the cynipoid families - hym coursehymcourse.org/pdf/hymcourse-cynipoidea.pdf · the cynipoid...

Matthew L. BuffingtonSystematic Entomology Lab, ARS/USDA

Smithsonian Institution

The Cynipoid FamiliesThe Cynipoid FamiliesThe Hym CourseThe Hym Course

Portal AZPortal AZ20062006

CynipoideaMacrocynipoids• Rarely collected, relatively few species• Large, heavily sclerotized• Elongate body (pupation in elongate chamber)• Parasitoids of wood-boring insect larvae• Adaptations to exit tunnels in wood• Long ovipositors

Microcynipoids• Common, species-rich• Small, less heavily sclerotized• Short and high body (pupation in round chamber)• Parasitoids of insect larvae in various microhabitats or associated with galls• Lack adaptations for exiting wood tunnels• Long or short ovipositors

Cynipoidea

Macrocynipoids• Austrocynipidae (1 species)• Ibaliidae (20 spp)• Liopteridae (200 spp)

Microcynipoids• Figitidae (1400 spp)• Cynipidae (1300 spp)

Some characters of Cynipoidea

-Unique wing veination (microcynipoids)-Modified basal flagellar segments in males-Laterally flattened metasoma-Compact, stout appearance, esp. mesosoma

FigitidaeFigitidae

CynipidaeCynipidae

Austrocynipidae

• Only one species, Austrocynips mirabilis• Only cynipoid with a pterostigma• Reared in three specimens from Araucaria

cones in tropical Queensland (Australia)• Presumably parasitoids of cone-boring moth

larvae

IbaliidaeIbaliidae

•• up to 15 mm, ovipositor concealed. up to 15 mm, ovipositor concealed.•• female with 13 antennal segments, male with 15. female with 13 antennal segments, male with 15.•• large spur on hind large spur on hind tarsomere tarsomere II in male and female.II in male and female.•• compressed compressed gaster gaster,, tergum tergum VI largest.VI largest.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

BiologyBiology•• 1 genus in northern hemisphere. 1 genus in northern hemisphere.•• solitary egg-larval parasite of solitary egg-larval parasite of Siricidae Siricidae and and Anxyelidae Anxyelidae..•• oviposits oviposits into egg, late-instar into egg, late-instar ectoparasitic ectoparasitic (koinobiont). (koinobiont).•• fourth instar with large mandibles but does not feed. fourth instar with large mandibles but does not feed.•• pupation in host tunnel. pupation in host tunnel.

BiocontrolBiocontrol•• imported to imported to Australasia Australasia for control of for control of Siricidae Siricidae in pine. in pine.

Liopteridae

• Mainly tropical but occurs world-wide(except Europe)

• Parasitoids of cerambycid and buprestidlarvae

ObertheauellaObertheauella LiopteronLiopteron PseudibaliaPseudibalia

CynipidaeCynipidae

•• female with 13-14 female with 13-14 antennal segments, male with 14-15.antennal segments, male with 14-15.•• most most macropterous macropterous, some, some brachypterous brachypterous oror apterous apterous..•• mesosoma and face sculptured.mesosoma and face sculptured.•• hypopygium hypopygium usually with spine.usually with spine.•• tarsal claw often with tarsal claw often with preapical preapical tooth.tooth.•• gena gena usually with ridge.usually with ridge.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

BiologyBiology•• 1312 species. 1312 species.•• phytophagous gall formers. phytophagous gall formers.•• Synergini Synergini are are inquilines inquilines that kill the host gall former. that kill the host gall former.

Cynipidae (Gall Wasps)

• Phytophagous gallinducers or inquilines

• Gall inducers initiate galls in which larvae develop. Many associatedwith woody rosids, some on herbs.

• Inquilines have larvae that develop in the galls induced by othercynipids or occasionally other insects, usually on woody rosids.

