the offshore prospectivity of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ben Sayers
The Prospectivity of Offshore
Madagascar
Project Developer – Africa, Mediterranean & Middle East 25th January 2016
![Page 2: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
©2015 TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Company ASA. All rights reserved.
©2015 TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Company ASA. All rights reserved.
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![Page 3: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
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3
Multi-Client Database
Tectonic Development and Basin Distribution
Petroleum System Elements
Basin Tour
Cape St Marie
West Morondava
Majunga
Ambilobe North
Concluding Points
Agenda
![Page 4: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
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4
Multi-Client Database
![Page 5: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
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5
Madagascar Multi-Client Database
c.50,000 line kms of 2D seismic and marine
gravity/magnetic data available in Madagascar
plus 98 wells, of which 11 are offshore and all
in shallow water depths.
Integrated interpretation studies are nearing
completion.
* in partnership with BGP
![Page 6: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
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6
Tectonic Development and Basin Distribution
![Page 7: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
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7
Tectonic History
KAROO
RIFT TREND
Sketch map purely for
Karoo trend discussion
and no paleo-
reconstruction has been
performed
Karoo event
lasted from
Carboniferous to
Lower Jurassic
![Page 8: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
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8
Tectonic History
Middle Jurassic
Pull-apart basin
![Page 9: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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9
Tectonic History
Upper Jurassic
Transpressional and
Transtensional
structures develop
![Page 10: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
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10
Tectonic History
Lower
Cretaceous
Upper
Cretaceous
Stretching between
India and Madagascar
leads to transtensional
structures develop on
west
![Page 11: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
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11
Tectonic History
Upper
Cretaceous
Madagascar India
Cross-section view
![Page 12: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
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12
Tectonic History
Upper
Cretaceous Tertiary
![Page 13: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
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Tectonic History
Present Day
1. Permo-Triassic (Karoo) failed rift
2. Jurassic rifting of Madagascar from East Africa
3. Turonian rifting of India from Madagascar
![Page 14: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
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14
Petroleum System
![Page 15: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
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15 15
Source rocks:
Lower Triassic – Sakamena formation;
Lower to Middle Jurassic: shallow marine
shales and marls;
Upper Jurassic shales;
Cretaceous and Tertiary source rocks
Reservoir rocks:
Triassic-Lower Jurassic: Isalo group
sandstones;
Middle Jurassic shallow marine biogenic
limestones,
Lower Cretaceous and Upper Cretaceous
deltaic sandstones, deep water fan and
channel sandstones
Tertiary sandstones and nearshore
limestones.
Seals:
Thick marine shales in Cretaceous and
Tertiary sequences
Madagascar
Stratigraphy
![Page 16: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
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Basin Tour
![Page 17: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
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17
Basin Tour: Cape St Marie
![Page 18: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
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18
Location Map and Free Air Anomaly
Davie
Ridge
Onshore
Morondava
Basin
Onshore
Majunga
Basin
Offshore
Majunga
Basin
Offshore
Morondava
Basin
Lacerda
Graben
Kerimbas
Graben
Ambilobe
North
Cape St Marie
Morondava
South
133,000 km2
![Page 19: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
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19
Development of the Basin
19
Late Jurassic [146 Ma] (Tithonian)
Rifting that started in the Early Jurassic had opened
up the Cap St. Marie area with a NW-SE trend.
Creating shallow marine conditions.
Early Jurassic [184 Ma] (Toarcian)
At the fit position the western edge of the Cap
St. Marie area was connected to the
Mozambique/Tanzania
The Karoo basin (orange) trend can be seen
running down the present day western coast.
Connected to
Mozambique/Tanzania
![Page 20: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
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20
Development of the Basin
20
Early Cretaceous [120 Ma] (Early Aptian)
Rifting had rotated to a N-S trend
extending the ocean between Antarctica.
Late Cretaceous [88 Ma] (Late Turonian)
Rifting between India and Madagascar began creating accommodation space for sediments in CsM
The Marion Hotspot led to output of volcanic material The higher heat flow led to uplift in the Cap St. Marie
area.
During the tilting of Madagascar sediments filled the western side of the CsM basin and created extension
structures to the east.
Active Hotspot
![Page 21: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
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21
Development of the Basin
21
Present Day
Continued passive margin.
Late Cretaceous [66 Ma] (Maastrichtian)
Following rifting to the east and west and
uplift from the hotspot a natural central high
developed.
Tilting following the India rift focused
sediments to the west
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22
The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events that
produce a number of large structural closures and potential fault related
structures;
Untested frontier area with an interpreted thick Lower Cretaceous to Lower
Jurassic interval with potential for good source rock deposition;
The appearance of the Marion hotspot (c. 90Ma to 80Ma) would have a regional
effect on the thermal maturity of the area.
