The Industrial Revolution Time period in which a series of inventions rapidly changed how people lived and worked. The Two Halves First - United Kingdom About 1750 to 1825 Coal and steam powered machines Crop Rotation Steam Engine James Watt Steel - Henry Bessemer Second - United States About 1800 to 1900s Gasoline and electricity powered machines Cotton Gin Eli Whitney Steel Andrew Carnegie Electric Everything Edison Automobile Henry Ford Airplane Orville and Wilbur Wright *England was the first to industrialize because it had: - fertile land - natural resources - stable government and banking The Six Big Changes Agriculture - Machines doing farm work Manufacturing - Factories produce goods Power Sources Types of energy used Transportation Accelerated travel Urbanization - Larger cities Medicine Scientific approach Agriculture Before the Industrial Revolution Villages feed themselves subsistence farming Farmed in long strips Agriculture United Kingdom Contribution Crop Rotation Changing the type of plants grown in different fields so that nutrients are naturally replaced. Crop Rotation Agriculture United States Contribution Machines Doing Farm Work Tractor Harvester Thresher Combine Agriculture After the Industrial Revolution Food production increased In 170010 farmers = make enough food for 17 people In 180010 farmers = make enough food for 25 people Population increases and people move to cities for work. Agricultural machines (tractors, threshers etc) led to: - more food and less physical labor - job loss, laziness, and cause pollution. Manufacturing (Textiles) Before the Industrial Revolution Human Powered Cottage Industry Farmers harvested wool and cotton Merchants bought wool and cotton and took it to the villagers (in cottages) Villagers spun wool and cotton into yarn Merchant picked up yarn and took it to weaving and dying cottages Merchants sold finished textiles for big profits (farmers and villagers got little) Manufacturing (Textiles) United Kingdom Contribution Spinning Jenny Spun 8 threads at once Replaced spinning wheel Water Frame Spun thread using water power Power Loom Made cloth using water power Problem All these inventions sped up the production of raw cotton into cloth but raw cotton was still being collected by slaves and hand processed. Eli Whitney Cotton Gin Removes seeds from cotton 1790US produces 1.5 million pounds of cotton per year 1800US produces 85 million pounds of cotton per year Manufacturing (Textiles) United States Contribution Manufacturing (Textiles) After the Industrial Revolution Machine Powered Cloth produced in factories by low paid employees (or unpaid slaves) Cost of production and purchase declined Average person could afford to buy several articles of clothing Birth of the fashion industry Factories Places where raw materials go in and finished goods come out (manufactured goods) Assembly Lines What do you need? Entrepreneur Labor Capital Natural Resources Manufacturing machines enable faster production, higher quality, and lower prices. led to job loss, more pollution through waste and overproduction. Power Sources Before the Industrial Revolution Human and Animal Power (some water) People used simple machines (pulley, lever, wedge) to make work more efficient Cost of production and purchase was high Hand made Very slow Factories only near water= transportation needed = extra cost = higher prices Power Sources United Kingdom Contributions James Watt and the Steam Engine Modified a previous steam engine used for pumping water out of mine shafts Steam Engine Heat & water Steam Pressure pulls water from mine shafts Steam Engines in Factories Power Sources United States Contribution Oil Wells (Gasoline) Replaces coal because its easier to transport Automobiles ( ) Henry Ford Airplanes (1903) Orville and Wilbur Wright Electricity Communication Telegraph ( ) Samuel Morse (Morse Code) Telephone (1876) Bell and Edison Radio (1885 to 1901) - Edison Other uses Sewing machines, trolleys, fans, light bulbs (Edison) Thomas Edison and Electricity American Inventor Created the light bulb, record player and video projector Factory could be open at night Cities were safer Entertainment Power Sources After the Industrial Revolution Need for Natural Resources Coal for Steam Engines and to Make Iron 17002.5 million tons 180016 million tons Iron for Making Machines 1814571,000 tons 18521,036,000 tons (over of World production Oil for cars, trucks, tractors etc POLLUTION!!! Power sources (coal, steam, oil, electricity) enable faster production, faster travel, and faster communication. led to overproduction, dangerous travel, and pollution. Transportation Before the Industrial Revolution Horses, mules and human powered carts and wagons moved slowly on dirt roads Increased production need to transport goods quickly & cheaply Transportation United Kingdom Contributions Steam Engine Land Transportation - Trains Water Transportation Boats and Water Locks 1829, The Rocket First Locomotive 24 mph, 13 tons Growth of the Train in Britain 183070 miles of track 18404,500 miles 187015,000 miles Water Transportation Steam Powers used to power boats Creation of canals/ waterways Crossing the Atlantic: 1800 About three months 1880 (steam) 2-3 weeks 1910 about one week Transportation United States Contribution Automobiles Henry Ford uses assembly line technology to produce a cheap and reliable car (1906) The Model T Airplanes Orville and Wilbur Wright study flight in their bicycle shop and discover how wings and lift work enabling the first powered flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1903 Transportation After the Industrial Revolution Faster travel Automobiles Cars, trucks, busses, tractors Airplanes Water Transportation Steam Powered Locks and canals Goods from far away, including food! Travel for Leisure (Vacations) Faster transportation (airplanes, trains, and automobiles) allows people to travel quickly and move goods faster. is dangerous, spreads diseases quicker, and creates in pollution. Urbanization (movement of people from farms to cities) enables people to have more education, entertainment, and employment options. led to people living in crowded and polluted communities. Urbanization (the movement of people from farm to cities) Before the Industrial Revolution Buildings Short (10 story maximum) Made of wood, brick, stone Crude or no indoor plumbing Travel was slow and scary Bumpy dirt or stone roads Bridges were unreliable London Bridge is falling down Cities were crowded and filthy! Urbanization United Kingdom Contributions Steel (1855) Henry Bessemer Created a cheap and easy process to make steel alloy (a mixture of metals) Subway Trains (1863) London Underground railway is the first large rapid transit system Urbanization United States Contributions Steel (1885) Andrew Carnegie Mass production of cheap steel in Pittsburgh, PA Skyscrapers (late 1800s) Chicago Skeleton Suspension Bridges Brooklyn Bridge (1883) steel cables Indoor plumbing and sewers Urbanization After the Industrial Revolution Buildings Tall: Burj Khalifa Dubai, U.A.E. (2,717 feet tall 160 stories) Made of steel Indoor plumbing, lighting, heating, cooling Travel is improved Mass transit, smooth concrete streets Bridges are reliable, longer and more of them Cities are still crowded but less filthy! Scientific medicine (vaccines to prevent illness, treatments for diseases and injuries, etc) enables people to live longer and healthier lives. increases population and pollution. Superstitious/religious explanations for illnesses and cures Old Tyme Medicine Blood-letting, leeches, hallucinogens Medicine Before the Industrial Revolution Louis Pasteur and Vaccines Studied how bacteria leads to illness Invented pasteurization of milk to kill bacteria and vaccines against many illness Medicine French Contribution Maj. Walter Reed, MD and Yellow Fever Proved a hypothesis by Cuban Carlos Finlay that the disease was a virus being spread by mosquitoes. Father of epidemiology and biomedicine Medicine United States Contribution Modern Medicine Antiseptics (clean tools), Pain killers, Vaccines, etc. Modern Chemistry Dyes, preservatives for food, medicines and fertilizers, Dynamite Medicine After the Industrial Revolution Problems with Industrialization Political Reactions to the Industrial Revolution Capitalism the system of allowing all people to own property and sell it for profit was not popular with everyone Especially the poor who worked For low pay For 14 hours a day, 7 days a week For their entire childhood For owners who didnt protect health or safety