leadership traits pertemuan 13 & 14 matakuliah: l0244 – psikologi kepemimpinan tahun: 2010
TRANSCRIPT
Looking at Leadership Through Several Lenses
• Studying only leaders provides just a partial view of the leadership process.
• Leadership depends on several factors, including the situation and the followers, not just the leader’s qualities.
• Leadership is more than just the kind of person the leader is or the things the leader does.
• The clearest picture of the leadership process occurs only when you use all three lenses to understand it.
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The Interactional Framework for Analyzing Leadership (continued)
• Depicts leadership as a function of three elements:– The leader– The followers– The situation
• A particular leadership situation scenario can be examined using each level of analysis separately.– Examining interactions in the area of overlaps can lead to better
understanding.• Leadership is the result of complex interactions among
the leader, the followers, and the situation.Bina Nusantara University 5
The Interactional Framework for Analyzing Leadership (continued)
• Leader-Member Exchange Theory describes two kinds of relationships that occur among leaders and followers:– In-group members– Out-group members
• LMX theory has broadened to include entire continuum of relationships that leaders may have with members.
• The theory looks at the nature of the relationship between the leader and the followers.
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The Leader• Individual aspects of the leadership equation:• Unique personal history
– Interests– Character traits– Motivation
• Effective leaders differ from their followers, and from ineffective leaders on elements such as:– Personality traits, cognitive abilities– Skills, values
• Another way personality can affect leadership is through temperament.
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The Leader (continued)• Leaders appointed by superiors may have less
credibility and may get less loyalty.• Leaders elected or emerging by consensus from ranks
of followers are seen as more effective.• A leader’s experience or history in a particular
organization is usually important to her or his effectiveness.
• The extent of follower participation in leader’s selection may affect a leader’s legitimacy.
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The Followers• Certain aspects of followers affect the leadership process:
– Expectations– Personality traits– Maturity levels– Levels of competence– Motivation
• Workers who share a leader’s goals and values will be more motivated to do their work.
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The Followers (continued)• The number of followers reporting to a leader can
have significant implications.• Other relevant variables include:
– Follower’s trust in the leader.– Follower’s confidence or lack thereof in leader’s interest
in their well-being.
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Changing Roles for Followers• The leader-follower relationship is in a period of dynamic
change.– Increased pressure to function with reduced resources.– Trend toward greater power sharing and decentralized
authority in organizations.– Increase in complex problems and rapid changes.
• Followers can become much more proactive in their stance toward organizational problems.
• Followers can become better skilled at “influencing upward,” flexible and open to opportunities.
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The Situation• Leadership often makes sense
only in the context of how the leader and followers interact in a given situation.
• The situation may be the most ambiguous aspect of the leadership framework.
““You’ve got to give loyalty down, You’ve got to give loyalty down, if you want loyalty up.”if you want loyalty up.”
~ Donald T. Regan,~ Donald T. Regan,Former CEO and White House Former CEO and White House
chief of staffchief of staff
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Are Good Women LeadersHard to Find?
• Women are taking on leadership roles in greater numbers than ever before.
• Problems still exist that constrain the opportunity for capable women to rise to the highest leadership roles in organizations.
• Research shows that there are no statistically significant differences between men’s and women’s leadership styles.
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Are Good Women LeadersHard to Find? (continued)
• Differences that were found:– Women had significantly lower well-being scores.– Women’s commitment to the organizations they worked
for was more guarded than that of their male counterparts.
– Women were more likely to be willing to take career risks by going to new areas of the company where women had not been before.
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Research on Second-Generation Managerial Women
• Research suggests that many women appear to be succeeding because of characteristics originally considered too feminine for effective leadership.
• Tend to use interactive leadership, based on– Enhancing others’ self-worth.– The belief that the best performance results out of
satisfaction at work and higher sense of self-worth.– Style developed due to women’s socialization experiences
and career paths.Bina Nusantara University 15
The Shift Toward MoreWomen Leaders
• Factors that explain the shift toward more women leaders:– Women themselves have changed.– Leadership roles have changed.– Organizational practices have changed.– Culture has changed.
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Leadership and Management RevisitedLeaders Managers
Innovate Administer
Develop Maintain
Inspire Control
Long-term view Short-term view
Ask what and why Ask how and when
Originate Initiate
Challenge the status quo Accept the status quo
Do the right things Do things right
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Leader-Follower-Situation Interactions
• Leaders create environments where follower’s innovations and creative contributions are welcome.
• Leaders encourage growth and development in their followers beyond the scope of the job.
• Leaders are generally more interested in the big picture of followers’ work than managers.
• Leaders motivate followers through more personal and intangible factors.
• Leaders redefine the parameters of tasks and responsibilities.
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Manager-Follower-Situation Interactions
• Managers are more likely to emphasize routinization and control of follower’s behavior.
• Managers tend to assess followers’ performance in terms of explicit, fairly specific job descriptions.
• Managers motivate followers more with extrinsic, even contractual consequences.
• Managers tend to accept the definitions of situations presented to them.
• Managers are likely to affect change officially, through control tactics.
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Leadership and Management as Solutions to Different Kinds of Problems
• Heifetz offers that we often face challenges for which the problem-solving resources already exist.– Technical problems – Though complex, there are expert
solutions or experts available to solve them.– Adaptive problems – They can only be solved by changing the
system itself.• Adaptive problems involve people’s values.• Adaptive leadership: Finding solutions requires the active
engagement of people’s hearts and minds, not just the leader’s.
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Leadership and Management as Solutions to Different Kinds of Problems (continued)
• A challenge is wholly or mostly adaptive in nature:– When people’s hearts and minds need to change.– By a process of elimination.– If there is continuing conflict among people struggling with
the challenge.– A crisis may be a reflection of an underlying or
unrecognized adaptive problem.
What’s the work? Who does the work?
Technical Applying current know-how
Authorities
Adaptive Discovering new ways The people facing the challenge
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A Final Word• Fairholm offers that an organization needs two
different kinds of people at the helm: good leaders and good managers.
• Kotter suggests the development of leader-managers.– May be particularly important with regard to
developing the talents of younger leader–managers.
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There is no Simple Recipe for Effective Leadership
• Leadership must always be assessed in the context of the leader, the followers, and the situation:– A leader may need to respond to various followers
differently in the same situation.– A leader may need to respond to the same follower
differently in different situations.– Followers may respond to various leaders quite differently.– Followers may respond to each other differently with
different leaders.– Two leaders may have different perceptions of the same
followers or situations.Bina Nusantara University 23
Drawing Lessons From Experience
• The right behavior in one situation is not necessarily the right behavior in another situation.
• Though unable to agree on the one best behavior in a given situation, agreement can exist on some clearly inappropriate behaviors.
• Saying that the right behavior for a leader depends on the situation differs from saying it does not matter what the leader does.
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Summary• Leadership involves dynamic interaction between leaders
and followers in a particular situation.• Study of leadership must include the followers and the
situation.• The interactive nature of leader-followers-situation can help
us better understand– The changing nature of the leader-follower relationship.– The increasingly greater complexity of situations leaders and
followers face.• Good leadership can be enhanced by greater awareness of
factors influencing the leadership process.Bina Nusantara University 25