Petroleum Potential
22
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23
Horizons below Santonian (Pink)
Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous (Blue)
Middle / Lower Jurassic (Purple)
Play Types: Example 1
23
Structural
Closures
Fault bound
3 way
closures Stratigraphic
Pinch-out
W E
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24
Play Types Example 2
24
Structural Closures
Tilted Blocks rollover
structures
Horizons below Santonian (Pink)
Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous (Blue)
Middle / Lower Jurassic (Purple)
W E
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25
Source Rock Expulsion
25
W E
Upper Jurassic to
Lower Cretaceous
Source
Lower to Mid
Jurassic
Source
Santonian Maastrichtian
Maastrichtian Miocene
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26
Basin Tour: Morondava
![Page 27: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
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27
Location Map and Free Air Anomaly
Davie
Ridge
Onshore
Morondava
Basin
Onshore
Majunga
Basin
Offshore
Majunga
Basin
Lacerda
Graben
Kerimbas
Graben
Ambilobe
North
Cape St Marie
Offshore
Morondava
Basin
200,000 km2
![Page 28: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
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28
Development of the Basin
28
B. Lower Cretaceous [144 Ma] (Berriasian)
Rifting that started in the Early Jurassic had opened
up the Morondava basin with a NW-SE trend, creating shallow marine conditions with active biogenic limestone production creating reefs
Madagascar was still connected to India so there is
a large hinterland for sediment supply.
A. Early Jurassic [184 Ma] (Toarcian)
The ‘fit’ position, Morondava is located is still
conjugate with Mozambique, Tanzania and
Kenya.
The failed karoo sag basins were accumulating
sediments since Permain
![Page 29: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
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29
Potential for oil mature Jurassic source rocks and Jurassic syn-rift plays;
Potential reservoirs and seals throughout the Jurassic to Tertiary sequence with
local amplitude support;
Structural closures, faulted traps and stratigraphic pinch out and combination
trapping potential;
Potential inverted basin play within the Davie Fracture Zone.
Petroleum Potential
29
![Page 30: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
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30
Morondava Basin – Example Play Types
W E
Anticlinal transpressional
structures outboard of the
DFZ
Lower Cretaceous / Upper
Jurassic fault blocks Upper Cretaceous
stratigraphic pinch-outs
Inside the DFZ with fault
bounded closures and 4-
way dips
Pinching out against
DFZ
![Page 31: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
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31
Channel Sands
31
Clear channels outboard
of the DFZ
W E
![Page 32: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
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32
Lower Cretaceous Fault Blocks
W E
Rotated during the transpressional movement along the DFZ and
during the microplate rotation.
![Page 33: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
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33
Rotated Fault Blocks on Morondava Shelf
Karoo sediments rotated during Jurassic.
Bermolanga 150 km
W E
![Page 34: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
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34
Back reef
Cretaceous Reefs
Reef core
Fore reef
E W
![Page 35: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
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35
Data Flattened on Intra-Lower Cretaceous
Missing Cretaceous Section – Erosion due to uplift
Demonstrating Triassic/Jurassic Basin
prior to transpression within the Davie
Fracture Zone
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36
Lower Cretaceous Transpressional Structure
Transpressional structures created
with movement along the DFZ and
during the microplate rotation.
![Page 37: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
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37
Upper Cretaceous Tilted Fault Blocks Within the DFZ
Clear imaging inside the DFZ
![Page 38: The Offshore Prospectivity Of Madagascarcea6742f67bb1f41e9e1-6a4e39a6922ee1c30597226532c7cdf8.r32.cf1.rackcdn.c…The offshore Cape St. Marie area has had a number of tectonic events](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022052012/602874ce6e1bab50b51eeb07/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
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38
Intrusion-induced Anticlines
(Magee et al 2014)
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39
Intrusion-induced Anticlines
Natural closures in
the positive
structures as well as
the potential for
stratigraphic traps in
the onlaps.
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40
Basin Tour: Majunga
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41
Location Map and Free Air Anomaly
Davie
Ridge
Onshore
Morondava
Basin
Onshore
Majunga
Basin
Offshore
Morondava
Basin
Lacerda
Graben
Kerimbas
Graben
Ambilobe
North
Cape St Marie
Morondava
South
Offshore
Majunga
Basin
170,000 km2
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42
Source rocks:
Lower Triassic Middle Sakamena formation;
Upper Jurassic Shales;
Toarcian-Aalenian Beronono shallow marine shales and marls;
Hypothesised Cretaceous source.
Reservoir rocks:
Triassic-Lower Jurassic Isalo group sandstones,
Middle Jurassic shallow marine biogenic limestones,
Lower Cretaceous Sitampiky sandstone formation;
Upper Cretaceous Cenomanian to Campanian deltaic sandstones, deep water fan
and channel sandstones
Eocene neritic limestones and dolomites.
