rosids – part 4: eurosids ii - brassicales - malvales - sapindales spring 2011
TRANSCRIPT
Rosids – Part 4:Eurosids II - Brassicales - Malvales - Sapindales
Spring 2011
“Lower”Core tricolpates
Rosids
(Eurosids II)
(Eurosids I)
“Basal” rosids
Figure 9.3 from the text
Core Eudicots: The Rosids Lecture 4“Basal” Rosids:
Order VitalesEurosids I (Fabids):
Order MalpighialesOrder CucurbitalesOrder FabalesOrder RosalesOrder FagalesOrder Myrtales
Eurosids II (Malvids)Order Brassicales
Brassicaceae - MustardsOrder Malvales
Malvaceae – Mallows, cotton, chocolateOrder Sapindales
Sapindaceae – Maples, lycheeRutaceae – Citrus
Eurosids II:
Brassicales: Brassicaceae(‘Cruciferae’ - The Mustard Family)
• Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the Mediterranean region, SW Asia, and western North America
• Herbs, shrubs or trees; (sometimes herbs); glucosinolates (mustard oils) present in all taxa
• Diversity: 4,130 species in 356 genera• Flowers: Receptacle prolonged into a gynophore (short to long);
Sepals 4; petals 4 (cruciform); stamens 6, all + equal or 2 shorter and 4 longer (tetradynamous); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary; fruit is a berry or capsule; if dehiscing by splitting into 2 valves, a silique
• Significant features: 4-merous flowers forming a cross; often pioneers after disturbance
• Special uses: Many important food plants – cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea), turnip (Brassica rapa), mustards (Brassica spp.), horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), and a wide range of ornamentals
• Required taxa: Brassica
Brassicaceae
cruciform petals
silique - silicletetradynamous stamens
Brassica
Brassica
Capparis
Hesperis
Cleome
Raphanus
Brassica
Arabidopsis thaliana
The model plant ofchoice for much ofmolecular biology.
-annuals or biennials-at least the lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, lyrate or pinnate-racemes without bracts-sepals erect during anthesis-petals yellow-ovary and silique with a prominent beak
Brassicaceae: Brassica
Brassicaoleracea
Eurosids II:
Malvales: Malvaceae(The Mallow Family)
• Cosmopolitan• Trees, shrubs, lianas or herbs; vegetative parts with mucilage;
leaves palmately veined and lobed or palmately compound• Diversity: 2,330 species in 204 genera• Flowers: Sepals & petals 5; stamens 5 to many,
monadelphous or polydelphous; carpels 2 to many, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule, also berry, nut, schizocarp, or drupe
• Significant features: flowers often associated with conspicuous bracts forming an epicalyx; nectaries of densely packed, multicellular glandular hairs, usually on sepals
• Special uses: cotton (Gossypium), cacao or chocolate (Theobroma), durian (Durio), balsa wood (Ochroma); many ornamentals, e.g. hibiscus (Hibiscus)
• Required taxa: Hibiscus, Gossypium
Polydelphous stamens Monadelphous stamens
Malvaceae
HibiscusBombax
Tilia
Theobroma
Thespesia
Dombeya
Triumfetta
Malvaceae: Hibiscus -herbs or shrubs-epicalyx of a circle of several bractlets-filament column bearing anthers for much of its length-styles distinct-fruit a 5-locular loculicidal capsule-seeds 2-several per locule, kidney-shaped
Malvaceae: Gossypium
-subshrubs to shrubs-epicalyx of 3-5-7 large, cordate, toothed bracts-styles united-fruit a 3-5-locular loculicidal capsule-seeds + globular, often with hair (lint)
Eurosids II:
Sapindales: Sapindaceae(The Maple Family)
• Mainly tropical and subtropical, a few diverse in the temperate zone (e.g., Acer, Aesculus)
• Trees, shrubs or lianas with tendrils• Diversity: 2,215 species in 147 genera• Flowers: Usually unisexual; sepals & petals 4-5, petals often
clawed, with more or less basal appendages adaxially; usually an extrastaminal nectar disk present; stamens 8 or fewer (rarely up to 12), filaments usually hairy or papillose; carpels 2 or 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, or schizocarp; seeds with a deep fold or pocket in the seed coat
• Significant features: cyclopropane amino acids• Special uses: lumber, maple syrup (Acer saccharum); many
ornamentals; tropical fruits (longan, lychee, rambutan)• Required taxa: Acer
Sapindaceae phylogeny
SAP
HIPP
ACER
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAP
SAPChemistryAppendaged petalsCurved embryo w/ seed coat “pocket”8 or fewer stamensEtc.
Sapindaceae: Acer
-trees or sometimes shrubs-leaves opposite, simple and palmately lobed, rarely pinnately or palmately compound-calyx usually 5-lobed-petals 0 or as many as the calyx lobes-ovary with 2 connate, winged carpels, 2 ovules per carpel-fruit a schizocarp, splitting into 2 samaroid mericarps
Some treatments retain this as Aceraceae!
Eurosids II:
Sapindales: Rutaceae(The Citrus Family)
• Nearly cosmopolitan, primarily tropical to subtropical• Trees or shrubs, sometimes with thorns, spines or prickles• Diversity: 930 species in 155 genera• Flowers: Sepals & petals 4 – 5; stamens 8-10; carpels 4-5 to
many, connate, superior ovary; axile placentation; fruit a drupe, capsule, samara, cluster of follicles or modified berry with leathery, glandular rind (i.e., hesperidium in Citrus).
• Significant features: Aromatic oils chemically complex; simple or compound leaves with pellucid dots containing aromatic ethereal oils
• Special uses: many desirable fruits - oranges, lemons, limes, tangerine, grapefruit (Citrus), kumquat (Fortunella), several ornamentals, e.g. cork tree (Phellodendron)
• Required taxa: Citrus
Rutaceae: Citrus
-leaves apparently simple, of 1 leaflet-ovary compound, entire or only slightly lobed-fruit a hesperidium
Eurosids II:
Sapindales: Anacardiaceae(The Sumac or Cashew Family)
• Mainly pantropical; some in temperate regions• Trees, shrubs, or lianas; well-developed resin canals; leaves
usually pinnately compound & alternate• Diversity: 600 species in 70 genera• Flowers: Usually unisexual; Sepals & petals 5; stamens 5-
10; carpels usually 3, connate, but usually only 1 carpel fully developed and fertile; superior ovary; fruit is a drupe, frequently flattened and asymmetrical
• Significant features: Medically-important – poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and other taxa (Rhus, Metopium) cause contact dermatitis due to oils in plant tissues. Some individuals are even allergic to ‘edible’ taxa.
• Special uses: mangoes (Mangifera indica), cashews (Anacardium occidentale), pistachio (Pistacia vera); some ornamentals, e.g. Sumac (Rhus) and smoke-tree (Cotinus)
• Family not required; for information only.
Anacardiaceae: Toxicodendron
T. radicans - Poison Ivy
-resins toxic-inflorescences axillary panicles-fruits glabrous, greenish to white