Rosids – Malvids:Brassicales - Malvales - Sapindales

Spring 2014

Fig. 8.30

Core Eudicots: Rosids-MalvidsMalvids

Order BrassicalesBrassicaceae* – Mustards

Order MalvalesMalvaceae* – Mallows, cotton, chocolate

Order SapindalesSapindaceae* – Maples, lycheeRutaceae – Citrus

*family required for recognition

Rosids-Malvids:Brassicales: Brassicaceae

(‘Cruciferae’ - The Mustard Family)

• Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the Mediterranean region, SW Asia, and western North America

• Herbs, shrubs or trees; (sometimes herbs); glucosinolates (mustard oils) present in all taxa

• Diversity: 3,400-3,700 species in 321-338 genera• Flowers: Sepals 4; petals 4 (cruciform), often clawed; stamens 6,

all + equal or usually 2 shorter and 4 longer (tetradynamous); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit a capsule, usually dehiscing by splitting into 2 valves leaving a persistent cross-wall, a silique or silicle

• Significant features: 4-merous flowers; often pioneers after disturbance

• Special uses: Many important food plants – cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea), turnip (Brassica rapa), mustards (Brassica spp.), horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), and a wide range of ornamentals

• Required family; required genus: Brassica

Brassicaceae

cruciform petals silique - silicle

tetradynamous stamens(2 short + 4 long)

clawed petals

Arabidopsis thaliana

The model plant ofchoice for much ofmolecular biology.

-annuals or biennials-at least the lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, lyrate or pinnate-racemes without bracts-sepals erect during anthesis-petals yellow-ovary and silique with a prominent beak

Brassicaceae: Brassica

30+ species

Brassicaoleracea

spring ephemerals ornamentals

Brassicaceae

Brassicaceae – often weedy or pioneering

Brassicaceae

Garlic mustard(Alliaria petiolata)

Kill it!

Rosids-Malvids:Malvales: Malvaceae

(The Mallow Family)• Cosmopolitan• Trees, shrubs, lianas or herbs; vegetative parts with mucilage;

leaves often palmately veined and lobed (may be pinnately veined) or palmately compound; stellate hairs

• Diversity: 4,200 species in ca. 250 genera• Flowers: Sepals & petals 5, calyx valvate; stamens 5 to many,

monadelphous or polydelphous; carpels 2 to many, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule, also berry, samara, schizocarp, or drupe

• Significant features: basic inflorescence unit a modified, 3-bracted cyme; flowers often associated with conspicuous bracts forming an epicalyx; nectaries of densely packed, multicellular glandular hairs, usually on sepals

• Special uses: cotton (Gossypium), cacao or chocolate (Theobroma), durian (Durio), balsa wood (Ochroma); many ornamentals, e.g. hibiscus (Hibiscus)

• Required family

Polydelphous stamens Monadelphous stamens

Malvaceae

Theobroma cacao

Malvaceae: Gossypium

-subshrubs to shrubs-seeds + globular, often with hair (lint)

Malvaceae: Gossypium

-subshrubs to shrubs-seeds + globular, often with hair (lint)

epicalyx

Rosids-Malvids:Sapindales: Sapindaceae

(The Maple Family)• Mainly tropical and subtropical, a few diverse in the temperate

zone (e.g., Acer, Aesculus)• Trees, shrubs or lianas with tendrils• Diversity: 1,450-1,580 species in 131-135 genera• Flowers: Unisexual or bisexual; sepals & petals 4-5, petals often

clawed, with more or less basal appendages adaxially; usually an extrastaminal nectar disk present; stamens 8 or fewer (rarely up to 12), filaments usually hairy or papillose; carpels 2 or 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, or schizocarp; seeds with a deep fold or pocket in the seed coat

• Significant features: presence of saponins in many• Special uses: lumber, maple syrup (Acer saccharum); many

ornamentals; tropical fruits (longan, lychee, rambutan)• Required family; required genus: Acer

Sapindaceae: Acer

-trees or sometimes shrubs-leaves opposite, simple and palmately lobed, rarely pinnately or palmately compound-calyx usually 5-lobed-petals 0 or as many as the calyx lobes-ovary with 2 connate, winged carpels, 2 ovules per carpel-fruit a schizocarp, splitting into 2 samaroid mericarps

Some treatments retain this as Aceraceae!

Rosids-Malvids:Sapindales: Rutaceae

(The Citrus Family)• Nearly cosmopolitan, primarily tropical to subtropical• Trees or shrubs, sometimes with thorns, spines or prickles• Diversity: 1,800-1,900 species in 158-161 genera• Flowers: Sepals & petals 4 – 5; stamens 8-10; annular nectar

disk; carpels 4-5 to many, connate, superior ovary; axile placentation; fruit a drupe, capsule, samara, cluster of follicles or modified berry with leathery, glandular rind (i.e., hesperidium in Citrus).

• Significant features: Aromatic oils chemically complex; simple or compound leaves with pellucid dots containing aromatic ethereal oils

• Special uses: many desirable fruits - oranges, lemons, limes, tangerine, grapefruit (Citrus), kumquat (Fortunella), several ornamentals, e.g. cork tree (Phellodendron)

• Family not required

Pellucid dots

Rutaceae: Citrus

-fruit a hesperidium