Debra Bath

Griffith Institute for Higher Education Griffith University

Introductions to the profession: A technological approach to

increasing engagement with the profession

Overview

• Context• Development• The tools• Evaluation• Acknowledgements

Context

• Common first-year issues:– Many students are ill-prepared for the university experience

• Time management• Misconceptions (of the discipline, difficult concepts)• Academic writing• Learning and study skills• Alienation (to university, each other, the discipline)

• First-year Psychology – All of the above, and very large classes of often mixed cohorts

Context• Course (subject/unit) convenor for 2 very large first-year

core courses• T&L grant - build a virtual learning community site

– Create a sense of community and caring for the students, with a range of tools and resources to support their transition to university study, and to the discipline of psychology.

– Aims to:1. scaffold time management skills2. facilitate student, peer and teacher collaboration in dealing with

misconceptions and threshold concepts 3. scaffold the development of discipline-specific academic literacy skills4. facilitate self-reflection and development of effective approaches to

learning

Factors which contribute to a successful transition to university

Lizzio & Wilson 2011

Sense ofSense ofStudent Student IdentityIdentity

Sense of Sense of ConnectednessConnectedness

Sense of Sense of CapabilityCapability

Sense of Sense of PurposePurpose

Sense of Sense of ResourcefulnessResourcefulness

Do I know Do I know where I want where I want

to go?to go?

Have I got Have I got what it what it takes?takes?

Do I have a Do I have a sense of sense of

belonging belonging here?here?

Am I able to Am I able to understand and understand and

navigate my navigate my environment?environment?

Development• Online resources for skill development:

– reach greater number of students than is typical with face-to-face instruction– 24 hour access at the learner’s convenience– Can often complete tasks more than once, return to review (multiple

learning/practice opportunities)

• Designing online resources – research shows good designs:– organise info/activity into small ’chunks’ which can be processed at the learner’s

own pace• having individual control over the pace and sequence is valued• learners do not wish to commit large amounts of time, but want succinct information

– provide intermittent feedback and/or ‘testing’ via interactive elements • interactivity is also very motivating• Passive vs. active learning principle

– Embedded within the discipline

• Within Blackboard – the University’s learning management system– “Organisation” site (not course/subject/unit), called PsychMe! With a “Psychology” theme

throughout– All core psychology first-year courses are enrolled in the site– Not formally used in courses, but used by First-Year Advisor as ancillary support

Time management resources

Time management resources

Time management resources

“Learning Couch” Development• Zeegers and Martin (2001) argue that in order for first-year students to

progress to becoming independent learners, it is important for them to:1. become aware of their own learning approaches,

2. be cognisant of alternative learning strategies,

3. to be directed in how to reflect on their learning and in developing skills as self-regulated learners.

• Key drivers for for developing the “The Learning Couch”

• Design structure:Test (1 – leads to awareness)

Diagnosis (2 – identify strengths and weaknesses, consider alternative)

Treatment (3 – reflect on learning, target areas for development, access resources for support)

Follow-up (4 – reflect on change and development)

The Learning Couch

Chunking of information, activity and timeChunking of information, activity and time

“Test” (Effective Learning) Framework • Approaches to learning - Biggs (1987) Study Process Questionnaire - commonly

used framework for examining academic success– Deep – seek meaning, intrinsically motivated– Surface – focus on facts, “need to know” to pass, rote learning, extrinsically

motivated– Achieving – often both surface and deep strategies depending on what is

required, focus on high grades, well-organised and strategic

• Research shows – in relation to academic achievement:– Surface approach often negatively correlated– Deep approach sometimes positively correlated

(sometimes no relationship)– Achieving approach often positively correlated

“Test” (Effective Learning) Framework

• Time Perspective (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999)– Also related to academic success

– “How individuals divide the flow of human experiences into time frames” or “the relative dominance of past, present, future in a person’s thought”

• Past-oriented – focus on past experiences (and so can be positive or negative – e.g., success or failure on past exams)

• Present-oriented – the here and now (hedonistic / fatalistic) – pleasure-seekers often achieve well in courses they like/interested in but drop out or fail ones they don’t, fatalists don’t see they have control over what happens

• Future-oriented – consider consequences, responsible, often very high achievers (organised, task-focused, put off pleasure until completed)

– Future-orientated students typically high achievers at university

(1) Test

• 38 questions• Results are automatically pulled through into the other phases of the

Learning Couch

(1) Test results

(2) Diagnosis - What to do with the results?

