The NERVOUS

SYSTEM

__________________ &

__________________ Nervous System

CSI #8 – Function of the Nervous System

You at a friend’s backyard party when her uncle starts to stumble, and complain of dizziness and tiredness. He is also having difficulty breathing. He mentions that he was spraying for insects in the front yard and may have breathed in too much spray. He sits and relaxes, but does not feel any better after 15 min. His blue complexion provides a good signal that you should take him to the hospital. On the way to the hospital, his muscles go from tense to limp. The emergency-room physician finds out that your friend’s uncle had a busy day before the party.

He was involved in cleaning algae out of the large pond behind the house before spraying the yard. He ate some old beef stew that was in the refrigerator, but claims it didn’t look or smell bad. Your friend is concerned about her uncle and asks you to explain what the physicians are looking for as the cause to her uncle’s illness.

You explain that the physicians must use a process of elimination to determine what caused her uncle’s problems.

CSI #9 – Structure of the Nervous System

You just heard that a former professional football player living in your neighborhood was taken to the police station after a disturbance at a local grocery store. You find out that he was wandering around the store aimlessly and making aggressive comments as if he were drunk. A friend then calls to tell you that the football player was admitted to the hospital because he started having seizures. Later in the week, some neighbors tell you that the football player was showing signs of weakness and often acted confused during conversation. There were also some concerns mentioned about his excessive alcohol consumption and weight gain. Your friend asks you what might be wrong with the 50 year old former athlete. Determine the possible nervous system problems causing the illness.

Central NS (CNS) Peripheral NS (PNS) ____________cord stimulates _______, emotions, _________, glands, and memories

nervous tissue _______ ________the brain & spinal cord

SENSORY function

(________________)

transmits impulses

body ____________________

MOTOR function

(_________________)

transmits impulses

brain/spinal cord __________

FUNCTIONS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. _________ “glue” that _____ neurons together

glioma – most common type of

________________

Blood Brain Barrier –glia that _________ _________________

tissue for protection

2 TYPES OF CELLS within the NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. Neurons (nerve cells) _______________________impulses

Ex. sensory & motor neurons

(membrane that surrounds the entire ____________)

(membrane that surrounds each ____________)

___________(bundle of axons)

Nerve Structure

(bundle of peripheral_______)

(membrane that surrounds each ______)

_____________(contains nucleus)

_______________(transmit impulses _____ the cell body)

_________ (transmit impulses ________ from the cell body)

STRUCTURE of a NEURON

__________________of nerve impulse

(cells that produce _________)

(white fatty substance that ____________ the axon)

(_____________ between___________ cells)

Axons in the brain/spinal cord lack a neurilemma so regeneration is much less

than it is in the PNS.

(__________btwn neurons were impulses are transmitted)

(_____________ impulses)(_______________ impulses)

Conduction of Impulses

_______________: a nerve ________ at a given point on an ____________(neuron)

1. ___________

Neuron(maintaining an

excitable condition)

2. Impulse

_____________

(cell has lost its

resting potential)

3. Impulse _____________

(Refractory period)

4. _________

___ (+) charge

---------------

___ (-) charge

(-) charge

---------------

________(+) charge

___ (+) charge

---------------

___ (-)Charge

___ (+) charge

--------------

___ (-)Charge

It takes 0.001 seconds to reset a neuron; can carry 1000 impulses/sec.http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons_intro/flash_chemical.php?modGUI=232&compGUI=1827&itemGUI=3159

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/actionp.html

a. conduction along ______________ fibers

b. conduction along _____________ fibers

Action Potential Animation:http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/actionpotential.swf

Myelin and Multiple Sclerosis ________________disorder that destroys _____ (demyelination) & leads to impaired nerve conduction called __________________(MS)

most common in women btwn 20 – 40

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxY

Neuron Physiology

__________________ chemicals by which neurons communicate

can assist, stimulate, or inhibit communication

Acetylcholine, Dopamine, and Serotonin = play a role in motor function, sleep, mood, and pleasure

Endorphins and Enkephalins = _____conduction of pain impulses (natural pain killers)http://www.wnet.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.html

Have 2 different effects…1) _______________: a stimulus that encourages an A.P. 2) ______________: a stimulus that discourages an A.P.

Neurotransmitters:

4-stage process when communicating with neurotransmitters:

1. __________________________of neurotransmitters (made in nerve cell body & stored in vesicles)

2. Neurotransmitter _______________ (influx of Ca during A.P. causes neurotransmitter release)

3. Neurotransmitter ________ to post-synaptic receptors

4. _______________________of neurotransmitters (cell inactivates neurotransmitters by degrading them in synapse or re-uptake them for recycling.)

presynaptic neuron

postsynaptic neuron

http://www.bishopstopford.com/faculties/science/arthur/synapse.swf

http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons_intro/flash_chemical.php?modGUI=232&compGUI=1827&itemGUI=3159

Neurotransmitters:

Major Neurotransmitters in the BodyNeurotransmitter Role in the Body

_______________

- used to control muscles and by many neurons in the brain to regulate memory.

- In most instances, acetylcholine is excitatory but can be inhibitory

Dopamine - Main focus neurotransmitter (no daydreaming) (___________________)

-produces feelings of pleasure when released by the brain reward system (_________________)

____________

(gamma-aminobutyric

acid)

- acts like a brake to excitatory neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety (major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain)

_______________

- neurotransmitter /hormone; part of the flight-or-flight response and normal brain processes (________________)

Drugs Interfere with Neurotransmission

Change in

Neurotransmission

Effect on Neurotransmitter release or availability

Drug that acts this way

____________ the # of impulses

increased neurotransmitter release

____________, alcohol, opiates

release neurotransmitter

from vesicles with or without impulses

__________________ neurotransmitter release

Amphetamines

(Adderall, ______, ecstasy)

_________________ more neurotransmitter present in synaptic cleft

_____________

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tqwo9dmIXAQ

Effects of Alcohol on the Brainhttp://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/gaba-anim2-main.html alcohol

http://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim2-main.html coccaine

Spatial Summation Are your fingers moving?

