Exploration of the New World: SPAIN

• The 1500s was the century of SPAIN

• Why?

• GOLD, GLORY, & GOD

GOLD: Desire to find a trade route to

India/Southeast Asia to break the Italian/Arab monopoly on the

spice trade

Age of Discovery

http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html

GLORY: The desire for adventure, born

out of the Renaissance

GOD: The desire to convert native “heathens” to Christianity

DEVELOPMENTS

• Columbus discovers the “New World” in 1492

DEVELOPMENTS

• Ponce de Leon explores and names Florida in 1513

DEVELOPMENTS

• Cortez conquers the Aztecs of Mexico

DEVELOPMENTS

• Conquistadores explore southwest & California coast

Exploration of the New World: ENGLAND

• 1600s was the century of ENGLAND

• How?

• The defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588

DEVELOPMENTS• Why?

• Religious Persecution

• The Great Puritan Migration:

1625 - 1628

THE FIRST COLONIES

First attempt at colonization: Sir Walter Raleigh,

The Lost Colony, in 1587

First permanent colony:Jamestown, VA

1607

It would not be until 1733 when all 13 English Colonies were

established

Colony – a group of people in one place who are ruled by a

parent country elsewhere

Regions

New England

SouthernMiddle

Colonial

Southern Colonies

• Virginia (Jamestown) 1607

• Maryland 1632• Carolina 1660’s• Georgia 1730’s

Common Characteristics of Southern Colonies

• Spread Out •• Plantation Economic System •

• Land and Crops are not rotated ••Cash Crops•

• Slave Labor •• County form of local government •• Less well organized churches and

schools •

Agriculture was the primary economic activity in the southern colonies.

Farmers specialized in raising a single cash crop

(grown for sale rather than farmer’s use)

Indentured servants (agreed to work for planters in the colonies in exchange for

passage to America) early members of the colonial workforce.

African slaves eventually became the primary source of plantation labor.

Wealthy planters dominated the South’s economic, social, and political life.

Women could not vote or own property.However, they were valuable sources of

labor on farms and plantations.

Indentured servants had few rights while in bondage, and faced hardships

afterward

Slaves were treated as property and forced to work for life without pay.

Virginia 1607

(Jamestown

) • John Smith 1610• John Rolfe

(tobacco)• 1619 House of

Burgesses• First Black

Workers Arrives• 1620 Women

Arrive

Carolina 1660’s

• Charter from Charles II

• North is more Democratic

• South is more Economically advanced with port in Charleston

Jamestown, VAThe first permanent colony

The Virginia Company chose a governor & council to run Jamestown

Jamestown survived because of TOBACCO

The House of Burgesses (1619) – 22 men met w/ governor to advise him; the

beginnings of colonial self-government

The House of Burgesses was the first representative body in the New World

The House of Burgesses is an example of representative democracy

(Indirect democracy)

Historic Charleston, SC

Georgia 1730’s

Maryland 1632

• James Oglethorpe

• Debtors from British prisons

• Gets support from British to keep Spanish at bay

• Haven for Catholics• Maryland

Toleration Act - for Christian settlers 1649

Remember: Maryland was a haven for CATHOLICS (land of Queen Mary)

• Massachusetts• Rhode Island• Connecticut• New Hampshire

New England ColoniesNew England Colonies

Common Characteristics of Common Characteristics of New England ColoniesNew England Colonies

Rocky Soil / Subsistence FarmingGood HarborsNo Frontier TownsFew ImmigrantsLess TolerantGood RiversTown Meetings

Massachusetts

• Pilgrims 1620 separatist Plymouth

• Mayflower Compact• Theocracy• Puritans 1630 Boston• John Winthrop• Absorb Plymouth by

1690

Rhode Island

• Roger Williams

•Baptists could not stand how Native Americans were treated•Close to Religious Freedom

Pilgrims landed in Plymouth Rock, MA in 1620

Plymouth was the second permanent colony in the New World

Plymouth colony recreated

The Mayflower Compact

Signing of the Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact established that the 41 men would make

the laws for the community

The Mayflower Compact established a direct democracy

The legacy of the Mayflower Compact in New England is town hall meetings

The Puritans

• The Pilgrims were Puritans• The Puritans were followers of John Calvin• They wanted to establish a theocracy – a

government run to enforce the laws of God• NO separation between Church & State• The Puritans wanted to establish a model

Christian society• The Puritans persecuted and drove out non-

believers

The Puritans

Connecticut

• Outcast from Mass.• Conn. New Haven

Thomas Hooker• Fundamental Order

of Connecticut, which was the 1st Constitution written.

New Hampshire

• Broke away from Mass. due to fur traders and trappers

The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:First Colonial Constitution (1639)

A diversified economy developed in New England.

Rocky soil and cold temperatures limited farming.

Good harbors led to shipbuilding, fishing, and iron production

(major industries)Industries growth of cities problems

(sanitation, overcrowding, etc)

Merchants and business owners were the most powerful members of society.

The absence of large-scale agriculture meant fewer slaves were brought to the

NorthFree blacks were common, but enjoyed

fewer rights than whites

Less tolerant due to Puritan influence

Middle Colonies

• Pennsylvania

• New York• New Jersey• Delaware

Common Characteristics of Middle Colonies

• “Bread Basket”• Most fertile soil

(Penn & New York)• Good harbors and

rivers• Immigration in

1700’s led to diverse

population• Town meeting and

County government

Pennsylvania

• Quaker have started by William Penn

• 1682 founded Philadelphia

New York

• Taken from the Dutch New Holland, turned over to the British Duke of York

New Jersey

• Grant of land to two proprietors

Delaware

• Founded by Swedes taken over by Penn.

Characteristics of ALL Characteristics of ALL ColoniesColonies

• Better off economicallyBetter off economically• Highest standard of livingHighest standard of living

• More Religious and Political More Religious and Political FreedomFreedom

• Economic OpportunitiesEconomic Opportunities• Same rights as British (according Same rights as British (according

to Jamestown Charter)to Jamestown Charter)• 3000 miles away from “Home” 3000 miles away from “Home”

(Britain)(Britain)

The colonists had no separate identity

(the development of an “American” identity will come later)

Religion in the colonies

• Although many colonists came to America seeking religious freedom, it was hard to find.

• Many colonies had an “official” church (Puritan in New England, Anglican in Virginia, etc.)

• Challenging the authority or beliefs of the church could lead to severe punishment or expulsion.

• Great Awakening – 1740s religious revival creation of new churches, greater religious toleration, and new colleges (Princeton, Brown)

Education in the Colonies

• New England – universal education so everyone could read the Bible and understand the laws.

• Middle Colonies – Education was widespread, but not universal.

• Southern Colonies – limited to children of wealthy; distances between farms made schooling difficult.

• Most women received little formal education.• Early colleges founded to train men for

ministry.