ancient rome republic to empire. the roman republic people of italy latins phoenicians/greeks...
TRANSCRIPT
Ancient Rome
Republic to Empire
The Roman Republic
People of Italy
Latins
Phoenicians/Greeks
Etruscans
Phoenicians/GreeksAttributes include:• Excellent sailors• World traders• Learned the alphabet
and taught it to their trade partners
Etruscans
Attributes include:
● Building of city walls, engineering of the Forum, and construction of a sewer system to the Tiber River
● Temples built and decorated Etruscan style
● Class system
● Religious beliefs
The Republic• Starts in 509 BC
• Citizens had the right to elect their leader (unless you were a slave or woman)
• Leader ruled in the name of the people
• Policy lasts for over 500 years
Class System Patricians
= = A group of wealthy land owners
Plebeians= = Common people. Farmers,
artisans, small merchants
Slaves= =
Prisoners of war, plebeians in too much debt. Not Citizens and could not vote!
Early Roman Government
Patricians Elected to office
SenateForeign and Domestic Policies
Led by 2 Consuls
Served 1 year total
Enforced the laws of Rome
Controlled the Army
Had Veto Power
Praetors
Led the Army
In charge of civil law
TreasuryGovernment
Early Roman Government
Plebeians
The Popular Assembly
Approved by Patrician consuls
Had very little power
The Roman Army
Participants:- Patricians at first
- Later, patricians and plebeians would serve
Threats:- Etruscans and Gauls
Weapons:- Javelins, slings, spears, and swords
Legions: (6,000 soldiers)- Each legion divided into smaller units
Plebeians Want Changes!
Plebeians want to fight in wars and they want more rights.
So…
The Assembly of Centuries
The Assembly of Tribes
Composed of Roman Army
Passed Laws
Elected Consuls
Chose the Censor
1. Always Patricians
2. Registered the population for voting and taxing
The Great Divide
Plebeians
10 elected tribunes to speak for them
Refused to fight without more rights
1. First written law code
2. Posted in the Forum
Centuriate Council of Plebs
The Assembly of Centuries
(Patricians)
The Assembly of Tribes
(Plebeians)
Composed of Roman Army
Passed Laws
Elected Consuls
Chose the Censor
The Great Compromise
Allowed to be consuls and members of senate
10 elected tribunes to speak for them
Allowed to pass laws
Marriages between plebeians and patricians okay now
Registered people for voting and taxing
Tribunes had veto power now
CenturiateCouncil of
Plebs
The Roman Family(Men)
=
Large Families Rewards
=
Larger Army
Bachelors
=
Penalties given
Roman
Fathers
Sold children into slavery
Abandoned infants
Extremely strict
Taught their children
(History)
Wealthy men were educated
The Roman Family(Women)
Rights Social Roles
-They were citizens
-They could testify in court
-They could not vote or hold office
Later:-They could own property
-They could create their own will
-Shared in household decisions
-Supervised children and slaves
- Could attend public festivals and the theater
Religion
Vesta
Goddess of hearth
Prayed to daily
Jupiter
Ruler of the Universe
Venus MarsGoddess of love God of war
Polytheistic
– worshipped many gods
The Expansion of Rome 1st
Punic
War
2nd
Punic
War
Final
Punic
War
- Rome had to keep up with Carthage’s strong navy
- Lasted 23 years on land and water
- Carthage paid to surrender
- Gave up Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica
- Hannibal’s revenge
- Carthage marched with elephants
- Lasted 17 years
- Carthage paid heavy fine
- Gave up Spain
- Lasted only 3 years
- Roman legions destroyed Carthage
- Massacred the people
- Took Carthage as their territory
After the Punic WarsLands became provinces headed by Governors
Did not require people to change their customs
Some built roads and set up economies
Others accepted bribes
In charge of tax collection and defense
Changes
In
Rome
Introduced to the Hellenistic Civilizations (the spread of Greek culture to the non-Greek lands conquered by Alexander the Great)
Especially science and medicine
Trade and commerce (business) increased
Wealth accumulated
Small Roman farmers lost their land
Paid tributes (forced payment) of grain paid in grain
Drove down pricesFarm land bought at extremely low prices by wealthy traders
Acquired latifundias (large estates)
Positive
Effects
Slaves had to work the land
More farmers had to sell their land
Poor and landless people move into Rome
Mobs formed – Violence erupted
Negative
Effects
The Decline of the Republic
Poverty
Problems
The poor, landless, and plebeians roamed the streets
Senate was full of wealthy men not concerned about the poor
Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
(Leaders of the Poor)Urged the Senate to:
1. Limit the size of large estates
2. Redistribute land to the poor
3. Settle landless farmersLed violent revolts
Killed by gangs of wealthy nobles
Slaves
Revolt
133 BC – 44 BC)
Senate calls out legions to stop the revolts
Changes
in the
Roman Army
Army will include landowners and landless soldiers
Landless soldiers promised loot (money) by generals
As a result, the soldiers pledged more allegiance to the generals
Civil War develops between two generals
(Lucius Cornelius Sulla & )
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
VICTOR OF WAR
Abolished law of limited term for dictator
Generals rule for the next 40 years in Rome
The First Triumvirate
(Three Man Alliance)
Marcus Lucius Crassus
Wealthy General
Julius Caesar
Many military victories in Spain
Ran for Consul
Feared by Senate, well liked in Rome
Senate blocked his election
Gnaeus Pompey
Successful General
Conquered land in Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine
Ruling Rome by 60 BC
Crassus dies in battle (53 BC)
Caesar
Pompey
And the POWER goes to…
Busy battling/winning land in Gaul and Britain
Getting nervous over Caesar’s popularity
Pompey orders him to return to Rome and break up his legions
Gets the support of the Senate (49 BC)
Caesar refuses and marches toward Rome
Caesar crosses the Rubicon River (the final straw)
Pompey declares a civil war
Pompey’s legions are crushed
The Rule of Caesar
Won major campaigns in:
The Middle East
North Africa
Spain
*Admired by the people
*Pardoned the senators who supported Pompey
Dictator for Life
(44 BC)
Gave land to the poor
Started building projects
Gave Roman citizenship to people outside of Italy
Increased soldier pay
Introduced the Julian Calendar (Used Hellenistic Astronomy/More accurate)
No power given to the Senate and Assembly of Tribes
Senate called Caesar a tyrrant. Blamed him for the destruction of the Republic.
Cleopatra
Ides of March
“Ides” = 15th day of the months March, May, July, and October on the Roman Calendar = March 15th,
44 BC
=The day that Julius Caesar was stabbed by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus
= Civil War to follow