocesses.Onthecontrary,the work is from within. The evolving organism is the unfolding (from withinoutward)oftheidea.Theorganismistheproductofevolution,notofinvolution.

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Alllivingformsbeginasminuteone-calledbeings(fertilizedovum):omnevictimexvivo (all lifefromanegg)isstillafactofexperienceuncontrovertedwithoutasingleknownexception,unlessweexcepttheone-celledformsoflife.Byprocessesofsegmentation,differentiationandorganizationthecomplexorganismevolves.Thisprocessisorderlyandfollowsapredeterminedpatternfromimperceptiblebeginningstothelatestcomplexityofstructure.

It is difficult to study these processes and believe them to be chancedevelopments or the results of blind, mechanical necessity. The orderly series ofchangesandthemarvelousorganizingworkthatisseenisnotexplainedbyanyoralltheknownlawsofphysicsandchemistry.Lifemanifestsanorganizinganddirectiveintelligencethatwefindhardtobelieveillusive.

Lifemustbebigenoughandcomplicatedandprescientenoughtocontainallitsevolutionaryconsequences.Itmustbeable,bytheexerciseofapowernotunlikeourwills,toarrange,integrateandcoordinateanduseinpurposiveprocessesandactionsthechemicalandmechanicalenergiesresidentinthemostcomplexorganismaswellas to give rise to a sonata of Beethoven, a picture by Angelo or a play byShakespeare.

Weknowthat inthelivingorganism,themoleculesarenotchangedintoanewenergy.Theyareatworkunalteredandundiminished.Anewforcehasbeenaddedone which directs these forces as a prescient will directs. Life is not merelymanifestedbyabuilt-upbody,itbuildsthebody.Itisnottheresult,butthecauseofcellularcomplexity.Fromafertileegg,underproperconditions, thereemerges inafewdaysabirdwithtissuesandorgansheart,liver,beak,head,eyes,feathers,etc.We know that had the atoms of the egg been in a test-tube no bird would haveresulted.Therewouldseemtobenoescapefromrecognizingaprescient,orientingenergysuchasthatemployedbyapainter,sculptor,poetorothercreativeworker.

Modernsciencetendstobematerialisticandtodenytheexistenceofpurposeinnature.Itisinsistedthatinordertointerpretlifewemuststandoutsideofourselves.Theeyewithwhichwelookuponlivingphenomenamustbecutoff,asitwere,fromthebrainbehindit.Thecorrespondenceswhichwesee,betweenthesystemofthingsoutsideofusandthatsystemofthingsinsideofus,whichisthestructureofourownintelligence,aretobediscarded.

IbelieveintheinseparableunitywhichbindsustoalltheveritiesofnatureandIdonotthinkwecanreasonablybeaskedtocutourselvesandourpurposesofffromnature.Inasfarasmanisconcernedpurposesdoexistandwehavenogroundsforasserting that man alone has purpose. The tissues and organs of the body are allessentiallyadaptationsinthenatureofpurposes,beingindeedcontrivancesofthe

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mostcomplicatedkindsforthedischargeofequallycomplicatedfunctionsofaveryspecialcharacter.Organismsinnatureappearequallytobeessentiallyadaptationsinthenatureofpurposesor special contrivancesofevenmorecomplicatedcharactersfor thedischargeofmost intricatebio-social,bio-economicandbiomoralfunctions.Thewhole of plant and animal life is interlinked and interwoven in a far-reachinginterdependenceandtiedtosomegreatcosmicpurpose.Justastheoperationsoflifeconstitute,withintheorganism,acircuitofmutuallydependentprocesses,soin thewiderfieldoflifetheinter-organismaloperationsoftheplantandanimalconstituteacircuit of mutually dependent processes. All of life is related and normallycooperative.

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III.InternalSymbiosisSymbiosis is partnership. Internal symbiosis is the reciprocal differentiation andcooperationseenintheevolutionoforgansandthephysiologicaldivisionoflaborinorganisms.Concordandmutualaidareessentialbetweentheorgansofthebody.Theinterdependenceoftheorgansofthebodymeansthatnoorganissoindependentthatitcan,withimpunity,disregardtherightsofotherorgans.Allorgansmustrelyupononeanotherandinmanywaysgiverecompensefortheirdraftsonthefundsoflife.Thestomachdigestsfoodforthewholeorganismandnotforitselfalone;thelungssupplyoxygenforallthetissuesandnotfortheirowntissuesonlysuchisthegive-and-takeinthebody.Theunitsofthebodyhaveevolvedtogetherforthepurposeofco-operation;indeed,asReinheimerputsit:Organizationitselfisamonumenttoco-operation.

OneofAesopsfablesisapproposatthispoint.Hisstoryisthatthemembersofthe body once rebelled against the belly. You, they said to the belly, live inluxuryandsloth,andneverdoa strokeofwork;whilewenotonlyhave todo thehardworkthatistobedone,butareactuallyyourslavesandhavetoministertoallyour wants. Now, we will do so no longer, and you can shift for yourself in thefuture.Theywereasgoodastheirwordandleftthebellytostarve.Theresultwasjust what might be expected: the whole body began to fail, and the members allsharedinthegeneralcollapse.Andtheysawtoolatehowfoolishtheyhadbeen.

Aesopsfableisillustrativeofthefactoftheintegralunityofthebody;itrevealsthatlongagothedependenceofeachpartuponeveryotherpartandofallpartsuponeachwasfullyrealized.Fortunately thekindofrebellion thatAesoppicturedisnotpossible; unfortunately, another type of rebellion is possible.The human head (wecallitmind)hasgoneastray;itnolongerservestheothermembersofthebody,butusesitsquasi-autonomytopervertandinterrupttheprimordialunityofthebodyandto bring to it substances that, instead of supplying its needs in a normal andwholesomeway, irritate and disturb and cause it to waste its precious energies indefendingitself.

Ourphysiologistsandbiologistshaveevolvedtheconceptionofthelivingbodyas a machine constituted of physiologic parts and systems constellated for theachievement of a common end. This has truly been characterized as adepartmentalizationofanintrinsicone-bodiedness,andhasbeenproperlydescribedasamereexploitationofthetechnologicalmethodologiesofphysicalscience.Thisdepartmentalization of the body enables Darwinians to carry their conception ofcompetitionandstruggleintothefieldofphysiology.

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In an article on Balance of Power in the Body, Prof. Julian S.Huxley says:Rouxpointedoutthatthedifferentorgansandcellsofwhichthebodyofananimaliscomposedmustbecompetingwitheachotherforfoodandtheothernecessitiesofexistence justasdowholeanimals.True to theDar