THE PALEO DIET INSIDERHOW TO

BE ACNE FREE

THE

Vol. 5, Issue 6

GROCERY SAVINGS

AUTISM AND THE PALEO

DIET

INCURABLE SKIN DISEASE

CURED

LOREN CORDAIN, PH.D.

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much androgen, a hormone that increases skin oil production.

Because refined vegetable oils contain too much omega-6 fats and too little omega-3 fats, they promote excess inflammation through an inflammatory hormone called IL-1 alpha that can cause skin cells to stick together and block pores.

Whole grains, beans and legumes contain substances called lectins that can get into the bloodstream, and may promote acne by inhibiting ZAG. This is an enzyme that normally dissolves proteins holding skin cells together, again promoting pore blockage. Lectins also increase IL-1 alpha and other inflammatory hormones. Additionally, lectins impair normal zinc metabolism, and low zinc concentrations in the bloodstream promote inflammation.

Due to high calcium concentrations, dairy products also impair zinc absorption and contribute to marginal zinc status.

Does this mean cutting out all of your favorite foods forever? Absolutely not! Because it takes about 30 days for your skin cells to completely renew themselves, you will need to strictly adhere to the diet for about a month.

In most cases, you should experience dramatic improvement in your acne symptoms. Within days or a week of adopting the diet, much of the inflammatory symptoms of acne will begin to subside. Here’s an example of the quick improvements that have been reported:

“I just wanted to take a couple minutes to thank you for information that has cured my 16 year struggle with acne. Since I was 11, I have had a moderate case of acne. It never was severe, but

HOW TO BE ACNE FREE FOR A LIFETIME

Loren Cordain, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus

Most people think that acne is a disease of adolescence that just disappears after the teen years. Not so! In the United States, acne affects between 40 and 50 million people from children to adults. In young adults, some degree of facial acne is found in 54% of women and 40% of men. Those suffering from acne are estimated to spend millions collectively each year on over-the-counter acne treatments.

Surprisingly, the causes of acne have been known for more than 40 years. Acne develops from four processes:

1. Blockage of the follicle opening or the pore

2. Excessive production of skin oil

3. Bacterial colonization and infection of the pimple and

4. Inflammation of the pimple and surrounding tissue

Let’s take a look at how diet influences the development of acne.

Refined grains, refined sugars and certain dairy foods keep blood insulin concentrations high, and cause a hormonal cascade that underlies the development of acne. When insulin is elevated, it lowers IGFBP-3. This is a beneficial hormone that promotes normal skin cell death and prevents pores from becoming blocked. When insulin is elevated, it also increases IGF-1. This hormone stimulates excessive skin cell growth, and elevated IGF-1 prevents IGFBP-3 from doing its job. IGF-1 also causes the testes and ovaries to secrete too

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it has been very stubborn. I tried everything short of Accutane--several years of Retin-A, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, birth control, and every cream, wash and mask available at the drugstore...Nothing ever worked...Then I started doing research on the internet about the problem. I discovered your website and started reading the articles on it...I decided to give the diet a try.

I noticed that by the very next day, something felt different. I had no new eruptions. The ones I had started to shrink. After about a week, almost all my old zits were gone and no new ones took their place. I went on and off the diet several times until my experiments proved overwhelming. I now have been on the diet for a while and have absolutely no breakouts on my face. And unlike the terrible side effects from my acne drugs (stomach problems, dry, itchy face), I have only the positive side effects of more energy, a clearer head, and a smile that I just can’t shake.

So again, I want to thank you. My whole attitude has changed, and I almost feel like a different person. Acne was very psychologically damaging to me, and the turnaround has helped so much more than just my skin. I just somehow wish all that money I threw down the garbage on the various acne treatments could have somehow gone to you instead!”

Thank you, Michelle

Once you have achieved clearance of your acne symptoms, you may experiment to identify foods that may be added back into your diet in limited quantities.

