The Hundred Years’ WarThe Hundred Years’ War

1337-14531337-1453

1337-14531337-1453

Edwardian War 1337-1453Edwardian War 1337-1453 Caroline War 1369-1389Caroline War 1369-1389 Lancaster War 1415-1429Lancaster War 1415-1429

Results: national identityResults: national identity Strengthening of French monarchyStrengthening of French monarchy Weakening of English monarchy Weakening of English monarchy

Wars of the RosesWars of the Roses

Origins of Anglo-French Origins of Anglo-French ConflictConflict

911 – Rollo the Viking invaded France 911 – Rollo the Viking invaded France and was appeased by French king and was appeased by French king Charles the SimpleCharles the Simple

Given the duchy of Normandy – Given the duchy of Normandy – making the Dukes of Normandy making the Dukes of Normandy titular vassals of the French titular vassals of the French monarchymonarchy

William the Bastard, Duke of NormandyWilliam the Bastard, Duke of Normandy

Anxious to increase his holdings, Anxious to increase his holdings, William of Normandy invaded England William of Normandy invaded England in 1066 and defeated king Harold of in 1066 and defeated king Harold of Wessex at the Battle of Hastings.Wessex at the Battle of Hastings.

The new king of England William I – The new king of England William I – the Conqueror – was also the vassal of the Conqueror – was also the vassal of the king of France because of his the king of France because of his holdings in Normandyholdings in Normandy

Henry II of EnglandHenry II of England

Because of marriage alliances – Because of marriage alliances – Henry II of England – great-grandson Henry II of England – great-grandson of William I – held most of France:of William I – held most of France: NormandyNormandy MaineMaine AnjouAnjou GasconyGascony AquitaineAquitaine

By 1324, weaknesses in the English By 1324, weaknesses in the English monarchy allowed the French monarchy allowed the French monarchs to reduce English holdings monarchs to reduce English holdings in France to only Gasconyin France to only Gascony

Internal French weaknesses made Internal French weaknesses made the French vulnerable to a desire by the French vulnerable to a desire by the English to reclaim their lands.the English to reclaim their lands.

Philip III of France Philip III of France d. 1285d. 1285

Children:Children: Philip IV of FrancePhilip IV of France Charles, Ct. of Charles, Ct. of

ValoisValois

Philip IV of France Philip IV of France “The Fair” d. 1314“The Fair” d. 1314

Children:Children: Louis X d.1316Louis X d.1316

John I 1316John I 1316 Philip V d. 1322Philip V d. 1322 Charles IV d. 1328Charles IV d. 1328 Isabella m. Edward Isabella m. Edward

II of EnglandII of England

After the death of After the death of Philip V – the last Philip V – the last son of Philip IV – son of Philip IV – the French throne the French throne was to have was to have passed to Edward passed to Edward III of England – the III of England – the son of Philip IV’s son of Philip IV’s daughter Isabelladaughter Isabella

Instead, the French Instead, the French nobility named a nobility named a grandson of Philip grandson of Philip III king – Philip VI of III king – Philip VI of the House of Valoisthe House of Valois

1324 Charles IV defeated the English in 1324 Charles IV defeated the English in Gascony and embarrassed the English Gascony and embarrassed the English monarchy.monarchy.

1328 Charles IV died and SALIC LAW made the 1328 Charles IV died and SALIC LAW made the French throne skip the children of Isabella and French throne skip the children of Isabella and go to her cousin Philip VI.go to her cousin Philip VI.

1337 – French ships ravaged the English 1337 – French ships ravaged the English coastline – Philip VI claimed Gascony claiming coastline – Philip VI claimed Gascony claiming that Edward III did not fulfill his feudal that Edward III did not fulfill his feudal obligations.obligations.

Growing capitalism and the importance of Growing capitalism and the importance of the English wool trade – and English the English wool trade – and English involvement in the Low Countries and involvement in the Low Countries and Burgundy – moved Philip to use Genoese Burgundy – moved Philip to use Genoese ships to destroy English shipping.ships to destroy English shipping.

