The Polish Experience in PV Applications on the Example of

6 Years 1.1 kW System Operation at the Szczecin University of Technology

ANNA MAJCHRZYCKA, ZBIGNIEW ZAPAŁOWICZ,

AGNIESZKA KUCZYNSKA

Department of Heat Engineering

Szczecin University of Technology

POLAND

Goal

Observation Yearly electrical energy production by PV- system located on the roof of Department of

Heat Engineering (DHE) of Szczecin University of Technology systematically decreased

Evaluation of PV- system exploited in DHE building (Poland)

POLAND

SZCZECIN

Poland is situated in the Middle Europe on the Northern European Plain, with

the northern border at the Baltic Sea and Carpathian Mountains in the south.

Poland is located between 49º and 54º30’ N latitudes in a moderate climate

zone influenced by both the Atlantic and Continental climate.

Poland

                                                                

Poland geographic location

Middle Europe

Latitude: 49°00’ and 54°50’ N

Longitude: 14°08’ and 24°09’ E

Moderate climate zone

Western Pomeranian Province and Szczecin geographic location

Latitude:

52°30’ and 54°30’ N

Longitude:

14° and 17° E

Mean yearly irradiation in PolandMean yearly temperature t=7.9oC,

Mean solar hours =1600 h

Sun irradiance

Summer solstice

Winter solstice

II&III quater

I&IVquater

Hours

Rad

iati

on in

ten

sity

, kW

/m2

Polish regions with different conditions

for solar energy utilization

• Data of commissioned: February 1999

• Location Direction S

• Angle of inclination 44°

Grid connected PV system at Szczecin University of Technology

G R I D

INVERTER

Photovoltaic panel

Data monitoringand collecting

Data monitoringand collecting

Description of PV installation

• 10 solar modules type M110 (Simens)

• Modules are connected in two parallel series

• Total power of PV system 1100 Wp

• System PV co-operated with the Sunny-Boy inverter

Technical parameters of solar module type M110 (Siemens)

Solar module Value Unit

Maximum power [PMAX] 110 W

Open circuit voltage [UOC]

43,5 V

Short-circuit current [ISC] 3,45 A

MPP voltage [UMPP] 35,0 V

MPP current [AMPP] 3,15 A

Length/width [l/w] 1307/652 mm

Weight [m] 9,5 kg Source:www.siemens.de

The basic characteristic of the system : Industrial grade modules made by well known German corporation, Siemens. Covered with 3mm highly transparent glass to deliver more power and ensures high impact resistance and protection against hail, snow, ice and storms. Siemens M110- Monocrystal, with frame, no lead, 1316x 660x 35, 12V, 110W.

The module contains two parallel strings of 72 connected 103x103 mm mono- crystalline silicon solar cells. Siemens M110 solar module has been designed for 12V grid connected applications.

The junction box provides a high quality, dust protected and splash proof housing. The housing contains a rigid connection block with cage clamps and by-pass diodes providing “hot spot” protection for the solar cells.

Technical parameters of inverter type Sunny-Boy SWR 850

Inverter Value Unit

Nominal power [PNOM] 850 W

Input voltage [UDC] 125-250 V

Output voltage [UAC] 196-253 V

Frequency [fAC] 49,8-50,2 Hz

Max. efficiency [MAX] 93 %

Height/width/thickness [h/w/t] 290/322/180 mm

Weight [m] 18,5 kg

Source: http://www.solardyne.com/sunboyswr110.html Sale Price: $1,779.0

Inverter

type: Sunny-Boy SWR 850

„Sunny Data” main window

Acquisition system

Measurement parameters

• Direct voltage and current generating by PV modules

• Voltage and power transmitted to grid

• Operating time

• Energy production in fixed time

• Other electrical parameters

Meteorological stations

• Stations of IMiGW in Western Pomeranian Province

.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

DO 1994-2000

DO 2000

K 1966-1975

Irra

dia

tio

n [

kW

h/m

2 ]

Mean monthly sun irradiation – data from meteorological station IMiGW in Kołobrzeg

Mean monthly sun irradiation – data from meteorological

station IMiGW in Kołobrzeg

.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Irra

dia

tio

n

[kW

h/ m

2]

Meteorological Station:Kołobrzeg

Emean =1100 kWh/(m 2 a)

Meteorological station in DHE

View of station

Parameters measure by the meteorological station

Measurements:

• direct and diffuse solar radiation,

• pressure, temperature and relative humidity of air,

• power and direction of wind,

• surface PV module temperature.

Wind velocity sensor

• Measuring range -

0 –50 m/s

• Accuracy –

discrimination threshold 0,5 m/s

• Impulse output

20 imp/s = 1 m/s

Wind direction sensor

• Resolution - 11,5°

• Accuracy -

discrimination threshold

0,5 m/s

Sensors of solar radiation

• Pyranometrs CM11 produced by Kipp&Zonen

• According to the ISO 9060/WMO standards

• Secondary standard, high quality

• Spectral range

(50% points) - 305 – 2800 nm

• Sensivity - 4 – 6 μV/W/m2

• Response time (95%) - 12 s

Atmospheric pressure sensor

• Measuring range - 850 –1100 hPa

• Accuracy - 1 hPa

• Resolution - 0,1 hPa

Sensors of solar radiation

• Zero offsets:

thermal radiation (200 W/m2) – ±7 W/m2

temperature change (5 K/h) – ±2 W/m2

• Non stability (change/year) - ±0,5%• Non linearity (0-1000 W/m2) - ±0,6%• Directional error (at 1000 W/m2) - ±10 W/m2

• Temperature dependence of sensitivity -

±1% (-10 - +40°C)• Tilt response (at 1000 W/m2) - ±0,2%

Sensors of solar radiation

View of sensor and shadow ring

Relative air humidity sensor

• Measuring range -

30 –98%

• Accuracy –

2% in range 30-85%

3% in range 85-98%• Resolution - 0,1%

Meteorological station in DHE

View of station

Breakdowns of PV installation PV – system out of order

Damage of inverter in following periods: • from 01.11.2001 to 23.03.2002• from 19.03.2003 to 16.06.2003

Electrical energy was not produced.

