rosids chapter 8 simpson, 2 nd edition geranium. rosids diversity of the rosids 16 orders 137...

Rosids

Chapter 8Simpson, 2nd EditionGeranium

Rosids

• Diversity of the Rosids• 16 orders• 137 families

• Fabids - 77 families• Malvids – 60 families • 1/3 of eudicot families

• General traits:• perianth – unfused parts• stamen # > K or C• ovules bitegmic,

crassinucellate (well-developed nucellus)

• Asterids have unitegmic, tenuinucellate ovules (poorly developed nucellus)

Rosids: FabidsA. Order Malpighiales

Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family

245/6300 cosmopolitan

1) latex sap2) usually monoecious3) many xerophytic & cactoid4) no perianth5) cyathium in Euphorbia - a reduced

cymose inflorescence bearing a pistillate flower and several staminate ones with in involucre, the whole mimicing a single perfect flower (Greek-> wine cup)

6) schizocarp/capsule7) many poisonous species

K5(0) C5(0) A1-∞ G(3) (2-∞) superior



Euphorbia spp.Ricinia - castor bean

Euphorbia pulcherrima - poinsettia

Euphorbia marginata – snow on the mountain



Euphorbia mammilaris

(Indian Corn Cob)

Euphorbia officinarum

Euphorbia horrida

convergent evolution

Economic Importance1) tung oil (Aleurites fordii)2) natural rubber (Hevea

brasiliensis)3) cassava/manioc (Manihot

esculentus)4) castor bean oil & the

poison ricin (Ricinus communis)

5) ornamentals

A. Order MalpighialesEuphorbiaceae -

Spurge family

Rosids: Fabids

Rosids: FabidsB. Order FabalesFamily Fabaceae (=Leguminosae) - legume family

730/19,500 3rd largest familydiverse and widely distributed

Uniting traits of the legumes….1) single carpel2) compound, stipulate leaves3) fruit a legume - dry, dehiscent along both

sutures4) many are nitrogen fixers - possessing nodules

with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (a feature otherwise restricted to a few small families)

B. Order FabalesLumper view:

Fabaceae sensu lato (Leguminosae)• Subfamily Mimosoideae 2,500 spp.• Subfamily Caesalpinioideae 2,700 spp.• Subfamily Papilionoideae 14,300 spp

Splitter view:• Mimosaceae• Caesalpiniaceae• Fabaceae sensu stricto

Rosids: Fabids

Family Fabaceae

character Mimosoideae Caesalpinioideae Paplionoideae

symmetry actinomorphic +/- zygomorphic zygomorphic

petals valvate banner inside wings banner outside wings

stamen # (4) 10-many 10 (many) 10, often 9+1

leaves bipinnate pinnate (simple)pinnate, palmate,

(simple)

examples

Acacia - acaciaMimosa - mimosa, sensitive plantDesmanthus - prairie mimosaProspopis - mesquite

Cercis - redbudCassia - sennaGymnocladus dioica - Kentucky coffee treeCaesalpinia - poincianaGleditsia - honey locust

Lupinus - lupine, bluebonnet (State Flower of Texas)Amorpha - lead plantDalea - prairie cloverTrifolium - clover

K(5) C5or(5) A10-∞ G1 K5 C5 A5-10 G1 K(5) C(5) A(9)+1 G1

Rosids: Rosales

C. Order RosalesRosaceae - rose family

100/3,000 cosmopolitan,

especially in N. America K5 C5 A10- 4-6 subfamilies • 3 commonly occur in

the USROSOIDEAE G1-PRUNOIDEAE G1MALOIDEAE G(5)

epigynous

Rosaceae

Rosoideae Prunoideae Maloideae

leaves compound; stipules

simple; deciduous stipules

simple; deciduous stipules

hypanthiumconical

receptacle; hypanthial cup

hyanthial cupadnate

hypanthium

ovary position

perigynous perigynous epigynous

carpel # many; apocarpous

monocarpellate pentacarpellate

fruit achene, druplet, aggregate

drupe pome

generaRosaPotentillaRubusFrageria

PrunusMalusSorbusCrataegus

Rosaceae - Rosoideae G¥

Rubus flower

Rubus mature aggregate fruit

Rubus young aggregate fruit

Rosaceae - Prunoideae G1

Prunus flower - note hypanthial cup

Prunus fruit (drupe)

Rosaceae - Maloideae G(5)

Malus pome l.s.

