the integration of social, technological, scientific, environmental, economic, and cultural...
TRANSCRIPT
The integration of social, technological, scientific, environmental, economic, and cultural activities of nations that has resulted from increasing international contacts
“not simply a trend or a fad but is, rather, an international system. It is the system that has now replaced the Cold War system, and like that Cold War system, globalization has its own rules and logic that today directly or indirectly influence the politics, environment, geopolitics, and economics of virtually every country in the world”
…..Thomas Friedman
Modern transportation/communicationIncreased international tradeSpread of “popular” cultureSharing of international scienceInternational business
Is this new???
The Silk Road Era (200 BCE - 400 CE) The Islamic Era (600-1200) The Mongol Interlude (1200-1350) The Atlantic System (1500-1800) The Age of Global Empires (1800-1914) Globalization (1945-Present)
During each of these time periods, one sees the development of new and regular trade routes, new or improved commodities to exchange, the establishment of financial intermediaries, and commonly held customs and practices to facilitate this exchange.
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 1947 – unrestricted global trade signed by 23 noncommunist nations--goal: loosen barriers to free trade by decreasing tariff barriers
WTO (World Trade Organization) 1994
Consumerism – People want more than they need
“Americanization” or “McDonaldization” threatens local cultures
Cultural lines have become blurred as world becomes more connected - (cultural imperialism)
Other examples?
Pepsi in Russian
What enabled this to occur?
What are examples?
Why do people criticize these?
Why is it difficult for the government to regulate multinational businesses?
Japan’s 2nd “economic miracle”Post WWII, Japan had few resources and no
empireU.S. provided aid, investments, and protectionJapan’s plan = “economic tiger”
Export-oriented economyLow wagesHigh technology
Pro-business government
Little Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and TaiwanFollowed the Japanese modelBy the 1990s, joined by Indonesia, Thailand,
and Malaysia
China after MaoLate 1970s, China was opened to foreign
investment and technologyGradual shift from a command economy to a
market/capitalist economy
FREE TRADE/liberalization of tradeFree of state imposed restrictions
Quite often within a regional trade group
What are some examples of regional trading blocs?
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) 1967
EC (European Community) 1967EU (European Union) 1993NAFTA (North American Free Trade
Agreement) 1994AEC (African Economic Community) 1991
EU
Began in 1957 with six nations; now 27
Intended to integrate the European economy
Common currency – the Euro
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 1960 – Mostly Arab and Muslim members (1970s hit hard due to embargo of oil shipments to the U.S.)
Established in 1960 to control oil pricesAfter Arab-Israeli War of 1973, OPEC placed
an embargo on oil to the US because we were Israel’s ally
Price of oil quadrupled which triggered a global recession (gas was 75 cents a gallon)
What kind of monopoly is OPEC?
State a better definition of “popular culture” than what is given in the notes.
Iran’s Islamic answer to Barbie and Ken: Sara and Dara
Pepsi in Russian
Sports--Baseball in Japan--Football (soccer) and the World Cup *spread around the world via the British
*Colonial nationalists emphasized playing football to generate a national identityArt
--Other cultures represented in Western art, such as African sculpture in Pablo Picasso’s pieces and Japanese woodblock printing influence in Impressionism
Reggae--Roots in slave trade to Jamaica, Marcus Garvey’s
Pan-Africanism of the early 20th century--1930s-Ethiopians believed new leader,
Haile Selassie (originally named Ras Tafari) was the Messiah; translated this into new religion, Rastafarianism
--1960s-American styles of R&B and soul led Jamaicans to adapt/transform those styles in new ways = reggae (Bob Marley)
--Marley and The Wailers blended this with spiritual message of Rastafarianism and a political message of resistance
--Reggae spread throughout the world
20th century had a vast increase in the population b/c of advances in ag, industry, science, medicine
Developed countries’ population dropped – why?
“Warning to Humanity” 1992 – There is a finite supply of physical resources and we are on a collision course.
Reducing birth rates has become a concern in many countries (WHO - World Health Organization assists in family-planning)
Exploitation and competitionUrbanization and agricultural expansionIncrease use of fossil fuelsKyoto TreatyGreenpeace and Earth DayGreen Revolution
Causes of povertyResources distribution and accessIncome opportunities limitedEducation opportunities limited
Forced laborSlavery abolished worldwide in 1960sSlavery still existsChild labor still common
Last major pandemic – Spanish flu of 1918/1919; killed 20-40 million
Smallpox and diphtheria have been eradicated
Medical innovations: polio vaccine, antibiotics, artificial heart, transplants
HIV/AIDSIdentified in 1981 in San Franciscokills adults; leaves children orphaned;
threatens societyTreatment is expensiveIn 2000, 36.1 million people living with
HIV/AIDS worldwide; of those 21.8 are in Africa
Diseases associated with your lifestyle: diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimers
Diseases associate with poverty: malaria, TB, cholera
Define – terrorism using words other than in the notes
What is the difference between foreign and domestic terrorism?
Identify some terrorist events.
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)Red Cross (civilians in time of war and
wounded soldiers, peacetime, rendering medical aid and other help to victims of natural disasters)
Greenpeace (preservation of the earth’s natural resources & diverse animal/plant life)
Doctors Without Borders
United NationsFounded in 1945 to “maintain international
peace and securityNot successful at preventing warsCannot legislate, but has international
influenceMore successful in health and educational
goalsEradication of smallpoxDecrease in child mortalityIncrease in female literacyWHO and UNICEF are the most successful parts
Nuremberg trials of the Nazis introduces the idea of crimes against humanity
United Nations – Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (codification of international human rights laws: forbids slavery, torture, discrimination)
Amnesty International 1978 (over 2.2 million supporters in over 150 countries –independent and impartial)
IMFWorld BankWTO