My advice is to only add a single food or food type once a month. You may find that you can eat pizza once a week with no problems, but pizza 3 days in a row will cause problems. However, remember that the further you drift from the basics of the diet, the greater will be the chance of your acne returning.

The foods to avoid include refined sugars, refined grains, refined oils, dairy products, legumes, whole grains, and potatoes. It’s also better to avoid yeast-containing foods, alcohol, sweets (including dried fruit), margarines and shortenings, and fatty, processed and canned meat and fish. The only acceptable vegetable and salad oils are flaxseed oil, walnut oil and olive oil. Since all processed foods are basically mixtures of sugars, grains, oils and dairy products, they should be eliminated for the first 30-days.

This a lifetime way of eating that will improve your health and reduce your risk of getting the chronic diseases (heart disease, high blood cholesterol, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancer, autoimmune disorders) that afflict almost 70% of all adults in the U.S.

Your taste buds and palette will be pleasantly surprised when you replace processed foods made with the same old four ingredients (refined grains, refined oils, refined sugars, and salt) with delicious fresh fruits, vegetables, lean meat and seafood. You will love your new image along with increases in your energy, health and fitness that most people enjoy as they adopt this lifetime program of eating.

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GROCERY STORE SPECIALS: A GREAT WAY TO SAVENell Stephenson, BS USC EXSC

We’re all used to seeing coupon flyer inserts in local papers. While many of these items don’t fit into the Paleo Diet, there are some foods worth checking out, such as fruit, vegetables, and meats that are all at lower prices for a better deal.

Perhaps you’ll get a better deal on apples if you buy a 10 lb. bag rather than only two or three individual apples. If the quantity seems too large, freeze the extra, as I suggested a issues ago in the Buying in Bulk article. Alternatively, get creative on how you use a particular food. Using apples as an example, you can eat them not only as a whole food snack, but you can also bake them in the oven with water, cinnamon and a few raisins for a tasty dessert. Throw them diced atop a green salad, or mix them into your leftover roast turkey breast with some olive oil for a healthy version of a turkey salad.

Check out local fish and meat in season: perhaps the coho salmon is selling for $7.99 per pound, rather than the king salmon you usually buy for $24.99. Try the bison steak instead of your favorite filet mignon, which is a fraction of the price, and you’ll save while expanding your palate!

The same works for produce. Perhaps a local winter squash is at a better price than asparagus that came from South America. Buying local produce not only will you save money, but it will also make less of a carbon footprint.

Try making your meal plans based on the ads for what is on sale in the coming week. Being prepared is going to serve you well because you’re far less likely to splurge on that expensive bag of exotic gourmet nuts when you’ve already allocated your money for fresh, local, raw walnuts!

Happy, (and savvy) eating!

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AUTISM MAY BE INFLUENCED BY A CASEIN/GLUTEN-FREE DIET Pedro Bastos, MA MS Ph.D.

Autism spectrum disorders are complex neurodevelopmental disorders typically diagnosed during the first three years of life and characterized by little or no language and social interaction, hyperactivity, poor attention, impulsivity, aggression, repetitive-rocking, self-injurious behavior, and abnormal responses to sensations, people, events and objects.1-3

The cause of this syndrome is largely unknown,3 and it most likely results from an interaction between one’s genotype and several environmental factors.

Two environmental factors that have been proposed are gluten and casein. Indeed, a popular diet for autism is the gluten-free, casein-free diet.4 To understand its potential role, let’s take a short course on gluten and casein.

Gluten includes two classes of proteins:

• Glutenin (found in wheat)5 and glutenin-like proteins (found in rye6 and barley7);

• Prolamines (alcohol-soluble proteins),8 called gliadin in wheat, hordein in barley, secalin in rye and avenin in oats.