Malus flower

Malus hypanthium

Malus pome c.s.

Malus pome

Rosids: RosalesC. Order Rosales

Ulmaceae - elm family18/150 temperate to tropical,

especially in N hemisphere

1)trees and shrubs2)oblique leaf base

Ulmus - elmCeltis - hackberry


Moraceae - mulberry family38/1100 widely distributed;

Old and New World; tropical/subtropical

1) trees, shrubs2) monoecious or

dioecious3) milky latex4) stipulate leaves5) fruit often a

multiple fruit


Urticaceae - nettle family55/2600 cosmopolitan

1) herbs, shrubs, trees2) stinging hairs3) plants monoecious

or dioecious4) pollen an allergen

Urtica

hemp pollen

Rosids: Rosales

C. Order RosalesCannabaceae - hemp family2/2 North temperate zone

1) herbs2) hemp contains delta-9-

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), psychoactive ingredient found in hashish and marijuana

3) palmately compound leaves4) fibrous – source of hempen fiber5) hemp common allergen6) hops - brewing

Cannabis - hemp,

marijuana

Humulus - hops (used for brewing)

Whilst malt and yeast contribute substantially to the character of beers, the quality of beer is at least as much a function of the water and, especially, of the hops used in its production.

Rosids: RosalesD. Order Cucurbitales

Cucurbitaceae – cucumber family

122/900 tropical to subtropical

K5 C(5) A5 G0

1. herbs, climbing with tendrils

2. monoecious3. fruit a pepo

K(5) C(5) A0 G(3)

Rosids: RosalesE. Order Fagales

Fagaceae – beech family7/970 temperate & tropical region of N. hemisphere

1. monoecious shrubs/trees2. staminate flowers in an

erect or pendulous spike or head (ament)

3. pistillate flowers in an involucre (think acorn cup here)

4. Genera:Quercus - oakCastanea - chestnutFagus - beech

Rosids: Rosales

E. Order FagalesFagaceae - beech family

Quercus - oak

Economic Importance:lumbercorktanninsFood (acorns) historically

great species diversity

hybridization common

Rosids: RosalesE. Order FagalesFagaceae - beech family

Fagus - beech

important components to woodlands of NA and Eurasia


Castanea - chestnut


Castanea - chestnut

Chestnut blight, or chestnut bark disease, is caused by an introduced fungus.

The fungus enters wounds, grows in and under the bark and eventually kills the cambium all the way around the twig, branch, or trunk.

Sprouts develop from a burl-like tissue at the base of the tree called the ‘root collar,’ which contains dormant embryos. Sprouts grow, become wounded and infected, and die, and the process starts all over again.

Cankers were first reported in the United States in 1904 on American chestnut trees in New York City. None of the control attempts (chemical treatments, clearing and burning chestnut trees around infection sites) were successful.

By 1926 the fungus was reported throughout the native range of American chestnut and a major forest tree had been reduced to a multiple-stemmed shrub. In 1912 the Plant Quarantine Act was passed to reduce the chances of such a catastrophe happening again.


Betulaceae – birch family

6/170 widespread in N. hemisphere

1. shrubs/trees2. biserrate leaf

margin3. staminate and

pistillate flowers in catkins

Alnus - alder

Corylus fruit - filbert



Betula - birch



Birch – Finland’s national tree

Rosids: Rosales

Ostrya - hophornbeam;

ironwood

E. Order FagalesBetulaceae – birch

family

Rosids: MalvidsA. Order Geraniales

Geraniaceae - Geranium family

7/800 temperate regions,

especially Old World

1) glandular trichomes2) fruit = elastic shizocarp3) mericarps split from

base of ovary and curl upwards (mericarp = pieces of schizocarp)

Geranium

Pelargonium - geranium

K(5) C(5) A(5-15) G(5)

mericarpZ

Rosids: MalvidsB. Order Myrtales

Onagraceae - Evening Primrose family

22/650 especially W. North America

1) tetramerous floral parts2) epigyny3) tubular hypanthium4) internal phloem - 1°

phloem that lies between the 1° xylem & pith

5) moth pollination common (white or yellow corolla)

