the periodic table j. mcleod h. chemistry. essential question how is the periodic table arranged?
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The Periodic TableJ. McLeod
H. Chemistry
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Essential Question
How is the periodic table arranged?
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A little history…
Dmitri Mendeleev: 1st Periodic Table organized the periodic table by increasing atomic massLeft empty spaces Predicted properties of unknown elements
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Mendeleev’s Table
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A little more history...
Henry Moseley: Modern Periodic Table (1887-1915) There were small problems with Mendeleev’s table. Used information he found about isotopes to modify Mendeleev’s table Determined that elements are put in order by their atomic number
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Elements are arranged:
Vertically into Groups/Families
Horizontally Into Periods
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Why?
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If you looked at one atom of every element in a
group you would see…
Each atom has the same number of valence electrons Electrons in the outermost energy level (shell)
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The group 2 atoms all have 2 electrons in their outer shells
Be (Beryllium)
Atom
Mg (Magnesium) Atom
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The number of outer or valence electrons in an atom effects the way an atom bonds.
The way an atom bonds determines many properties of the element.
This is why elements within a group usually have similar properties.
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If you looked at an atom from each element in a period you would see…
Each atom has the same number of energy levels.
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The period 4 atoms each have 4 energy levels
K (Potassium) Atom
Fe (Iron) AtomKr (Krypton)
Atom
4th Shell
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Divisions of the Table
The Periodic Table is divided into regions based on general propertiesInclude:
Metals Non-metals Metalloids
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Left side of the stairs Forms cations by losing electrons High Melting Points Solids at room temperature (except Hg) Metallic luster Malleable and ductile Good conductors of heat and electricity
Metals
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Non-metals
Right side of the stairs Forms anions by gaining electrons Low Melting Points Gases or solids at room temperature
(except Br2) Brittle solids (Which means what?) Insulators (poor conductors or heat &
electricity)
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Metalloids Have properties of both metals and non-metals Semi-conductors Solids
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Ticket Out The Door:
State whether the following are metals, nonmetals, or metalloids and then predict a property that they may have: Potassium Iodine Antimony
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Bellwork
What are the vertical columns of the PT called? What do they have in common?
What are the horizontal rows called? What do they have in common?
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Groups
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Hydrogen
Belongs to a family of its own.
Is a diatomic, reactive gas.
Was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg.
Is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles
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Group 1Soft, silvery colored metals1 valence e-Very reactive!!!
Alkali Metals
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Alkali Metal Video
What trend in reactivity is seen amongst the alkali metals?
What would you expect from Francium?!?!
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Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 Silvery-white metals 2 valence e-
Fairly reactive Many are found in rocks in the earth’s
crust
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Transition Metals
• Most are good conductors heat & electricity
• Malleable (easily bent or hammered into wires or sheets)
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How many things can you think of that have Transition Metals in them?
Write as many down as you can in 1 minute.
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Halogens
Group 17 Have 7 Valence electrons Most are poisonous Cl2 was used as a chemical weapon
during WWI and WWII
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Halogens
What trend in reactivity is seen amongst the Halogens?
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Noble Gases
Group 18 8 Valence Electrons Very unreactive Gases at room temperature
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Jellyfish lamps made with noble gases artist- Eric Ehlenberger
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Lanthanide Series
Actinide Series
Lanthanides & ActinidesLocated at the bottom of the Periodic TableRare Earth Metals
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Summing it up: Ticket out the Door
State which group each of the following elements belongs to and give a property of the element.
Lithium Chlorine Uranium Krypton Strontium Chromium
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Bellwork
1. What is the most reactive metal?2. What is the most reactive nonmetal?3. How many energy levels does
Strontium have?4. How many valence electrons does
Aluminum have?
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Blank Periodic Table
Write the names of the families in their respective columns Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Halogens, & Noble
Gases Label the two rows with their respective names
Lanthanides & Actinides Outline the metals in RED Outline the metalloids in GREEN Outline the non-metals in BLUE Draw an arrow showing reactivity of METALS Draw an arrow showing reactivity of NONMETALS
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The properties of the elements on the periodic table create trends as you move around.
Trends move left-right & up-down
Periodicity
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Reactivity of Metals
Towards Francium
Fr
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Reactivity of Nonmetals
Towards Fluorine
F
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- ½ the distance between two adjacent nuclei
…increases as we go down a column
WHY? add a new energy level each time
…increases as we go right to leftacross a period
WHY? Decrease in nuclear charge
Atomic Radius
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Atomic RadiiLi
Na
K
Rb
Cs
ClSPSiAl
BrSeAsGeGa
ITeSbSnIn
Tl Pb Bi
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Be FONCB
1.52 1.11
1.86 1.60
2.31 1.97
2.44 2.15
2.62 2.17
0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64
1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99
1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14
1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33
1.71 1.75 1.46
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
= 1 Angstrom
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cations anions Ca atom Ca+2 ion Cl atom Cl-1 ion
the size of an ion
20 p+
20 e–
20 p+
18 e–
17 p+
17 e–
17 p+
18 e–
Ca Ca2+ Cl Cl1–
cations lose electrons-smaller
Anions gain electronslarger
Ionic Radius
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IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
0.60 0.31
0.95 0.65
1.33 0.99
1.48 1.13
1.69 1.35
1.71 1.40 1.36
0.50 1.84 1.81
0.62 1.98 1.85
0.81 2.21 2.16
0.95
Li1+ Be2+
Na1+ Mg2+
Cl1-
N3- O2- F1-
S2-
Se2- Br1-
Te2- I1-
Al3+
Ga3+
In3+
Tl3+
Ca2+K1+
Sr2+Rb1+
Cs1+ Ba2+
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
ClSPSiAl
BrSeAsGeGa
ITeSbSnIn
Tl Pb Bi
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
1.52 1.11
1.86 1.60
2.31 1.97
2.44 2.15
2.62 2.17
0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64
1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99
1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14
1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33
1.71 1.75 1.46
Be B C N O F
= 1 Angstrom
AtomicRadii
IonicRadii
Cations: smaller than parent atoms
Anions: LARGERthan parent atoms
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– the energy required to remove an e– from an atom …increases as we go up a column
WHY? shielding effect - increase in the number of energy levels
…increases as we go from left to right across a periodWHY?
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons… high 1st ionization energy. Metals tend to lose electrons… low first ionization energy
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy increases He
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– the tendency for a bonded atom to attract electrons to itself
…increases as we go up a column
…increases as we go left to right across a periodWHY?
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons… high electronegativity
Metals tend to lose electrons… low electronegativity
Electronegativity
electronegativity increases F
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On the periodic table on the next page of your notes… draw out all of the trends if you have not done so already.
Periodic Table