• Quick guide to interpretation of scores, with worked example of “Geoff”

(2) Diagnosis – different learner profiles

• Tried not to be value-laden, or too “academic” in tone• Strengths as well as weaknesses for all profiles(feedback from road-testing)

(2) Diagnosis – which profiles are best good for university?

(2) Diagnosis - Exploring My learning profile

(3) Treatment – developing a personal plan

Resources

(3) Treatment

plan cont.

(4) Follow-up• same as “test” screen

(4) Follow-up – reflecting on change

• same as “test” screen

Safety net• Considering the “ethics” of online learning – like participation in a

research project

Implementation• Road-test

– with current first-year students (at the end of their 2nd semester of study– Teaching staff (first-year advisor, senior tutors, course convenors)– Food, thank-you gifts– Excellent feedback – fed into development of tool

• Launched in O-week (Semester 1)– Short presentation during orientation session and 1st lecture– Email reminders and announcements throughout semester– Incentives (prize draw - “in 25 words or less”- book voucher)– I was no longer involved in first-year > major impact

• Evaluation– Learning Couch data pre- and post-test (anonymous, opt-out option)– Online survey (mid-late semester 2)

Evaluation and Feedback2009 – first use•About 50% of students completed the first test phase (n = 184, of over 300)•About 25% students completed the treatment plan phase, but only 15 completed the follow-up test. 2011 – currently doing follow-up•N = 262 first test phase•12% treatment plan

•(Max score for SPQ – 30; Time perspective – 25)

• “I think Psychme should have been recommended more by our lectures and tutors as I was not aware of how helpful it could be until late in the semester.”

• “I think it needs to be more interlinked with our courses to encourage us to use the site since there are many people who did not go onto it once during the whole year. ”

Conclusions• The degree of student engagement with the resource was not unlike

other supplementary tutorials/resources (e.g., Zeegers & Martin, 2001; Krause, 2006)

• Useful, but needs team ownership and a driver• Value of some f2f contact (and embeddedness) to support motivation and

engagement• Not just technology (we are continually being driven to adopt technology-

infused solutions)• Needs personalising, relationships, and “teacher presence” (Garrison &

Vaughan, 2007)• Integration within the formal curriculum• Teaching team cohesion and a team approach to first-year support in

general – everyone needs to be on board

21 July, 201021 July, 2010 Debra Bath, GIHEDebra Bath, GIHE

Social PresenceSocial PresenceThe ability of participantsThe ability of participantsin a community of inquiryin a community of inquiryto project themselvesto project themselvessocially and emotionallysocially and emotionallyas as ‘‘realreal’’ people people(i.e., their full personality),(i.e., their full personality),through the medium ofthrough the medium ofcommunication beingcommunication beingused.used.

Cognitive PresenceCognitive PresenceThe extent to whichThe extent to whichlearners are able tolearners are able to

construct and confirmconstruct and confirmmeaning throughmeaning through

sustained reflectionsustained reflectionand discourse in aand discourse in acritical communitycritical community

of inquiry.of inquiry.

Teaching PresenceTeaching PresenceThe design, facilitation and direction of cognitive and The design, facilitation and direction of cognitive and

social processes for the purpose of realizing personally social processes for the purpose of realizing personally meaningful and educationally worthwhile learning outcomes.meaningful and educationally worthwhile learning outcomes.

Purposeful Purposeful activitiesactivities

The Community of Inquiry (COI) model (Garrison & Vaughn, 2007)The Community of Inquiry (COI) model (Garrison & Vaughn, 2007)• Ideal educational transaction is a collaborative constructivist process that has Ideal educational transaction is a collaborative constructivist process that has

inquiry at its core. Social interaction and collaboration shapes and tests meaning, inquiry at its core. Social interaction and collaboration shapes and tests meaning, enriching understanding and knowledge sharing.enriching understanding and knowledge sharing.

Recommendations - A blended learning approach

Community of Inquiry Indicators

• The consensus is that teaching presence is a significant determinate of student satisfaction, perceived learning, and sense of community (Garrison & Vaughn, 2007)

21 July, 201021 July, 2010 Debra Bath, GIHEDebra Bath, GIHE