Are both your pant legs touching your knees?

Is your pinky toe touching the ground?

Are you wearing underwear?

Information is being sent to your brain ALL the time - but is shut off by

inhibitory impulses.

Clear your Minds

Threshold = 80 impulses / sec

Spatial Summnation-

_________________– the minimal stimulus requiredto evoke a response

A +50 imp

B - 50 imp C -10 imp

All or None Response

D + 30 imp

cell body

learn something new – synapse ________ forget something – synapse ____________

Excitatory

E + 30 imp A by itself = __ transmission

A+D = ________________

A + B + D = __ transmission

_________________ are released by neurons in brain to inhibit pain/fear; reason we can calm ourselves down?

Concept Check #11. How do the Central NS & Peripheral NS differ?

2. How do the sensory and motor neuron function in the NS differ?

3. We know that the Blood Brain Barrier separatesblood and nervous tissue, but why is this important?

4. Draw and label the structure of a neuron. Includethe dendrites, cell body, axon, nodes of ranvier andschwann cells.

Concept Check #25. What is believed to be the cause of myelindestruction in the auto-immune disease multiple sclerosis?

6. How do pre & post synaptic neurons differ?

7. Explain the direction in which nerve impulsestravel? (use the terms axon, dendrite, pre & post synaptic neurons)

8. What is a nerve? What are the 3 layers of a nerveand how do they differ?

Concept Check #39. What are neurotransmitters and how do theyfunction?

11. What is an action potential? Finish the diagrambelow. ++++ -+++ - - - - + - - -

13. Explain how your brain can receive tons ofinformation but you only reacte or realize some ofthem? (be sure to use threshold stimulus and inhibitory impulses in your answer)

The HUMANBRAIN

http://media.jeffersonhospital.org/videos/animation-meningitis?page=9&quicktabs_1=0

The _______________ controls your _______ (heartbeat, respiration, b.v. diameter)

consists of ___________________________

Cerebellum________________part of the human brain

responsible for ________________ movements, equilibrium, normal posture

heartbeat, temp., peristalsis, appetite, sexual arousal; vol. of urine &H2O

The _______________ (hypothalamus / thalamus) Hypothalamus controls all ____________ Thalamus regulates ___________

The ____________________ largest and ______________ part of the brain

controls ______________ thinking, memory, sensations, and emotions

4 Major Lobes of the Human Brain

http://www.physpharm.fmd.uwo.ca/undergrad/sensesweb/L12Memory/L12Memory.swf

_________________:(surface of cerebrum)

Parts of the Cerebrum

(_________ of cortex)

(___________ of cortex)

lateral fissure:deepest _______ of the brainthat separates thebrain into ____ ______________

Corpus

_________

• ______________ the

hemispheres at

the _____

point

http://viewzone2.com/bicamx.htmlLeft Brain vs. Right Brain

LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONS 

uses logicdetail oriented

facts rulewords and language

present and pastmath and sciencecan comprehend

knowingacknowledges

order/pattern perceptionknows object name

reality basedforms strategies

practicalsafe

RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONS uses feeling"big picture" orientedimagination rulessymbols and imagespresent and futurephilosophy & religioncan "get it" (i.e. meaning)believesappreciatesspatial perceptionknows object functionfantasy basedpresents possibilitiesimpetuousrisk taking

_______ Hemispherelanguage processingspeech production

comprehension

Left vs. Right Hemisphere Damage

________ disorder – loss of ability to speak; caused by stroke / injury or tumor / infection

(analyzing spoken language; comprehension)

_______ Hemispherememory

organizationproblem solving

reasoning

http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/wacky/the-right-brain-vs-left-brain/story-e6frev20-1111114577583

(language processing)

Mr. Split Brainyhttp://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/split-brain/S

Split Brain Experiments

1. http://brain.web-us.com/brain/right_left_brain_characteristics.htm2. http://brain.w-us.com/brain/braindominance.htm3. http://www.angelfire.com/wi/2brains/test.html

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)• causes ___________ (rush of blood) or

________ (blood stops flowing through cerebral blood vessels)

• victim can’t voluntarily move parts of the body on the side __________ to the side on which the accident occurred.

12 PAIRS of CRANIAL NERVES

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11504

Concept Check #413. What is the protective covering of the brain andspinal cord? What 3 layers make this covering up?

14. What is the brainstem responsible for and whatare its 3 parts?

15. What is the 2nd largest part of the brain and whatis it responsible for?

16. What is the largest part of the brain and what areeach of its lobes responsible for?

Concept Check #517. The ___________ separates the 2 hemispheres but theyconnect at the ___________________.

18. How do hemorrhages and strokes differ?

19. What do each of the following cranial nerves control:Optic? Olfactory? Glossopharyngeal? Vestibulocochlear??

1. Pesticides can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate pesticides as the cause for his hospitalization).

2. Food-poisoning can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate Botulism as the cause for his hospitalization).

3. Handling blue-algae can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate blue-algae as the cause for his hospitalization).

Nervous System CSI #8 Questions….

1. List the problems this former football player was experiencing.

2. While he could be confused with having prion-related disordersor Alzheimer’s disease because of his symptoms, he is actuallysuffering from something else. What neurovascular condition is hesuffering from? Explain what this condition is.

3. What causes this condition? And, what was the football playerdoing to aggravate his condition?

4. What can be done, if anything, to cure or reverse this condition?

Nervous System CSI #9 Questions….