Seal:
Thick marine shales in Cretaceous and Tertiary sequences and Jurassic salt.
Majunga Basin Petroleum System
42
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43
Traps type:
Tilted fault blocks, drape anticlines, rollover anticlines in the failed rift
province;
Tilted fault blocks, and localised compressional anticlines in passive
margin;
Multiple types of salt-related traps and features such as thrusts;
Stratigraphic traps: facies change, depositional pinch-out, submarine
fan, unconformity in passive margin.
Migration:
Mainly vertical charge
Minor lateral charges
Slick features indicate a working hydrocarbon system within the
Majunga Basin.
Petroleum Potential
43
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44
Majunga Type Section
Halokinesis
Thrust anticlines
Unconformities
Tilted fault blocks
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45
Transpressional Induced Inversion Structure
Areas of closure:
Middle Jurassic = 133 km2
Intra Jurassic = 165 km2
Karoo = 260 km2
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46 46
Crestal graben –
evidence for presence
of salt beneath
Amplitude anomalies in
post-rift sediments
3-Way Closures Against Salt
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47
Post-Rift Cretaceous 4-way Dip Structures
47
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48 48
Stratigraphic Trap
S N
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49
Source Rock Expulsion
Karoo
Source
Middle
Jurassic
Source
Middle
Jurassic
Source
Cretaceous
Source
Jurassic Aptian
Aptian
Campanian Maastrichtian
Mid Miocene
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50
Basin Tour: Ambilobe North
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51
Location Map and Free Air Anomaly
Davie
Ridge
Onshore
Morondava
Basin
Onshore
Majunga
Basin
Offshore
Majunga
Basin
Offshore
Morondava
Basin
Lacerda
Graben
Kerimbas
Graben
Cape St Marie
Morondava
South
Ambilobe
North
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52
Thick Jurassic / Cretaceous section;
Large potential closures;
Well defined rotated fault block plays;
Untested frontier area, with TGS data being the first MC data ever shot
in this basin.
Petroleum Potential
52
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53
Source rocks:
Triassic Karoo formation,
Lower to Middle Jurassic shallow marine shales and marls,
Lower Cretaceous marine source.
Reservoir rocks:
Triassic-Lower Jurassic Isalo group sandstones,
Middle Jurassic shallow marine biogenic limestones,
Lower to Upper Cretaceous sandstones and clastics.
Ambilobe Basin Petroleum System Elements
53
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54
Tilted Fault Block Play
54
Shallow water NW SE
Karoo Source Rocks
Basement high
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Tilted Fault Block Play
SW NE
Perpendicular line
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56
FNF - Possible Class II / III AVO anomalies
56
SW NE
Red on FNF stack = positive value;
Positive value = Class II to Class III AVO
anomaly
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57
Ambilobe vs Brent
SAME
HORIZONTAL
SCALE
BRENT
AMBILOBE
3500 MMBBL
Oil
3500 MMBBL
Oil ?
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58
Concluding Points
58
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59
All the offshore basins are undrilled or sparsely drilled and their potential
is untested;
Oil mature source rocks with reservoirs at drillable depths are
considered to be present in all basins;
There are many attractive structural and stratigraphic play types present;
TGS together with our partners OMNIS and BGP have the seismic,
potential fields data and interpretation studies to allow screening,
evaluation and high grading of areas in these basins.
Concluding Points
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60
TGS Geophysicists: Roel Dirkx, Katie Hernon, Felicia Winter, Sadiqah
Musa, Alex Birch-Hawkins, Dario Chisari, Jennifer Halliday and Richard
Cooke
Other TGS colleagues: Paul Chandler, Honorata Rutkowska, Robert
Mansfield and Erika Tibocha
Acknowledgements
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61
Magee, C., Jackson, C.A-L. & Schofield, N. (2014). Diachronous sub-
volcanic intrusion along deepwater margins insights from the Irish
Rockall Basin. Basin Research, 26: 85-103.
Pomar, L., Brandano, M. and Westphal, H. (2004), Environmental
factors influencing skeletal grain sediment associations: a critical review
of Miocene examples from the western Mediterranean. Sedimentology,
51: 627–651.
Reeves, C., (2015). Gondwana Reconstruction Animation of Indian
Ocean. Accessed at: http://www.reeves.nl/gondwana. January 2016.
USGS, (2012): Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of
Four East African Geologic Provinces. World Petroleum Resources
Project. Fact Sheet 2012-3039.
References
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Thank you
©2015 TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Company ASA. All rights reserved.
Ben Sayers
+44 208 339 4239
All images in this presentation have had the quality reduced. For a higher resolution data
room, please contact TGS.