FigitidaeFigitidae

•• metasomal tergum metasomal tergum III the largest. III the largest.•• scutellum scutellum usually with spines, pits or ridges. usually with spines, pits or ridges.•• hypopygium hypopygium without spine. without spine.•• head and head and mesosoma mesosoma usually strongly sculptured. usually strongly sculptured.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

BiologyBiology•• 9 subfamilies and 1411 species. 9 subfamilies and 1411 species.•• parasitic on Diptera, Hymenoptera and Neuroptera. parasitic on Diptera, Hymenoptera and Neuroptera.

•• Neuroptera - egg in Neuroptera - egg in haemocoel haemocoel, external in host cocoon, external in host cocoon(Anacharitinae)(Anacharitinae)•• Diptera - solitary internal parasitoids, emerging from Diptera - solitary internal parasitoids, emerging frompuparium (several subfamilies).puparium (several subfamilies).•• HyperparasiticHyperparasitic on Hymenoptera (Charipinae). on Hymenoptera (Charipinae).

Examples of FigitidaeExamples of Figitidae

CharipinaeCharipinae AspicerinaeAspicerinae EucoilinaeEucoilinae

EmargininaeEmargininae ThrasorinaeThrasorinae AnacharitinaeAnacharitinae

FigitinaeFigitinae PycnostigminaePycnostigminae

Host PreferenceHost PreferenceThrasorinaeThrasorinae CharipinaeCharipinae

FigitinaeFigitinaeEucoilinaeEucoilinae

AspicerinaeAspicerinae

AnacharitinaeAnacharitinae

UnknownUnknown: Emargininae : Emargininae PycnostigminaePycnostigminae

Summary Tree: ParsimonySummary Tree: Parsimony

EucoilinaeEucoilinae

LiopteridaeLiopteridae

CynipidaeCynipidaeParnipinaeParnipinae

FigitinaeFigitinae

CharipinaeCharipinae

EmargininaeEmargininae

Thrasorinae Thrasorinae



MelanipsMelanips

7979

8787

6767

89899898

100100

8282100100

100100

LonchidiaLonchidia

Divergence time estimation: ResultsDivergence time estimation: Results

Ronquist & Nordlander (1989) van Lenteren (1998)

Lower valve

van Lenteren (1998)van Lenteren (1998)

Uppervalve

Ovipositor MorphologyOvipositor Morphology

Ovipositor clip in actionOvipositor clip in action1. Pinching of host cuticle1. Pinching of host cuticle between lobe and teeth between lobe and teeth on unpaired valve on unpaired valve

2. Injection of venom2. Injection of venom3. Deposition of egg(s)3. Deposition of egg(s)

Host cuticleHost cuticle

Ovipositor clip in actionOvipositor clip in action4. Further insertion followed4. Further insertion followed by by ‘‘jerkingjerking’’ action action

Ovipositor clip in actionOvipositor clip in action5. Removal5. Removal

Summary Tree: ParsimonySummary Tree: Parsimony

TrischizaTrischiza = ovipositor clip present= ovipositor clip presentEucoilinaeEucoilinae

LiopteridaeLiopteridae

CynipidaeCynipidae

ParnipinaeParnipinae

FigitinaeFigitinae


EmargininaeEmargininae

Thrasorinae Thrasorinae



MelanipsMelanips

7979

8787

6767

89899898

100100

8282100100

100100

Clip Examples-SEMClip Examples-SEM

EucoilinaeEucoilinaeFigitinaeFigitinae

Trybliographa rapaeTrybliographa rapaeNeralsia Neralsia sp.sp.

A Few Clip ExamplesA Few Clip ExamplesEucoilinaeEucoilinae

Ganaspis

Glauraspidea

FigitinaeFigitinae

Odonteucoila

Neralsia

Trischiza

Xyalophora

Host PreferenceHost PreferenceSpectrumSpectrum

less concealment more concealment

Clip presentabsent absentaphid mummies fruit flies leafmining flies

Overview of Overview of Figitid Figitid sub-familiessub-familiesthat you will encounterthat you will encounter around the Portal areaaround the Portal area


•• lack of sculpture (and other characters). lack of sculpture (and other characters).•• hypopygium hypopygium without spine. without spine.•• genal genal carina weak or absent. carina weak or absent.•• mesotibia mesotibia and and metatibia metatibia often with spur, tarsal claw without tooth. often with spur, tarsal claw without tooth.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

BiologyBiology•• two tribes, two tribes, Alloxystini Alloxystini and and CharipiniCharipini•• Alloxystini hyperparasitic Alloxystini hyperparasitic onon braconids braconids && aphelinids aphelinids through aphids.through aphids.