17 million French17 million French 4 million English4 million English 1340 – Battle of Sluys – French fleet 1340 – Battle of Sluys – French fleet

defeated by the English – allowing the defeated by the English – allowing the English to move against FranceEnglish to move against France

1346 – Battle of 1346 – Battle of Crecy – English Crecy – English victory using the victory using the long bowlong bow

1347 – port city of 1347 – port city of Calais taken – Calais taken – allowing the English allowing the English a permanent port a permanent port for troops and tradefor troops and trade

After time off for the After time off for the Black Death – the war Black Death – the war resumedresumed

John II of France – John II of France – captured 1356 near captured 1356 near Poitiers – taken as a Poitiers – taken as a prisoner to the Tower prisoner to the Tower of Londonof London

1356 – Second Treaty 1356 – Second Treaty of London – Aquitaine of London – Aquitaine restored to England restored to England and John’s son Louis and John’s son Louis exchanged for himexchanged for him

1358 – Jacquerie – peasant uprising in France 1358 – Jacquerie – peasant uprising in France against the war and the roaming soldiers who against the war and the roaming soldiers who destroyed the countryside when not in service.destroyed the countryside when not in service.

1360 – Treaty of Bretigny – Edward III was to 1360 – Treaty of Bretigny – Edward III was to renounce his claim to the French throne in renounce his claim to the French throne in exchange for part of Brittany, Aquitaine, exchange for part of Brittany, Aquitaine, Calais, Ponthieu and the allegiance of half of Calais, Ponthieu and the allegiance of half of the French king’s vassals.the French king’s vassals.

1362 – John II’s son escaped from London and 1362 – John II’s son escaped from London and was replaced by his father who soon died.was replaced by his father who soon died.

Charles V of France Charles V of France 1364-13801364-1380

Charles began to reclaim Charles began to reclaim French lands from French lands from Edward – as Edward Edward – as Edward never renounced his never renounced his right to the French right to the French throne.throne.

English losses and in English losses and in 1377 the death of 1377 the death of Edward III and Edward, Edward III and Edward, the Black Prince – Prince the Black Prince – Prince of Walesof Wales

Edward, Prince of Wales- the Black PrinceEdward, Prince of Wales- the Black Prince

Peace of BretignyPeace of Bretigny 13601360

After Edward IIIAfter Edward III

Edward III died in Edward III died in 13771377

His heir was the His heir was the infant son of his infant son of his eldest son – eldest son – Edward, the Black Edward, the Black Prince.Prince.

Richard IIRichard II

Richard II faced Richard II faced problems from his problems from his manipulative manipulative uncles – especially uncles – especially John of Gaunt, the John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster.Duke of Lancaster.

He also faced a He also faced a peasant uprising peasant uprising from Wat Tylerfrom Wat Tyler

Richard II was a weak Richard II was a weak king and was usurped king and was usurped by his cousin, Henry by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke – son of Bolingbroke – son of John of Gaunt.John of Gaunt.

The weaknesses in The weaknesses in the English monarchy the English monarchy inspired the French to inspired the French to attack – violating the attack – violating the Peace of Bretigny.Peace of Bretigny.

Henry IV was Henry IV was succeeded in 1413 by succeeded in 1413 by his son – Henry V who his son – Henry V who battled the French.battled the French.

He allied England with He allied England with BurgundyBurgundy

Agincourt 1415Agincourt 1415 1420 Treaty of Troyes 1420 Treaty of Troyes

– named Henry heir to – named Henry heir to Charles VICharles VI

Married Katherine of Married Katherine of Valois – daughter of Valois – daughter of Charles VICharles VI

1422 – Henry V and 1422 – Henry V and Charles VI died Charles VI died within months of within months of each other.each other.

In Paris, the infant In Paris, the infant Henry VI was Henry VI was proclaimed King of proclaimed King of FranceFrance

BUT – his uncle – the BUT – his uncle – the dauphin – proclaimed dauphin – proclaimed himself Charles VIIhimself Charles VII

The Dauphin (Charles The Dauphin (Charles VII) was inspired to VII) was inspired to renew the fight for renew the fight for his throne against his throne against the English and the English and Burgundians by a Burgundians by a peasant girl – Joan of peasant girl – Joan of Arc.Arc.

Battle of OrleansBattle of Orleans Inquisition – burned Inquisition – burned

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14531453

Black Death Slows Down the WarBlack Death Slows Down the War

Some physicians Some physicians dressed like this in dressed like this in order to avoid order to avoid contracting the contracting the plague.plague.