the late middle ages - social and political breakdown (1300-1453)

7/29/2019 The Late Middle Ages - Social and Political Breakdown (1300-1453)

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Social and Political Breakdown 1300-1453

THE LATE MIDDLE AGES


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The Black Death

Precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition

agricultural improvements increase food supply;European population doubles, 10001300,

thereafter outstripping food production

13151317: crop failures produce worst famine ofMiddle Ages

bubonic plague (Black Death) followedtrade routes from Asia into Europe,

probably via fleas on rats from Black Seaarea

BLACK DEATH, 13481350
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXDZQ


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aromatic amulets

Pretty necklaces that would mask the smell and protect frominfection

temperance & moderation

A pure life would keep them safe?

promiscuity & abandon

YOLO!

flight & seclusion

GTFO of here! Stay AWAY!!self-flagellation

ritualistic beating (popular w/ religious fanatics).

They believed God would cure them.

May have actually spread the disease.

POPULAR REMEDIES


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dramatic labor shortage, climbing wages for laborers & artisans

falling agricultural, climbing luxury pricesnoble landownershardest hit

attempts to freeze wages & force peasants to stay on landpeasant revolts

cities (artisans) benefit from demand for luxury goods

ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES


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Artisan guilds win some political power

Kings take advantage of weakened nobility & church

POLITICAL AND SOCIAL

CONSEQUENCES


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Nominal cause:

English king Edward IIIs claim on French throne, thwarted by accession offirst Valois king, Philip VI (r. 13281350)

Larger cause:English-French territorial, commercial, & cultural rivalry

French weakness: larger & wealthier, but more internal discord

HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1337

1453)


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Flanders allies with England, recognizing Edward asking of France, 1340

English seize Calais, 1346

English rout near Poitiers, 1356; French king JohnII taken captive

1360 treaty: John II ransomed, English claims inFrance recognized, Edward renounces claim toFrench throne

FIRST PHASE (EDWARD III)


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English war effort flags due to peasant revolts

Recommences with English victory atAgincourt, 1415

Duchy of Burgundy joins English

Treaty of Troyes, 1420: named English HenryV successor to French Charles VI, but bothsoon die

SECOND PHASE

TREATY OF TROYES


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French teenage peasant Joan of Arc declares call from God todeliver besieged Orlans from English

tired English repulsed, followed by string of French victories

Joan captured 1430, tried & burned as heretic at English-heldRouen

English forced back, conclude war with Calais as only Frenchpossession (1453)

Joan of Arc

THIRD PHASE

JOAN OF ARC
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQydMhY9OpIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQydMhY9OpI


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68 years of peace, 44 of war; France devastated, but national feelingawakened; English & French peasants suffer most from taxes & services

SUMMARY


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Papal monarchy established by Pope Innocent IIIstrengthened the church politically, but weakened it

spirituallyundermined popular support

Innocents successors: tightened & centralized church legalproceedings; elaborated clerical taxation; broadened papal

powers of appointment

Demise of Hohenstaufens took away galvanizing enemy ofchurch, made it vulnerable

LATE MEDIEVAL CHURCH


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French & English kings raise taxes on clergy; Bonifacedecrees new taxes need papal consent

French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money toRome; Boniface concedes

BONIFACE VIII (R. 12941303) VS.

PHILIP THE FAIR (R. 12851314)


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Boniface issues Unam Sanctam(1302), as confrontation with Philip ramps up,asserting subordination of temporal to spiritual power

French army assault & molest Boniface, who later dies

Result: popes never again seriously threaten European rulers

BONIFACE VIII (R. 12941303) VS.

PHILIP THE FAIR (R. 12851314)


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Pope Clement V moves papal court here to escape strife of Rome

to get needed revenue, papal taxes go up, and sale of indulgences begins

Pope John XXII (r. 13161334)most powerful Avignon pope

AVIGNON PAPACY (13091377)


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Lollards: followers of Wycliffe, English spokesman for rights of royalty against popes;challenged indulgences, papal infallibility, transubstantiationanticipates Protestantism

Hussites: followers of Huss, rector of University of Prague

similar to Lollards

JOHN WYCLIFFE (D. 1384) AND

JOHN HUSS (D. 1415)


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GREAT SCHISM (13781417)


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Urban VI and Clement VIIrival popes; England & allies support Urban, France& allies support Clement

Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative council could regulate actions of pope

Council of Pisa (14091410): deposed Urban & Clement (who refused to stepdown), elected Alexander Vthree contending popes

Council of Constance (14141417): provides for regular councils every few years

Council of Basel (1431

1449): height of conciliar government of church;negotiated directly with heretics (Hussites)

results of conciliar movement: greater religious responsibility to laity & seculargovernments

Ummm..... explain that to me???

THIS GETS KINDA

COMPLICATED
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-western-schism-and-the-tale-of-3-popes.htmlhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-western-schism-and-the-tale-of-3-popes.htmlhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-western-schism-and-the-tale-of-3-popes.html


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Mongols, or Tatars, sweep through China, Islamic world, &Russia, 13th c.

Ghengis Khan (11551227) invades Russia, 1223Russian cities become tribute-paying principalities of part ofMongol Empire known as the Golden Horde.

Russians impressed into Mongol military service, womentaken as wives/concubines, some sold into slavery

partial Islamization of Russian society.1380: beginning of Mongol decline in Russia; ends 1480under Ivan the Great.

Meanwhile .

MONGOL RULE IN RUSSIA

(12431480)

the late middle ages - social and political breakdown (1300-1453)

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