Breakdowns of acquisition system.

Data was not collected in short time.

Electrical energy was produced.

.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

ly e

lect

rical

ene

rgy

prod

uctio

n [

kWh]

1038

978

773

863

777

Yearly electrical energy production from 1.1 kW PV generator

Measurement parameters

• Direct voltage and current generating by PV modules

• Voltage and power transmitted to grid

• Operating time

• Energy production in fixed time

• other electrical parameters

Recorder

• Type RC12

• Data storage 176 kB of memory

• Measurement period 2-60 min

• RS connection directly to computer

„Sunny Data” window

„Sunny Data” window

„Sunny Data” window

„Sunny Data” window

„Sunny Data” window

„Sunny Data” window

„Sunny Data” window

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

I II III IV V VI VIIVII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VIIVII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VIIVII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VIIVII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VIIVII IX X XI XII

Mo

nth

ly p

rod

uc

tio

n o

f e

lec

tric

al e

ne

rgy

[k

Wh

]

Monthly electrical energy production from 1.1 kW PV generator

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Ele

ctric

al e

nerg

y pr

oduc

tion

[kW

h/m

onth

]

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

Monthly electrical energy production by pV module in exploitation time 1999-2003

Reasons

• Variable weather conditions

• Breakdowns

• Ageing process of semiconductor elements

Daily electrical

production on 30.04

Daily electrical

production on 30.05

2002

2001

1999

2000

6,15 kWh

5,87 kWh

5,20 kWh

3,73 kWh

5,53 kWh

5,34 kWh

1,90 kWh

5,83 kWh

Daily electrical

production on 30.06

Daily electrical

production on 30.07

1999

2000

2001

2001

2000

2003

2002

5,10 kWh

1,73 kWh

5,70 kWh

3,69 kWh

6,35 kWh

3,01 kWh

4,70 kWh

5,12 kWh

5,69 kWh

Daily electrical

production on 30.08

1999

2003

2002

4,49 kWh

4,16 kWh

2,37 kWh

Daily electrical production on

summer cloudless days

30.07.1999

28.07.2000

28.07.2002

11.08.2003

6,35 kWh

6,00 kWh

6,02 kWh

6,08 kWh

.

60

70

80

90

100

110

1999 2000 2001 2002

Re

lativ

e e

lect

rica

l en

erg

y p

rod

uct

ion

[%

]

Observation: Systematically decrease of yearly electrical

energy production by PV- system located on the roof of Department of Heat Engineering (DHE)

of Szczecin University of Technology

Relative electrical energy production:

• 1999 927,39 kWh 100,0% 0,0%

• 2000 847,68 kWh 91,4% 8,6%

• 2001 825,92 kWh 89,1% 10,9%

• 2002 814,40 kWh 87,8% 12,2%

• 2003 not analysed

The average electrical energy production regarding to the months and 1m2 of PV panel Februar 1999 – Februar 2003

.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Ele

ctric

al e

nerg

y pr

oduc

tion

[kW

h/m

2]

Efficiency of PV modules

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Eff

icie

ncy

%

I III V VII IX XI

Average production of electrical energy and average solar irradiance

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

kWh/

m2

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Monthly electricity consumption per capita 1997-2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70kW

h

I IV VII X I IV VII X I IV VII X I IV VII

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160kW

h

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Municipal household’s electricity consumption per

capita and energy production by 1.1 kW PV modules

Electrical energy production per 1m2 of PV panel as the function of solar irradiation and average module’s efficiency

.

.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300Annual solar irradiation [kWh/(m 2 a)]

Ann

ual e

lect

rical

ene

rgy

prod

uctio

n pe

r 1m

2 o

f mod

ule

[kWh/(m 2 a)]

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

Efficiency of PV module

Annual electrical energy production from 1Wp of installed power PV cell

.

.

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

Annual electrical energy production from 1m 2 [kWh/(m 2 a)]

Ann

ual e

lect

rical

ene

rgy

prod

uctio

n z

1W p

[kWh/(W p a)]90

100

110

120

130

conversion coefficient [W p /m 2 ]

PRICE SURVEY: MAY 2006

Solar Electricity

21.66 cents per kWh Up 0.10 cents/kWh

EUROPE €5.83 per Watt Up 3 euro cents

UNITED STATES $5.41 per Watt Up 4 Cents

Number <$4.50/Wp 104 (Down 23) (6.0% of survey)

Lowest Mono- Crystalline Module Price

US$4.05/Wp (€3.21/Wp)

Lowest Multi- Crystalline Module Price

US$4.16/Wp (€3.37/Wp)

Lowest Thin Film Module price

US$3.94/Wp (€3.12/Wp)

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http://www.solarbuzz.com/index.asp

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• It was observed that the amount of produced electrical energy systematically decreased.

• The rate of PV panels ageing was estimated by analysis of the parameters aquired during the operation of the system. It was found out, that based only of daily energy production, it is not possible to estimate this value in a reliable way. Approximate ageing rate of PV generator was estimated by verification of annual data concerning electrical energy production.

• Ageing rate of installation decreased asymptotically. Close to the end of operation of the installation, 15% decrease of electrical energy produced in photovoltaic cells was observed.

Conclusions