•• early stages in primary host. early stages in primary host.•• external after primary parasite pupates. external after primary parasite pupates.

•• Charipini Charipini areare hypers hypers onon encyrtids encyrtids throughthrough Psylloidea Psylloidea..

Alloxysta Alloxysta sp.sp.

EucoilinaeEucoilinae

•• scutellum with round or tear-drop shapedscutellum with round or tear-drop shapedplate or plate or ““cupcup””..

TaxonomyTaxonomy

BiologyBiology•• 1400 species. 1400 species.•• early instar parasitoids of early instar parasitoids of calypterate calypterate Diptera, external inDiptera, external in puparia puparia..

•• (agromyzids, (agromyzids, choropids choropids,, anthomyiids anthomyiids and drosophilids.and drosophilids.•• often associated with dung or rotten fruit. often associated with dung or rotten fruit.

BiocontrolBiocontrol•• Trybliographa rapaeTrybliographa rapae accidently accidently introduced against onion maggot.introduced against onion maggot.•• HexacolaHexacola imported for control of imported for control of HipplelatesHipplelates..•• Ganaspidium utilis Ganaspidium utilis for control of for control of LiriomyzaLiriomyza in HIin HI

Aganaspis daci Aganaspis daci (Weld)(Weld)

Aganaspis daci Aganaspis daci (Weld)(Weld)

Trybliographa rapae Trybliographa rapae WestwoodWestwood

Kleidotoma Kleidotoma sp.sp.

Agrostocynips clavatus Agrostocynips clavatus DiazDiaz

Agrostocynips clavatus Agrostocynips clavatus DiazDiaz Preseucoela imallshookupis Preseucoela imallshookupis BuffingtonBuffington GronotomaGronotoma sp. sp.

Leptopilina Leptopilina sp.sp. Nordlandiella semirufaNordlandiella semirufa (Kieffer)(Kieffer) GanaspisGanaspis sp.sp.

Agrostocynips clavatus Agrostocynips clavatus DiazDiaz DiecoilaDiecoila sp.sp.

Agrostocynips clavatus Agrostocynips clavatus DiazDiaz

Agrostocynips clavatus Agrostocynips clavatus DiazDiazDiecoilaDiecoila sp.sp.

DiecoilaDiecoila sp.sp.

DiecoilaDiecoila sp.sp. Agrostocynips clavatus Agrostocynips clavatus DiazDiaz

Results: Comparison of topologiesResults: Comparison of topologies

Gronotoma Gronotoma groupgroup

Kleidotoma Kleidotoma groupgroup

ZamischusZamischus group group

ZaeucoilaZaeucoila group group

Core EucoilinaeCore Eucoilinae






BayesianBayesian

ParsimonyParsimony

Results: Comparison of topologies, host feeding nicheResults: Comparison of topologies, host feeding niche


ZaeucoilaZaeucoila group groupCore EucoilinaeCore Eucoilinae




BayesianBayesian

ParsimonyParsimony





Results: Comparison of topologies, host feeding nicheResults: Comparison of topologies, host feeding niche



BayesianBayesian

ParsimonyParsimony







ZaeucoilaZaeucoila group groupGronotoma Gronotoma groupgroup

FigitinaeFigitinaeTaxonomyTaxonomy

BiologyBiology

BiocontrolBiocontrol

More or less a garbage can More or less a garbage can taxontaxon; notaulices present,; notaulices present, scutellar plate absent; wings lacking scutellar plate absent; wings lacking pubesencepubesence