6) comose seeds

K4 C4 A4+4 G(4)inferior with hypanthium

Rosids: MalvidsB. Order

MyrtalesOnagraceae -

Evening Primrose

family

Epilobium - fireweed

Rosids: Malvids

B. Order MyrtalesOnagraceae - Evening

Primrose family

Gaura - butterfly weed

Rosids: MalvidsB. Order Myrtales

Onagraceae - Evening Primrose

family

Oenothera - evening primrose

Rosids: MalvidsC. Order BrassicalesBrassicaceae (=Cruciferae) - Mustard

Family321/3700 cosmopolitan 1) tetradynamous stamens

4 long + 2 short

K4 C4 A4+2 G(2), superior

2) fruit • bicarpellate gynoecium• walls peel awayfrom a thin

central papery partition (false septum with replum – persistent cross-wall)

Rosids: MalvidsC. Order BrassicalesBrassicaceae (=Cruciferae) -

Mustard Family

1) tetradynamous stamens4 long + 2 short

a) silicle2X long as wide or less

Rosids: MalvidsC. Order BrassicalesBrassicaceae (=Cruciferae) -

Mustard Family

1) tetradynamous stamens4 long + 2 short

b) siliquelong and slender

2) fruit • bicarpellate gynoecium• walls peel awayfrom a thin

central papery partition (false septum with replum – persistent cross-wall)

Rosids: MalvidsC. Order BrassicalesBrassicaceae

(=Cruciferae) - Mustard Family

Rosids: MalvidsD. Order MalvalesMalvaceae - Mallow Family250/4200 worldwide, tropics

K(5) C5 A(5-∞) G(2-∞) superior

G (5-∞)

1) monadelphous androecium

many stamens, separate anthers, filaments fused into a sheath

2) stellate pubescence

3) discoid stigma

4) fruit a capsule or shizocarp

stellate hairs

monadelphous stamens

shizocarp H. esculentus - okra)

Hibiscus

marshmallow

Rosids: Malvids

Gossypium - cotton

D. Order MalvalesMalvaceae - Mallow

Family

Rosids: MalvidsD. Order MalvalesMalvaceae - Mallow

Family

Abutilon - velvet leaf

Callirhoe - poppy mallow

Malva neglecta- common mallow

Rosids: MalvidsD. Order MalvalesMalvaceae (Tiliaceae) – Linden (Basswood)

• few temperate species

Tilia americana- basswood

Rosids: MalvidsE. Order Sapindales

Rutaceae - Citrus family

161/1900 tropical & temperate

1) glandular punctate leaves, secretory glands containing essential oils

2) woody 3) aromatic4) staminal disk5) hesperidium/winged achene

Citrus - citrus

Ptelea - hop tree

Rosids: Malvids

E. Order SapindalesRutaceae - Citrus

family

Rosids: MalvidsE. Order Sapindales

Anacardiaceae - Cashew family

70/850 tropical

Anacardium - cashewRhus - sumac

Toxicodendron - poison ivy, poison oak

1) shrubs/woody vines/trees

2) Rhus & Toxicodendron in temperate areas

3) resinous compounds in stems/leaves

4) skin irritant in Toxicodendron

Mangifera - mango

Pistacia - pistachio

Rosids: MalvidsE. Order SapindalesSapindaceae (Aceraceae) - Maple family135/1580 tropical & temperate

1) trees or shrubs2) opposite

palmately lobed and veined leaves (pinnate in A. negundo)

3) fruits paired winged schizocarps = samara

Acer - maple

Acer negundo - box elder

Rosids: Malvids

E. Order SapindalesSapindaceae

(Hippocastanaceae) - Buckeye family

1) trees2) opposite

palmately compound leaves

3) flowers in conspicuous inflorescences

4) fruit a leathery 1-2 seeded capsule

Aesculus hippocastanum - horsechestnut

rosids chapter 8 simpson, 2 nd edition geranium. rosids diversity of the rosids 16 orders 137...

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