Both prolamines and glutenins have a high proline and glutamine content. Since digestive enzymes are deficient in prolyl endopeptidase activity, these gluten proteins are resistant to complete proteolysis, which can result in the accumulation of large peptides with a high proline and glutamine content in the small intestine in virtually all people.5

Regarding casein, as many readers may remember, it is the major protein group in bovine milk9 (the other being whey proteins) and includes several proteins,9,10

as depicted in the following Table 1.

It is generally believed that bovine milk proteins are completely broken down by digestive enzymes11 in healthy individuals with normal gastric pH (~2).12 Nevertheless, to my knowledge, this has been shown in vitro11,12 and not in vivo, so we can’t be sure.

Furthermore, as mentioned in previous articles, the main purpose of milk is to be the sole food of infant mammals during the most accelerated growth

period in post natal development when endogenous production of hormones is low.13 In addition to proteins, fats, lactose, vitamins and minerals, milk contains various growth-stimulating steroid and peptide hormones14,15 as well as catalysts, transporters and stabilizers that ensure their maximum bioactivity.14

Cow’s milk contains peptidase inhibitors16,17 that could prevent proteolytic breakdown of various hormones and growth factors, and it also contains other proteins such as caseins.

Do those peptides (from gluten and casein) cross the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier intact?

Because there is a high degree of variability among individuals, it depends on multiple variables such as:

• Age: Infants have an immature gastrointestinal mucosal barrier compared to adults.12

• Wheat: It has been shown that gliadins, a class of proteins in wheat, upregulates a protein called zonulin,18 which increases tight junction diameter and hence increases gut permeability in virtually all people,18 albeit much more dramatically in celiac disease patients.

• Hot peppers37,38

• Alcohol39

• Food allergies40,41

• Vitamin D deficiency42

• Glutamine insuficiency43

• Zinc Deficiency44

• Dysbiosis39

• Lectins: These glycoproteins, especially the ones that exist in cereal grains (particularly

Proteins | Bovine Milk grs/L | % of Total Protein

Casein (Total) | 27 | 79

α-Casein S1 (A,B,C,D,E) | 10.3 | 30

α-Casein S2 (A,B,C,D) | 2.7 | 8

β-Casein | 9.7 | 28 (A1,A2,A3,B,C,D,E,F,H1,H2,I,G)

κ-Casein (A,B) | 3.5 | 10

γ-Casein | 0.8 | 2

Table 1:

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wheat) and legumes, may also cause leaky gut.19,20

• Saponins: These chemical compounds that produce a soap-like foaming, and exist in legumes21-25 and alfalfa sprouts,26 may also increase gut permeability. 21,26-29

• Potatoes: The glycoalkaloids solanine and chaconine (which don’t seem to be affected by cooking)30 are a sub category of saponins called steroid glycosides, and may also increase intestinal permeability.30-33

• Tomatoes: Another saponin present in green tomatoes,34 the glycoalkaloid alpha tomatine, may also cause leaky gut.29,32,33,35,36

So, in individuals with leaky gut, these peptides derived from milk and gluten proteins may pass into the systemic circulation.

For sources see References: Section I

HOW ABOUT JUST A LITTLE PIECE OF BREAD Nell Stephenson, BS USC EXSC

If you’re someone who’s new to the Paleo Diet, or perhaps you just need a bit of a refresher now and then, read on!

Maybe you’ve been a Paleo devotee for quite a while, and it crosses your mind now and then to just have a little bit of a non-Paleo food. Should you do it? If you’re following this type of eating plan for medical reasons and you have an autoimmune disease or another significant health issue, perhaps not. If, on the other hand, you’ve found yourself in the best health of your life and are simply toying with the idea of how you’d feel if you were to stray...YES!

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For one thing, here’s an opportunity to reinforce how good you feel when you stick to Paleo food choices. If, in the past, you grew used to feeling less than great all the time, you might not have noticed how you felt after a big dose of dairy, gluten or legumes. Now, however, after you’ve been running your system on clean fuel, if you ingest some of the toxins found in many of the products readily available to us, you’ll notice it in a BIG WAY! Whether it manifests in GI issues, fatigue, joint pain or other symptoms, you’ll know!