Koinobiont endoparasitoids Koinobiont endoparasitoids ofof CyclorrhaphaCyclorrhapha, usually, usuallycarrion feeding carrion feeding SarcophagidaeSarcophagidae, , MuscidaeMuscidae, etc., but some, etc., but someattackattack predatory predatory Diptera (Diptera (MelanipsMelanips))

NeralsiaNeralsia and and XyalophoraXyalophora commonly reared from horn flycommonly reared from horn flyandand face fly ( face fly (MuscidaeMuscidae) but never in large numbers) but never in large numbers

Xyalophora quinquelineata Xyalophora quinquelineata (Say)(Say)

Lonchidia Lonchidia sp.sp.MelanipsMelanips sp.sp.

Neralsia Neralsia sp.sp.

Neralsia Neralsia sp.sp.Neralsia Neralsia sp.sp.

Lonchidia Lonchidia sp.sp.

Lonchidia Lonchidia sp.sp.

MelanipsMelanips sp.sp.


TaxonomyTaxonomy

BiologyBiology


Extremely long petiole; head wider than mesosoma whenExtremely long petiole; head wider than mesosoma whenviewed dorsallyviewed dorsally

Koinobiont endoparasitoids Koinobiont endoparasitoids ofof Chrysopidae Chrysopidae andand Hemerobiidae Hemerobiidae ((NeuropteraNeuroptera))

None, but possibly interfereNone, but possibly interfere with predator augmentationwith predator augmentationin in agroecosystemsagroecosystems..

Anacharis Anacharis sp.sp.

XyalaspisXyalaspis sp.sp.

AspicerinaeAspicerinaeTaxonomyTaxonomy

BiologyBiology


““Saddle-shapedSaddle-shaped”” T-2 (posterior margin sinuate); scutellar T-2 (posterior margin sinuate); scutellarspine often presentspine often present

Reared from Reared from Syrphidae Syrphidae feeding on feeding on AphididaeAphididae

None, but possibly interfereNone, but possibly interfere with predator augmentationwith predator augmentationin in agroecosystemsagroecosystems..

ParaspiceraParaspicera sp.sp. CallaspideaCallaspidea sp.sp.

Prosaspicera splendida Prosaspicera splendida Ros-FarreRos-FarreAspicera Aspicera sp.sp.

Aspicera Aspicera sp.sp.

ThrasorinaeThrasorinae

TaxonomyTaxonomy

BiologyBiology


Metacoxa Metacoxa ‘‘muchmuch’’ larger than larger than meso meso and and forcoxaforcoxa; overall; overalllook like a synerginelook like a synergine cynipidae cynipidae but withbut with figitid figitid wingwingveinationveination

AssociatedAssociated with with cynipid cynipid andand Chalcidoid Chalcidoid gall inducers;gall inducers; possibly guests of the inducer, possibly parasitespossibly guests of the inducer, possibly parasites

ThrasorusThrasorus possibly a control agent for various possibly a control agent for various eulophidseulophidsthat gall that gall EucalyptusEucalyptus sp. sp.

Myrtopsen Myrtopsen sp.sp.

Euceroptres montanus Euceroptres montanus WeldWeld

??

Taken from Kinsey Museum, Indiana University

Kinsey amassed some 7.5 millionKinsey amassed some 7.5 millionspecimens of Cynipoidea, the Majority ofspecimens of Cynipoidea, the Majority ofwhich are currently housed at the AMNH,which are currently housed at the AMNH,New York.New York.

Alfred Kinsey, Alfred Kinsey, CynipoidologistCynipoidologist

Kinsey, 1930. The Genus Kinsey, 1930. The Genus CynipsCynips

Jean-Jeaques Kieffer

Lewis Weld

Abandoned hopes and renewedstagnation are largely the prevailing

characteristics of the presenttaxonomic status of this group

[Cynipoidea] in North America.--L. Masner, 1990

the cynipoid families - hym coursehymcourse.org/pdf/hymcourse-cynipoidea.pdf · the cynipoid...

Documents