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The Nature of Molecules

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Page 1: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

The Nature of Molecules

Page 2: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Outline

• Describe the basic structure of an atom• Recognize the importance of electrons • Understand isotopes and radioactivity• Describe chemical bonds and why they form• Be aware of the properties of water• Understand pH and buffers

Page 3: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Matter, Molecules, Elements & Atoms

Matter

Compounds … Molecules

Elements … Atoms

Page 4: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Structure of an Atom

Page 5: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Mass Number

+

+

– –

+

–

2

2

2

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

Massnumber = 4

+

+

2e–

Electroncloud

NucleusHelium atom

Page 6: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Mass Number

+

–

6

6

6

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

Massnumber = 12

+ +

6e–

Nucleus

Electroncloud

Carbon atom

Page 7: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Atomic Number and Atomic Weight (Mass Number)

Page 8: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Periodic Table of the Elements

Page 9: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

1

H

3

Li4

Be

19

K

12Mg

93

Np94

Pu95

Am96

Cm97

Bk98

Cf99

Es100

Fm101

Md102

No103

Lr

37

Rb38

Sr39

Y42

Mo45

Rh46

Pd47

Ag48

Cd49

In50

Sn51

Sb52

Te53

I54

Xe

21

Sc40

Zr

22

Ti23

V24

Cr25

Mn27

Co28

Ni29

Cu30

Zn36

Kr

5

B6 C

8

O 2

He

55

Cs56

Ba72

Hf73

Ta74

W75

Re76

Os77

Ir78

Pt79

Au80

Hg81

Tl82

Pb83

Bi84

Po85

At86

Rn87

Fr88

Ra

57

La89

Ac104 105 106 107 108 109

58

Ce59

Pr60

Nd61

Pm62

Sm63

Eu64

Gd65

Tb66

Dy67

Ho68

Er69

Tm70

Yb71

Lu

90

Th91

Pa92

U

11

Na20Ca

41

Nb43

Tc44

Ru

26Fe

13

Al31

Ga32

Ge

14

Si7

N15P33

As

16

S35

Br34

Se

9

F18

Ar

10

Ne17

Cl

110

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Frequency of Elements in the Earth’s Crust

Page 10: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Chemical Composition of the Human Body

Page 11: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Isotopes of Carbon

Page 12: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Chart of Isotopes

Page 13: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

+ electron

neutron proton

Carbon14

Nitrogen14

Radioactive Decay

Page 14: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Radioactivity

Beta – neutron decay to loss of electron

Alpha – loss of two neutrons and two protons

Gamma – loss of energy

Page 15: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Radioactive isotope half life

C-14 5600 years

H-3 12.25 years

U-238 4.5 billion years

Page 16: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Radioactive Dating

Radioactive isotope half life

C-14 5730 years

H-3 12.25 years

U-238 4.5 billion years

Page 17: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Energy from different sources

Source Energy (MJ/kg)

Firewood 16

Coal 9-30

Natural Gas 39

Crude oil 45

Uranium (nuclear fission)

500,000

Page 18: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Summary of Isotopes92 naturally occurring elements

270 stable isotopes

50 natural radioisotopes

1000’s artificial isotopes

RadioactivityNuclear in origin

Releases energy energy (alpha, beta, gamma)

Uses: Energy, Dating Materials, Research & Medicine

Page 19: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Energylevel

3

+

–

+ +++

+ +MLK

Energylevel

2

Energylevel

1

Energylevel

1

Energylevel

2

Energylevel

3

–

M L K

Energy released

Ene

rgy

abso

rbed

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Energy Levels or Electron Shells

Page 20: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Energy Levels (Electron Shells)

Page 21: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Energy Levels (Electron Shells)

Hydrogen (H)Atomic number = 1

Carbon (C)Atomic number = 6

Nitrogen (N)Atomic number = 7

Oxygen (O)Atomic number = 8

Outermost electron shell holds 8 electrons

First electron shell holds 2 electrons

Electron

Nucleus

Page 22: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Periodic Table Groups & Valence Electrons

Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

OuterEnergyElectrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Outermost energy level

Electrons increase in #

Energy Levels

Increase

Page 23: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Ionic Bond Formation

Page 24: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Sodium Chlorine Sodium Chloride

Molecules Have Emergent Properties

Page 25: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Covalent Bonding

Page 26: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Covalent Bonds

Molecular and

Structural

Formulas

Page 27: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Water Structure and Hydrogen Bonding

Page 28: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Water Structure and Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bond (+)

(+)

H

H(+)

(+)

(–)

(–)

(–)(–)

O

Page 29: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Fig. 2.15(TE Art)Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Properties of Water

Cohesion Adhesion

Page 30: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Properties of Water

High Surface Tension

Page 31: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Properties of Water

Moderates TemperatureHigh Heat StorageHigh Heat of Vaporization

Page 32: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Fig. 2.11bProperties of WaterIce Formation

Water Ice

Page 33: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

WatermoleculesSalt

crystal

Na+

Cl–

Cl–

Na+

Na+

Na+

Cl–

Cl–

Fig. 2.17(TE Art)Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Properties of Water

Solvent forms

Hydration Shells

Page 34: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Table 2.1

Page 35: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

pH

Hydrogen ion concentration

Page 36: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

Buffers

H2O H+ + OH-

Page 37: The Nature of Molecules. Outline Describe the basic structure of an atom Recognize the importance of electrons Understand isotopes and radioactivity Describe

END Basic Chemistry


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