the nature of leadership pertemuan 1 matakuliah: g0934 / leadership and organisation tahun: 2007
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Learning OutcomesAfter studying this chapter students should be able to:• Understand why leadership has been defined in so many
ways. • Understand the controversy about differences between
leadership and management.• Understand how leadership will be defined in this book.• Understand why it is so difficult to asses leadership
effectiveness.• Understand the different indicators used to asses leadership
effectiveness.• Understand what aspects of leadership have been studied
the most during the past 50 years.• Understand how leadership can be described as an
individual, dyadic, group, or organizational process.
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Outline Materi
• Definitions of Leadership• Leadership Effectiveness• Overview of Major Research Approaches• Level of Conceptualization for Leadership• Other Bases for Comparing Leadership
Theories
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Definitions of Leadership
• Leadership is “the behavior of an individual… directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal” (Hemphil & Coons, 1975, p.7)
• Leadership is “the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organisation” (D.Katz & Kahn, 1978, p.528).
• “Leadership is exercised when persons… mobilize… institutional, political, psychological, and other resources so as to arouse, engage, and satisfy the motives of followers” (Burns, 1978, p.18)
• Leadership is “the process Of Influencing the activity of an organized group toward goal
achievement” (Rauch & Behling,1984,p,46)
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• More definitions
http://www.leadership-studies.com/lsw/definitions.htm
http://www.leadingtoday.org/Onmag/2006%20Archives/august06/definitions82006.html ... it was Lao-Tse who wrote, "Fail to honor people, they fail to honor you. But of a good leader, who
talks little, when his work is done, his aim fulfilled, they will all say, "We did this ourselves."
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• Specialized Role or Shared Influence Process?• Type of influence Process• Purpose of Influence Attempts• Influence Based on Reason or Emotions• Leadership Versus Management• A working Definition of Key Terms
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Scope of Leadership Processes
• Leaders influence:– The interpretation of external events by members– The choice of objectives an strategies to pursue– The motivation of members to achieve the objectives– The mutual trust and cooperation of members– The organisation of work activities– The development of members skills and confidence– The learning and sharing of new knowledge by members– The enlistment of support and cooperation from outsiders
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Leadership Effectiveness• Immediate and delayed outcomes
Causal Chain of Effects from Two Types of Leader Behaviour
• What criteria to use?
Inspiring Vision
Training +Coaching
FollowerEffort
Follower Skills
Quality +productivity
UnitProfit
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• Leadership effectiveness model• Emotional Intelligence: Understanding yourself
and others • Relationships: Communication, Managing Conflict,
Campus Resources for Resolving Conflict,Sexual Harassment
• Teamwork: Mission-Based Leadership, Building a Team,Diversity, Team Facilitation, Employment: From Start to Finish
• Operations: Quality Service Management, Managing Customer Service, Campus ResourcesPlanning, Delegation and Project ManagementTime and Attendance, Resource Management
• Performance: Performance Management, UM Policies, Procedures, and Practices 14
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Overview of Major Research Approaches
• Key Variables Included in Leadership Theories– Characteristics of the Leader
•Traits (motives, personality, values)•Confidence and Optimism•Skills and Expertise•Behaviour• Integrity and Ethics• Influence Tactics•Attributions about followers
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Exercise• Select a leader that you know best and try to
asses him/her using The GE Leadership Effectiveness Survey (LES)
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