Please take this with a grain of salt - I’m not preaching that no one should ever deviate at all. I certainly enjoy a glass of wine on occasion (but ONLY for the anti-oxidant/polyphenol effect : ). I’m just simply encouraging you to think about your food choices, and keep in mind how good you feel when you eat Paleo foods, which are, actually, FOOD!

INCURABLE SKIN DISEASE (HAILEY-HAILEY DISEASE) ELIMINATED BY THE PALEO DIETLoren Cordain, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus

Also known as familial benign chronic pemphigus, Hailey-Hailey disease is rare and involves blistering of the skin. Thus, it may be mistaken for conditions that are similar in appearance such as impetigo, thrush, or tinea (also known as jock itch). Its name relates to the Hailey brothers who first described it in 1939.1

The disease has been traced to the loss of one functional copy of the human ATP2C1 gene.2,3

This gene codes for the protein SPCA1 (Secretory Pathway Calcium/manganese-ATPase), a calcium and manganese pump.1-3 This genetic defect causes the skin cells that would normally be packed tightly together to become unstuck from one another and fall apart.1 Unfortunately, it is often exacerbated by heat, sweating and friction so symptoms are usually worse in the summer.

In the absence of a cure, treatment focuses on reducing the symptoms and preventing flares.1 To help others with this disease, Gina Caracciolo-Mendez shares her experience of completely clearing up this skin condition by adopting the Paleo Diet. Here’s her story:

“My name is Gina Caracciolo-Mendez and I have suffered with the skin condition Hailey-Hailey (benign familial pemphigus) for over 17 years. I got my first flare-up at age 20 but did not notice my condition getting worse until after my two pregnancies. After my second pregnancy (9 years ago) is when I began taking a multitude of medications, i.e., antibiotics both topical and oral, steroids both topical and oral as well as antihistamines for the itching and any pain medication I could get my hands on, i.e. Percocet, Vicodin, Percodan, Ibuprofen - anything just so I could tolerate living.

After seeing multiple dermatologists and also being treated by my primary care physician with methotrexate as this medication is used for severe psoriasis patients, I had been in touch with my cousin in Oregon, Victor Caracciolo,

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Special thanks to Gina and Victor for sharing their

breakthrough experience to help others.

Because the symptoms receded so quickly after Gina adopted the Paleo Diet, the expression of the disease must therefore involve not just the genetic defect, but also an environmental factor that is prevented by one or more components of the Paleo Diet.

This is one of the many autoimmune disorders that seem to respond so nicely when patients start eating the Paleo Diet. If you have experienced health benefits after changing your diet, we’d love to hear your story as well.

who has suffered with the same condition for a longer time than myself as he is 15 years my senior. He instructed me that after a week on the Paleo Diet, his skin had completely cleared up and that I should give it a try. He has been on this diet for over 3 months now and still completely free of this skin condition. I was eager to start this as I was desperate to try anything as even tying my tubes to go on Accutane and Soriatane did not give me any results. While being on this diet, within 3 days, my skin has completely cleared up without any itching and I have noticed the scale starting to decrease, which is also a blessing for all the weight I have gained over the years.

I have a different blood type than my cousins who have this disease as well (we have had a total of 9 people in our family with the skin disorder). My grandmother passed this on to 2 of her 4 children. My father has had this disease in remission for a number of years due to becoming diabetic and being on medication. My uncle who also passed it to 4 out of his 8 children, passed away in 1990 and one of his sons who had it also passed away in 2007. My brother and I who are my father’s only children both carry this disease, but my brother just had it start about 5 years ago with only having a flare-up on his neck and groin. My cousin Victor and I have had it the worst out of the family.

I can say I am now starting to feel like a normal human being again due to this new way of eating and living. I live in Florida so not sweating is nearly impossible (something that I was told by my doctor so that the skin condition can stay under control).”

