The Nervous System

The Nervous SystemBoth the ____________ system and the ____________ system control the actions of the body. Through a series of adjustments, all systems of the body are regulated to maintain the internal environment within safe limits ---> ___________________

The nervous system is an elaborate communication system that contains more than 100 billion _________ ____________ in the brain alone.

Central Nervous System (CNS): _____________ ___________ for incoming and outgoing information.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): consists of ___________ that carry information between the _____________ of the body and the ____________ ___________ _____________

The Vertebrate Nervous System

The Central Nervous System

Consists of nerves of __________ and ________ _________

Acts as _________ ___________ for incoming and outgoing information.

Major Parts of the CNS:

1) Cerebrum - Cerebral Cortex

2) Cerebellum

3) Brain Stem

4) Spinal Cord

The Peripheral Nervous SystemThe PNS consists of nerves that carry information between the ___________ of the body and the _____________

The PNS can be divided into two systems:

1. __________________________

2. __________________________

The Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary) ___________ somatic ________ relay information about the ____________ to CNS, and _______ somatic ________ initiate the __________.

The Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary) Contains special motor nerves that control the __________ ___________ of the body.

Two divisions of the Autonomic NS:

1)

2)

Autonomic responses usually occur without ________ ___________

Both  the  parasympathetic  and  sympathetic  affect  the  same  organs,  but  have  ___________    ______________

The Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary)

Skeletal muscle, bones, and skin.

Relay information about the environment

Initiate an appropriate response.

Contains special motor nerves that control the internal organs of the body

Two types of cells: ____________ and ________________

Glial cells: ____________ cells, ________ _________ and ___________ of the nerve cells.

Neurons: ____________ _____________. Three groups:

Nerve Cells

Neurons: Signalling Glia: __________ support, electrical ________, ________ support

Sensory/Afferent: Sense and relay information from ______________ to _______ for processing. Located in clusters called _____________

Interneurons: Link ____________ within the body. Integrate and interpret _________ information and connect to outgoing __________ ______________

Motor/Efferent: Relay information to the _____________- muscles organs and glands

Anatomy of the Nerve CellDendrites- ____________ information either from _________ receptors or from other __________ cells. conduct __________ ________ toward the __________ ___________

Axon- ___________ nerve impulses from the cell body toward other _________ or to ___________

Myelination

Axons covered with fatty __________ called ____________ (acts as _____________)

Myelin is formed by _______ _______

Insulates by prevented loss of ____________

Nodes of Ranvier = Areas ___________ sections of myelin sheath. Nerve impulses jump from one ________ to the other

Non- Myelinated vs. Myelinated?

Diameter?

Vertigo: medical condition where a person feels as if they or the objects around them are moving when they are not.

Ataxia: the loss of full control of bodily movements.Dysarthria often is characterized by slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand.Dysphagia: Difficulty SwallowingDiplopia: Double vision Nystagmus: Involuntary eye movement

Multiple Sclerosis

NeurilemmaDelicate membrane that surrounds the axon of SOME nerve cells (peripheral)

Promotes __________________

Reflexes

Involuntary and often unconscious

Happens BEFORE information is sent to brain

Reflex arc= the __________ nerve pathway

Most occur without _________ coordination

5 components:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

What would happen if Neuron I was severed?

What is the order in which an impulse travels along the reflex arc?

Neurons have many different shapes!

Neural Stains

Golgi (silver) stain

Nissl stain. Stains ER mainly.

GFP (green fluorescent protein): Labelled antibodies