the modern periodic table. modern periodic table

THE MODERN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLEPERIODIC TABLE

Modern Periodic TableModern Periodic Table

MendeleevMendeleev

1834 - 19071834 - 1907 1869 – Dmitri 1869 – Dmitri

Mendeleev Mendeleev published the first published the first periodic tableperiodic table

MendeleevMendeleev

Born in Siberia, the last Born in Siberia, the last of 14-17 childrenof 14-17 children

Father blind, mother ran Father blind, mother ran glass factoryglass factory

When he finished high When he finished high school, his father died school, his father died and the factory burnt and the factory burnt downdown

MendeleevMendeleev

His mother took His mother took him to St. him to St. Petersburg to study Petersburg to study sciencescience

Denied admission Denied admission to the university, he to the university, he studied at a school studied at a school for teachersfor teachers

MendeleevMendeleev

In time, he became In time, he became a professor of a professor of chemistry at the U. chemistry at the U. of St. Petersburgof St. Petersburg

While writing a While writing a chemistry chemistry textbook, he textbook, he developed the developed the periodic tableperiodic table

MendeleevMendeleev Where a gap existed in Where a gap existed in

his table, he predicted his table, he predicted a new element would a new element would be found and deduced be found and deduced its propertiesits properties

He was right. Three He was right. Three elements were found elements were found during his lifetimeduring his lifetime

Ga, Sc, GeGa, Sc, Ge

MendeleevMendeleev

The discovered The discovered elements provided the elements provided the strongest support for strongest support for his periodic tablehis periodic table

It is a cornerstone in It is a cornerstone in chemistry and in our chemistry and in our understanding of how understanding of how the universe is put the universe is put togethertogether

MendeleevMendeleev

Mendeleev’s Mendeleev’s table arranged table arranged the elements in the elements in order of order of increasing increasing atomic massatomic mass


Square of the periodic table contains anSquare of the periodic table contains an

element’s atomic #, chemical symbol, element’s atomic #, chemical symbol, atomic massatomic mass


The elements in The elements in each group have each group have the same number the same number of valence of valence electronselectrons

METALSMETALS

Most elements are metalsMost elements are metals 88 elements in total88 elements in total

Physical Properties Physical Properties of Metalsof Metals

Luster (shininess)Luster (shininess) Good conductors of heat and Good conductors of heat and

electricityelectricity High density (heavy for their size)High density (heavy for their size) High melting pointHigh melting point Some metals (Fe, Co and Ni) are Some metals (Fe, Co and Ni) are

magneticmagnetic

Physical Properties of MetalsPhysical Properties of Metals

Ductile (most metals can be drawn out Ductile (most metals can be drawn out into thin wires)into thin wires)

Malleable (most metals can be Malleable (most metals can be hammered into thin sheets)hammered into thin sheets)

Chemical Properties Chemical Properties of Metalsof Metals

Metals show a wide range of Metals show a wide range of chemical propertieschemical properties

Reactivity – ease and speed Reactivity – ease and speed with which an element with which an element combines or reactscombines or reacts

Group 1 and 17 VERY Group 1 and 17 VERY reactive reactive


Some metals are Some metals are very reactive, some very reactive, some do not react easilydo not react easily

AlloyAlloy – mixture of – mixture of metalsmetals

Examples: bronze, Examples: bronze, brass, stainless brass, stainless steelsteel


Easily lose electrons (Group 1 and 2)Easily lose electrons (Group 1 and 2) Corrode easily. Corrosion is a gradual Corrode easily. Corrosion is a gradual

wearing awaywearing away Examples of corrosion: Examples of corrosion:

silver tarnishing and iron rustingsilver tarnishing and iron rusting

Families of MetalsFamilies of Metals

Group 1 – Alkali MetalsGroup 1 – Alkali Metals


One valence electronOne valence electron Most reactive of all metalsMost reactive of all metals SoftSoft Low densitiesLow densities Low melting pointLow melting point


Na, KNa, K Na compounds in Na compounds in

found in sea waterfound in sea water Na and K both Na and K both

essential for lifeessential for life

Group 2 – Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals Two valence Two valence

electronselectrons Group 2Group 2 Very reactiveVery reactive

Group 2 – AlkalineGroup 2 – AlkalineEarth MetalsEarth Metals

Magnesium and Magnesium and calcium are common calcium are common alkaline earth metalsalkaline earth metals

Calcium compounds Calcium compounds make up much of your make up much of your bones and teethbones and teeth

Group 2 – Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Elements in Groups 3 – 12 Elements in Groups 3 – 12 Bridge between very reactive Bridge between very reactive

metals on left side and less metals on left side and less reactive metals on the right sidereactive metals on the right side

Rare Earth MetalsRare Earth Metals

Two rows on the Two rows on the bottom of the tablebottom of the table

Lanthanides and Lanthanides and ActinidesActinides

Lanthanides are Lanthanides are soft, shiny metals soft, shiny metals with high with high conductivityconductivity

Actinides are all Actinides are all radioactive. radioactive.