Gina Mendez Wellington, FL

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GET OUT THE GRILLNell Stephenson, BS USC EXSC

With spring finally here, why not enjoy the nice weather and spend the day outside engaged in your sport or playing with the kids, and end with a lovely, grilled meal in your back yard? Using the grill is a great way to cook not only your favorite meats, but also vegetables, poultry, fish and fruit!

It’s likely that the first things that come to mind are the traditional steaks, chicken breasts, and maybe the occasional green onion or two. There’s nothing wrong with any of that, but why not expand the options and add more variety, color, texture and flavor?

The preparation can be simple to elaborate - anything from simply washing a bell pepper and throwing it on the grill to concocting a marinade for your steak a day or two in advance, and letting it rest in the fridge before cooking it.

In keeping with many people’s time constraints, I’d encourage making more than you need for the one meal so that you’ll have tasty leftovers to enjoy the next day or two for lunches and snacks.

Try cooking several different foods in stages. After one batch is cooked, remove it from the heat and place the next round on the grill! You could cook some veggies first (multicolored bell peppers, if you’re NOT following an autoimmune Paleo regime, red and yellow onions, green and yellow squash, and carrots, to name a few!). Then make them available for your family to snack on while you’re grilling your meat, fish, or poultry.

When those are done, serve them with a fresh, mixed green salad and, after giving the grill a quick clean off, throw on some fresh peaches, pineapple or nectarines! The flavors brought out by the grill are fantastic. Clean up is simple, and you’ll have eaten a balanced, easily prepared dinner with food for tomorrow to boot!

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PRIMAL IN THE KITCHEN

PALEO TILAPIA TACOS

4 6-oz. tilapia fillets 2 Tb. extra virgin olive oil 1 red bell pepper, thinly sliced 2 scallions, diced 2 garlic cloves, minced 2 Tb. chopped fresh cilantro 4 bibb or butter lettuce leaves 1 small avocado Cayenne pepper, to taste

Season tilapia with cayenne pepper, and set aside. Heat oil in a cast iron skillet over medium flame. Add pepper and scallions. Sauté for three minutes. Toss in garlic and continue cooking for one minute.

Move veggies to sides of pan, making room for fish in the center. Add fish to pan and cook for four minutes, turning at the halfway point.

Remove fish from pan and cut into bite-sized pieces. Cover with veggies and sprinkle with cilantro. Carefully scoop into lettuce leaves and top with avocado slices.

Copyright © 2011. The Paleo Diet Cookbook. All Rights Reserved.

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Contributing writers from The Paleo Diet Team:

Pedro Bastos MA MS Ph.D. candidate in Medical Sciences at Lund University, Sweden; International College of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine

Nell Stephenson, BS USC EXSC, ACSM H/FI, Paleo Nutritional Counselor, co-author of The Paleo Diet Cookbook, author of Paleoista, Gain Energy, Get Lean and Feel Fabulous with the Diet You Were Born to Eat. Paleoista

REFERENCES: SECTION I1. Geier DA, Geier MR. Autism spectrum disorder-associated biomarkers for case evaluation and management by clinical geneticists. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2008 Nov;8(6):671-4

2. http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_home

3. Muhle R, Trentacoste SV, Rapin I. The genetics of autism. Pediatrics. 2004 May;113(5):e472-86

4. Shang H, Wei Y, Long H, Yan Z, Zheng Y. Identification of LMW glutenin-like genes from Secale sylvestre host. Genetika 2005;41 (12): 1656-64

5. Hou YC, Liu Q, Long H, Wei YM, Zheng YL. Characterization of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes from Hordeum brevisubulatum ssp. turkestanicum. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol. 2006 Jan-Feb;(1):44-51

6. McGough N, Cummings JH. Coeliac disease: a diverse clinical syndrome caused by intolerance of wheat, barley and rye. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005 Nov;64(4):434-50

