the colonies come of age standard 2 notes. ssush2-student will trace the ways that the economy and...
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The Colonies Come of Age
Standard 2 Notes
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SSUSH2-Student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed.a. Explain the development of mercantilism
and the trans-Atlantic trade.b. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of
African population, and African-American culture.
c. Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of social mobility and individualism
d. Explain the significance of the Great Awakening
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Mercantilism
• Although many colonists benefited form the trade relationship with the home country, the real purpose of the colonial system was to enrich Britain
• Mercantilism: a country’s ultimate goal was self sufficiency and that all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver
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The Colonies
• New England Colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island
• Middle Colonies: New York, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
• Southern Colonies: Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
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The Navigation Acts
• The colonists exported to England large amounts of raw materials and staples and imported manufactured goods
• However, not all products produced ended up at English docks
• England views the colonists pursuit of foreign markets as an economic threat
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The Navigation Acts
• Parliament passes “The Navigation Acts”• These state that:
– No country could trade with the colonies unless goods are shipped in English or colonial vessels
– All vessels had to be operated by crews that were 75% either English or Colonial
– The colonies could export certain products only to England
– Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English Port
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Tensions Emerge
• The Navigation Acts do not sit well with all colonists
• Many colonists (MA) continued to smuggle goods elsewhere
• After Mass. failed to obey English law, the King revokes the charter
• King James II succeeds Charles, and combines the northern colonies into the “Dominion of New England”
King James II
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The Glorious Revolution
• King James II appointed Sir Edmund Andros to be governor
• Andros made enemies quick…
• Increase Mather was sent to England as a diplomat, but the Glorious Revolution occurs first
• William and Mary take over the thrown in a bloodless revolution
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The Glorious Revolution
• The English government rapidly restored the status of the New England Colonies
• The new charter had some changes however…– King appointed a governor in each colony– Required more religious toleration– Required non-Puritan representation in the
assembly
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England Loosens the Reins
• Salutary neglect:– Parliament first strengthens the Navigation
Acts• MOVES TRAILS TO ENGLAND• CREATED THE BOARD OF TRADE
– Officials only loosely enforced rules– As long as raw materials kept coming, and
manufactured goods were being bought, than England would ignore the rules
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The Seeds of Self-Government
• The colonial assembly, not the King, paid the governors salary
• The colonies used their purse to persuade (bribed) governors to pass laws and appoint judges
• They began to get a taste of self-government
• Salutary Neglect worked because most colonists were loyal to England
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The Agricultural South
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Main Ideas
• In the south, a predominately agricultural society developed
• Terms:– Cash crop– Slave– Triangle Trade– Middle Passage– Stono Rebellion
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A Plantation Economy Arises
• Southern colonists had staked their livelihood on the fertile soil of the south
• Most specialized in raising a single cash crop – one grown primarily for sale rather than for the farmer’s own use
• Plantations developed instead of towns
• A diverse population emerges
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• Small farmers made up the majority of the population
• Women in Southern society, and Northern society as well, shared a common trait: second-class citizen
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Slavery Becomes Entrenched
• People eventually turned to slavery to fulfill there need for labor
• Unlike indentured servants, slaves were for life, so it was a better investment
• Colonists began to convince themselves that the African’s darker skin made them inferior
• 1690 – 13,000 slaves, 1750 – 200,000
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The European Slave Trade
• England began to import slaves to the West Indies first
• The African population on Barbados was 3X that of the white population
• Africans became part of the Triangle Trade
• The leg of the trade was considered the “Middle Passage”
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The Middle Passage
• Sickening cruelty characterized this journey
• Africans were whipped and branded
• Africans fell victim to diseases
• Many jumped to their deaths from the ships
• 20%+ died in route to America
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Slavery in the South
• 80-90% worked in fields
• On large plantations slaves were managed by the owner or field boss
• On small farms, slaves worked alongside their master
• 10-20% worked in the house
• Work started at age 12, and lasted until death
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Africans Cope in Their New World
• Wove baskets and made pottery like in Africa
• Sang songs
• Created new families
• The ring shout – a dance
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Resistance and Revolt
• Faked illness, broke tools, staging work slowdowns
• Some openly revolted… Stono Rebellion
• 20 slaves gathered around the Stono River and killed planters and their families, invited slaves to join them, and announced their intention to go to Spanish-held Florida
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• The South continued to develop agriculturally, and became more and more dependent on slavery
• This was not the case in the North
• The North’s economy was based on commerce instead of agriculture, so the need for slaves did not exist
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The Commercial North
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• Main Ideas: The Northern colonies developed a predominantly urban society, based on commerce and trade
• The states that were once the Northern colonies remain predominantly urban today
• Terms: Enlightenment, Benjamin Franklin, Jonathon Edwards, Great Awakening
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Commerce Grows in the North
• The theory of Mercantilism held that colonies were there to help the home country amass wealth
• From 1650 to 1750 the colonies saw their own economy grow twice as fast as that of England
• Much of this growth was in the Northern and Middle colonies
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A Diversified Economy
• Farmers were restricted to small farms because of cold winters and rocky soil
• The grew several crops instead of one
• Exported surplus crops to the West Indies
• Lumber, Iron smelting, and shipbuilding also became major industries
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Northern Society is Diverse
• Groups included immigrants, African Americans, and women
• There is an influx of immigrants
• African, Dutch, Scottish, English, German, Irish, etc.
• Slavery exists, though not as much as in the south
• Racial prejudices against blacks existed
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Salem
• February, 1692 – strict limitations on women’s roles combined with social tensions strained relations with the Native Americans and religious fanaticism
• Several Salem girls accused a slave woman of witchcraft
• After drawing attention, the began to accuse others
• 19 people were hanged, 1 crushing, 4-5 die in jail, and 150 are imprisoned
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The Enlightenment
• Ideas about nature gained prevalence in the 1700’s in a movement called the enlightenment
• An outstanding figure of the enlightenment was Benjamin Franklin
• Also affects political thought, leading Thomas Jefferson to believe that men had “natural rights”
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The Great Awakening
• By the early 1700’s, the Puritan Church had lost its grip
• Preachers traveled from village to village stirring people to rededicate themselves to God
• These preachers attracted 1000’s
• The resulting religious revival was known as “The Great Awakening”