NONMETALSNONMETALS

Nonmetals are found to the right of the Nonmetals are found to the right of the stair step line - 17 elements in totalstair step line - 17 elements in total

Make up most of the human bodyMake up most of the human body (oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen)(oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen)

Physical Properties of NonmetalsPhysical Properties of Nonmetals

The physical properties of nonmetals are The physical properties of nonmetals are opposite to those of metalsopposite to those of metals

Physical PropertiesPhysical Propertiesof Nonmetalsof Nonmetals

No luster (dull appearance)No luster (dull appearance) Poor conductor of heat and electricityPoor conductor of heat and electricity Brittle (breaks easily)Brittle (breaks easily) Not ductileNot ductile Many are gases at room temperatureMany are gases at room temperature

Physical PropertiesPhysical Propertiesof Nonmetalsof Nonmetals

Not malleableNot malleable Low densityLow density Low melting pointLow melting point Elements in this group have one Elements in this group have one

valence electronvalence electron How does this affect their reactivity?How does this affect their reactivity? It makes them It makes them VERY REACTIVE.VERY REACTIVE.

Chemical Properties Chemical Properties on Nonmetalson Nonmetals

Have many electrons in their highest Have many electrons in their highest energy level (shell)energy level (shell)

Form negative ionsForm negative ions Gain electronsGain electrons Noble gases do not react with other Noble gases do not react with other

elements (OUTER SHELL IS FULL)elements (OUTER SHELL IS FULL)

Chemical PropertiesChemical Propertiesof Nonmetalsof Nonmetals

Diatomic molecule Diatomic molecule – when nonmetals – when nonmetals form molecules of two identical atomsform molecules of two identical atoms

H HH H

METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS Elements that Elements that

border the zigzag border the zigzag line line

Have properties of Have properties of both metals and both metals and nonmetalsnonmetals

7 in total7 in total Silicon, Boron, Silicon, Boron,

Antimony, Arsenic, Antimony, Arsenic, TelluriumTellurium

Physical PropertiesPhysical Propertiesof Metalloidsof Metalloids

SolidsSolids Can be shiny or dullCan be shiny or dull Conduct heat and electricity better Conduct heat and electricity better

than nonmetals, but not as well as than nonmetals, but not as well as metalsmetals

Chemical PropertiesChemical Propertiesof Metalloidsof Metalloids

Tend to gain and lose electronsTend to gain and lose electrons React with metals to form saltsReact with metals to form salts Some act like metals, some act like Some act like metals, some act like

nonmetalsnonmetals

Carbon GroupCarbon Group

Carbon is the only Carbon is the only nonmetal in Group nonmetal in Group 1414

Two common forms Two common forms – graphite and – graphite and diamonddiamond

Each element has Each element has four valence four valence electronselectrons

Group 15 – Nitrogen GroupGroup 15 – Nitrogen Group

N and P are nonmetalsN and P are nonmetals

N makes up 80% of airN makes up 80% of air

N is essential to lifeN is essential to life

Group 17 -- HalogensGroup 17 -- Halogens

Halogens combine Halogens combine with metals to form with metals to form saltssalts

Have 7 valence Have 7 valence electronselectrons

MOST REACTIVEMOST REACTIVE of NON-metalsof NON-metals

Group 18 – The Noble GasesGroup 18 – The Noble Gases

Colorless gasesColorless gases Do not bond or Do not bond or

combine with combine with other elementsother elements

Outer electron Outer electron shell is fullshell is full

Group 18 – The Noble GasesGroup 18 – The Noble Gases

He is the second lightest gasHe is the second lightest gas

HydrogenHydrogen

H does not fit in with H does not fit in with any groupany group

(yet can be in either (yet can be in either GROUP 1 or GROUP GROUP 1 or GROUP 17)17)

Reacts easily with Reacts easily with other elementsother elements

QUIZ YOURSELF!QUIZ YOURSELF!

What are the rows What are the rows across the periodic across the periodic table called?table called?

Answer:Answer:

PERIODSPERIODS


What is the term for What is the term for the vertical the vertical columns in the columns in the Periodic Table?Periodic Table?

Answer: Groups or Answer: Groups or FamiliesFamilies


How are the elements arranged in the How are the elements arranged in the periodic table?periodic table?

In order of increasing atomic numberIn order of increasing atomic number


What is the most What is the most reactive group of reactive group of metals?metals?

the modern periodic table. modern periodic table

Documents

alkali metals slide

transition metals slide

families of metals slide

reactive slide

reactive metals

alkaline earth metals

ge slide

total slide