7. Kaminski S, Cieslinska A, Kostyra E. Polymorphism of bovine beta-casein and its potential effect on human health. J Appl Genet. 2007;48(3):189-98

8. Schmelzer CE, Schöps R, Reynell L, Ulbrich-Hofmann R, Neubert RH, Raith K. Peptic digestion of beta-casein. Time course and fate of possible bioactive peptides. J Chromatogr A. 2007 Sep 28;1166(1-2):108-15

9. Schmidt DG, Meijer RJ, Slangen CJ, van Beresteijn EC. Raising the pH of the pepsin-catalysed hydrolysis of bovine whey proteins increases the antigenicity of the hydrolysates. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995 Oct;25(10):1007-17

10. Chandan RC. Milk composition, physical and processing characteristics. In Hui YH, Chandan RC, Clark S, et al. Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing - Health, Meat, Milk, Poultry, Seafood, and Vegetables. John Wiley & Sons, 2007,

pps 347-377

11. Walzem RL, Dillard CJ, German JB. Whey components: millennia of evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition: what we know and what we may be overlooking. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002 Jul;42(4):353-75

12. Blum JW, Baumrucker CR. Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs), IGF Binding Proteins, and Other Endocrine Factors in Milk: Role in the Newborn. In Bosze Z. Bioactive Components of Milk, Springer, 2008, Pgs 397-422

13. Quigley JD 3rd, Martin KR, Dowlen HH. Concentrations of trypsin inhibitor and immunoglobulins in colostrum of Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci. 1995 Jul;78(7):1573-7

14. Rao RK, Baker RD, Baker SS. Bovine milk inhibits proteolytic degradation of epidermal growth factor in human gastric and duodenal lumen. Peptides. 1998; 19(3):495-504

15. Drago S, El Asmar R, Di Pierro M, Grazia Clemente M, Tripathi A, Sapone A, Thakar M, Iacono G, Carroccio A, D’Agate C, Not T, Zampini L, Catassi C, Fasano A. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: Effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr;41(4):408-19

16. Ju J, Lee S, Hendrich S, Murphy PA. Quantification of the group b soyasponins by high performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:2587-94

17. Elder JH. The gluten-free, casein-free diet in autism: an overview with clinical implications. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23(6):583-588

18. Kagnoff MF. Celiac disease: pathogenesis of a model immunogenetic disease. J Clin Invest. 2007 Jan;117(1):41-9

19. Cordain L, Toohey L, Smith MJ, Hickey MS. Modulation of immune function by dietary lectins in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Nutr. 2000 Mar;83(3):207-17

20. Price KR, Curl CL, Fenwick R. The saponin content and sapogenol composition of the seed of 13 varieties of legume. J Sci Food Agric 1986;37:1185-91

21. Hui YH, Chandan RC, Clark S, et al. Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing - Health, Meat, Milk, Poultry, Seafood, and Vegetables. John Wiley & Sons, 2007

22. Fenwick DE, Oakenfull D. Saponin content of food plants and some prepared foods. J Sci Food Agric. 1983 Feb;34(2):186-91

23. Patel B, Schutte R, Sporns P, Doyle J, Jewel L, Fedorak RN. Potato glycoalkaloids adversely affect intestinal permeability and

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aggravate inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2002 Sep;8(5):340-6

24. Assa Y, Chet I, Gestetner B, Govrin R, Birk Y, Bondi A. The effect of alfalfa saponins on growth and lysis of Physarum polycephalum. Arch Microbiol. 1975 Mar 12;103(1):77-81

25. Alvarez JR, Torres-Pinedo R. Interactions of soybean lectin, soyasaponins, and glycinin with rabbit jejuna mucosa in vivo. Pediatr Res 1982;16:728-31

26. Sparg SG, Light ME, van Staden J. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Oct;94(2-3):219-43

27. Johnson IT, Gee JM, Price K, Curl C, Fenwick GR. Influence of saponins on gut permeability and active nutrient transport in vitro. J Nutr. 1986 Nov;116(11):2270-7

