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The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome

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Page 1: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

The Idea That Was Rome

I. The Origins of Rome

Page 2: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West

1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness

2. Western “template”

language, government, law, religion

3. Republic or Empire?

Page 3: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

B. Early Roman Civilization

1. Greek colonization

Page 4: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

2. Carthage and Phoenician colonies

Page 5: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

C. Etruscan Civilization

1. From Asia Minor, 2000s-1500 BCE

a. De-centralized tribes

b. Eastern gods, mythology

Page 6: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

2. 800s BCE - confederation

Page 7: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

3. Etruscan life

a. sharp class division

b. hydraulic, urban society

c. high status of women

Page 8: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

D. Latium (Latin) Civilization

1. 700 BCE - Alban League

Page 9: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

2. Basic family unit - “paterfamilia”

patricians, plebians

3. Senate

4. Mythology

Cincinnatus, Horatio Cocles, Lucretia

Romulus and Remus

farmers, soldiers, and virtue

Page 10: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

E. Etruscan Rome

1. 600s = Etruscans conquer central Italy

a. land-use technology

b. military service/property ownership

c. class stratification

Page 11: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

2. Last Etruscan King - Tarquinio

3. Republic, unified Italy

Page 12: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

II. The Roman Republic, 509-79? BCE

Page 13: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

• Paradox of Republican Rome

Values espoused not values maintained by ruling Senate

Page 14: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

A. Republic and class compromise

1 . Law of 12 Tables (450 BCE)

2. Conquest of Italian peninsula

Page 15: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

B. The Punic Wars, 265 - 146 BCE

1. Nearly defeated Rome

Page 16: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

Livy, The Punic Wars

Hannibal Barca

Page 17: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

2. Long-term implications of Punic Wars would put great stress on republican Rome

Page 18: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

III. Culture in Republican Rome

Page 19: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

A. Empire of Farmers and Soldiers

1. Spokesman of republican virtue

Cato the Elder

Page 20: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

1. Women

2. Sons

3. Slaves

Page 21: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

Fear of Slave Revolt

73 BC - Spartacus leads slave revolt; 70,000

Required 3 Roman armies to defeat him

Led to “hysteria” among free Romans

Crassus v. Pompey: origins of dictatorship

Page 22: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

C. the Equestrian Class

1. Growing power through non-traditional means

“new men” - officers, merchants, aristocrats of the empire

Page 23: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

D. Senate instransigience

1. The Gracchus brothers (see Plutarch)

2. Public display

Page 24: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

E. Religion

1. No specific caste of priests

2. Each family had its own gods, spirits

- ancestor worship

3. Romans adopted other gods, ie the Greeks

Page 25: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

4. State intolerant of non-sanctioned religions

Cult of Isis, Bacchus

Page 26: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

Persecution of the Cult of Bacchus was endemic of larger problems

- growing class disparity; slavery

- traditional male status in decline

- no unifying public religion

- Patricians hostile to any reform

EAMUS CATULI!

Page 27: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

IV. Fall of the Republic

Page 28: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

A. Crisis of Government, ca. 100 BC

1. The Social Wars

- Livius Drusus, expansion of citizenship

2. Losing grip on Empire

Page 29: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

3. First Roman dictatorship, 83-79 BC

a. Sulla

b. made army loyal to

commander

Page 30: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

B. Last-ditch effort to save the Republic

1. Cicero = “stoicism”

2. Restore republican

virtues and accountability

Page 31: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

C. Republic descends into Civil Wars, 79-44 BC

1. Pompey, conquered Spain

2. Crassus, crushed Spartacan revolt

3. Julius Caesar, conquest of Gaul

59 BC, the First Triumvirate

Page 32: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

4. Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, 49 BC

Page 33: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

5. Assassination of Julius Caesar, March 15, 44 BC

6. Renewed War: Octavian v. Marc Antony

Cleopatra?

Page 34: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

7. Octavian defeats Marc Antony at Battle of Actium, 31 BC

Page 35: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

Octavian changes name to Caesar Augustus

Rules empire as an Emperor

Senate remains, but republic is lost

Page 36: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

V. Rome in the Augustan Age

The Pax Romana, 31 BC - 192 AD (CE)

Page 37: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

A. Why did Imperial system work in replacing the Republic?

1. Augustus worked within construct of law

2. Emperors could choose successors

Augustus, Tiberius: 23 BC - 37 AD

five “good Emperors”: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,

Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius: 96-180 AD

cooperated with the Senate; reformers

Page 38: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

***System Augustus set up could survive “bad emperors”

Caligula, Claudius, Nero

Page 39: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

3. Reform the Senate

4. Build Equestrian class

5. Army reform

Page 40: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

6. “Rounded off” the boundaries of the Empire

Height of Empire, 116 A.D.

Page 41: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

B. Culture of Imperial Rome

1. Augustus hoped to re-instill “republican virtues”

2. Reward soldiers with land

3. Assist urban poor of Rome with food, public works

Page 42: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

C. “corruption” of republican virtue

1. In Imperial system, women obtain greater influence

- marriage, court intrigue, cults, divorce, eulogies

Page 43: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

2. “bad” emperors hated for extravagance

Claudius gets a foot rub

Page 44: The Idea That Was Rome I. The Origins of Rome. A. Relevance of Roman History to the Past and Present West 1. Greeks v. Romans: inclusiveness 2. Western

3. The longer Rome was ruled by an Emperor, the less possible it was to return to republic

- Marcus Aurelius

Roman historians of the Imperial Era longed for the old republic, but strains of empire made that impossible


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