the human body in health and disease

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

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Second EditionSecond Edition

The Human Body in Health and Disease

4

Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd

Multimedia Directory

Slide 57PET Scan VideoSlide 60MRI VideoSlide 63Ultrasound Video


Learning Objectives

• Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the human body.

• Identify the building blocks, organ systems, and cavities of the body.

• Identify the anatomical planes, regions, and directional terms used to describe areas of the body.


Learning Objectives (cont.)

• Break down and define the important terms associated with the anatomy and physiology of the human body.

• Define the introductory terms associated with medical terminology.

• Identify the five major diagnostic imaging procedures.


Word Parts

• abdomin/o • anter/o • brachi/o• cardi/o • caud/o • cephal/o


Word Parts (cont.)

• cervic/o • chondr/i• cran/o, crani/o • cyt/o • dist/o • dors/o


Word Parts (cont.)

• femor/o • gastr/o • glute/o • hom/o, home/o • ili/o


Word Parts (cont.)

• infer/o • inguin/o • later/o • lumb/o • medi/o


Word Parts (cont.)

• organ/o • pelv/o • physi/o • pleur/o• poster/o • proxim/o


Word Parts (cont.)

• super/o • thorac/o • tom/o • umbilic/o • ventr/o


Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy• Physiology• Functions of the body• Homeostasis


Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)

• The Building Blocks of Body Structure Cells Tissues Organs Systems


Figure 4.1Building blocks of the body. Complexity increases in the direction of the

arrow.



• Atoms Molecules Organelles

• Cells



• Tissues• Four main types of tissues:

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous



• Organ Maintains a certain shape Performs a general function

• Examples: stomach, brain, pancreas



• System The body contains 11 systems Each system performs a general function


Table 4.1Systems of the Body


Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body


Directional Terms

• Directional terms• Anatomical position• Most directional terms each include one word root and one suffix.

• Suffixes are either -ior or -al


Word Roots Involving Direction

• super • infer • anter • poster• medi


Word Roots Involving Direction (cont.)

• later• proxim • dist • ventr • dors• caud


Directional Terms

• Superior• Inferior• Anterior (ventral)• Posterior (dorsal)


Directional Terms (cont.)

• Medial• Lateral• Superficial• Deep• Proximal• Distal


Planes Dividing the Body

• Plane• Frontal or coronal plane• Sagittal plane• Transverse plane


Figure 4.2 Body planes


Regions of the Body

• Regions of the Body Head Neck Upper appendages Trunk Lower appendages


Regions of the Body (cont.)

• Regions may be broken down further such as the abdominal region within the trunk.

• Abdominal region can be broken down in two ways – abdominal regions and abdominal quadrants


Regions of the Body (cont.)

• Abdominal Regions Epigastric region Hypochondriac regions Umbilical region Lumbar regions Hypogastric region Iliac regions


Figure 4.3 The abdomen and abdominal regions


Abdominal Quadrants

• Abdominal Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)


Anatomical Terms (cont.)

• Body as a Whole Central trunk, or torso Appendages, or limbs Cavities Viscera


Body Cavities

• Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity Spinal (vertebral) cavity


Figure 4.4 Body cavities


Body Cavities (cont.)

• Ventral cavity Thoracic cavity

-Pericardial cavity-Pleural cavities-Mediastinum


Body Cavities (cont.)

• Ventral cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity

-Abdominal cavity-Pelvic cavity


Medical Terms of the Human Body

• Disease• Pathology• Pathologist• Diagnosis• Symptom


Medical Terms of the Human Body (cont.)

• Sign• Acute• Chronic


Medical Terms of the Human Body (cont.)

• Infection• Trauma• Prognosis


Diagnostic Imaging

• Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy CT scan PET scan MRI Ultrasound


Endoscopy

• Endoscope Views internal anatomy on a monitor

May also contain surgical attachments that allow the physician to manipulate internal structures


Figure 4.5 EndoscopySource: Reflekta/Shutterstock


CT Scan

• Computed Tomography Scanning Can scan from multiple angles Useful to view cross-sectional images of organs

Standard evaluation of trauma to most body areas


Figure 4.6 CT scanSource: Linda Bartlett/National Cancer Institute.


PET Scans

• Positron emission tomography The radioactive substance is combined with a metabolically important material and then inhaled or injected into the patient

The metabolic activity of an organ is detected by the PET scan based on the particles being released by the organ


Figure 4.7a PET scanSource: Grieze/Dreamstime.com


Figure 4.7b PET scanSource: ballemans./Shutterstock


PET Scan Video

Click here to view a video on the topic of PET scans.

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MRI

• Magnetic resonance imaging Can distinguish between structures based on the water content

Offers the clearest, most complete images of internal anatomy

Can diagnose many forms of cancer, joint disease, and trauma


Figure 4.8 MRISource: Jupiterimages/Polka Dot/Thinkstock


MRI Video

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Ultrasound Imaging

• Ultrasound imaging, or sonography• Major body systems in which ultrasound is used: Obstetrics and gynecology – fetal, uterine, breast, ovarian

Cardiology – heart, blood flow through vessels

Urology – blood flow through the kidneys, detecting prostate cancer, seeing kidney stones


Figure 4.9 Ultrasound imagingSource: Photodisc/Thinkstock


Ultrasound Video

Click here to view a video on the topic of ultrasound.

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Combining Form Quiz

1.dors/o a. front2.anter/o b. below3.proxim/o c. back4.super/o d. above5.infer/o e. near

the human body in health and disease

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