28. Keukens EA, de Vrije T, van den Boom C, de Waard P, Plasman HH, Thiel F, Chupin V, Jongen WM, de Kruijff B. Molecular basis of glycoalkaloid induced membrane disruption. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Dec 13;1240(2):216-28

29. Cordain L. Cereal grains: humanity’s double edged sword. World Rev Nutr Diet 1999; 84:19-73

30. Mandimika T, Baykus H, Vissers Y, Jeurink P, Poortman J, Garza C, Kuiper H, Peijnenburg A. Differential gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells induced by single and mixtures of potato glycoalkaloids. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Nov 28;55(24):10055-66

31. Gee J.M.; Wortley G.M.; Johnson I.T.; Price K.R.; Rutten A.A.J.J.L.; Houben G.F.; Penninks A.H. Effects of saponins and glycoalkaloids on the permeability and viability of mammalian intestinal cells and on the integrity of tissue preparations in vitro. Toxicol in Vitro 1996;10: 117-128

32. Sparg SG, Light ME, van Staden J. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Oct;94(2-3):219-43

33. Shi J, Arunasalam K, Yeung D, Kakuda Y, Mittal G, Jiang Y. Saponins from edible legumes: chemistry, processing, and health benefits.J Med Food. 2004 Spring;7(1):67-78

34. Friedman M, Levin CE. A-Tomatine content in tomato and tomato products determined by HPLC with pulsed amperometric detection. J Agric Food Chem 1995;43: 1507-11

35. Carreno-Gómez B, Woodley JF, Florence AT. Studies on the uptake of tomato lectin nanoparticles in everted gut sacs. Int J Pharm. 1999 Jun 10;183(1):7-11

36. Friedman M. Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50: 5751-5780

37. Jensen-Jarolim E, Gajdzik L, Haberl I, Kraft D, Scheiner O, Graf J. Hot spices influence permeability of human intestinal epithelial monolayers. J Nutr. 1998 Mar;128(3):577-81

38. Tsukura Y, Mori M, Hirotani Y, Ikeda K, Amano F, Kato R, Ijiri Y, Tanaka K. Effects of capsaicin on cellular damage and monolayer permeability in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 2007 Oct;30(10):1982-6

39. Purohit V, Bode JC, Bode C, Brenner DA, Choudhry MA, Hamilton F, Kang YJ, Keshavarzian A, Rao R, Sartor RB, Swanson C, Turner JR. Alcohol, intestinal bacterial growth, intestinal permeability to endotoxin, and medical consequences: summary of a symposium. Alcohol. 2008 Aug;42(5):349-61

40. Heyman M. Gut barrier dysfunction in food allergy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Dec;17(12):1279-85

41. Ventura MT, Polimeno L, Amoruso AC, Gatti F, Annoscia E, Marinaro M, Di Leo E, Matino MG, Buquicchio R, Bonini S, Tursi A, Francavilla A. Intestinal permeability in patients with adverse reactions to food. Dig Liver Dis. 2006 Oct;38(10):732-6

42. Kong J, Zhang Z, Musch MW, Ning G, Sun J, Hart J, Bissonnette M, Li YC. Novel role of the vitamin D receptor in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008 Jan;294(1):G208-16

43. Li N, Neu J. Glutamine deprivation alters intestinal tight junctions via a PI3-K/Akt mediated pathway in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr. 2009 Apr;139(4):710-4

44. Finamore A, Massimi M, Conti Devirgiliis L, Mengheri E. Zinc deficiency induces membrane barrier damage and increases neutrophil transmigration in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr. 2008 Sep;138(9):1664-70

REFERENCES: SECTION II1. http://dermnetnz.org/systemic/familial-pemphigus.html 2. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 7;282(36):26517-27. Epub 2007 Jun 27 3. Subcell Biochem. 2007;45:385-404