the coffee industry.ppt

7/25/2019 The Coffee Industry.ppt

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The CofeeThe CofeeIndustryIndustry

An overviewAn overview

Ofce o the ProvincialOfce o the Provincial

AgriculturistAgriculturist

PalawanPalawan


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Coee occupies an important place in the worldCoee occupies an important place in the worldeconomy, being widely consumed as aeconomy, being widely consumed as a

beverage . In the world trade, coee rans !rstbeverage . In the world trade, coee rans !rst

among non"staple ood and is rated as the !thamong non"staple ood and is rated as the !thmost important agricultural product.most important agricultural product.

#he Philippines used to#he Philippines used tobe the top coeebe the top coee

producer and e$porterproducer and e$porter

in Asia but decliningin Asia but decliningyields and conversionyields and conversiono coee plantationso coee plantationsto other e$port cropsto other e$port crops

as well as to otheras well as to other

commercial purposescommercial purposes

resulted to anresulted to animportation o coeeimportation o coee

since %&&'.since %&&'.


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PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

#otal production in %&&(#otal production in %&&(was pegged at )*,+((was pegged at )*,+((

metric tons while inmetric tons while in+((+ production was+((+ production wasonly appro$imatelyonly appro$imately*(,((( metric tons.*(,((( metric tons.

#he average green bean#he average green beanyield per hectare peryield per hectare peryear is less thanyear is less than ((((ilosilos..


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DEMAND AND SUPPLYDEMAND AND SUPPLY

PROJECTIONPROJECTION #he annual domestic consumption o#he annual domestic consumption o

coee is estimated at *,((( metriccoee is estimated at *,((( metrictons o green beans and istons o green beans and isincreasing at the rate oincreasing at the rate oappro$imately three percent -*/appro$imately three percent -*/

per year. About hal o the maretper year. About hal o the maretdemand is being imported due todemand is being imported due tolac o production.lac o production.

#he country imports around#he country imports around+(,((( to *(,((( metric+(,((( to *(,((( metrictons o coee beans totons o coee beans tomeet supply de!citsmeet supply de!cits


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IMPORTANCE OF COFFEE TO THEIMPORTANCE OF COFFEE TO THE

PHILIPPINE ECONOMYPHILIPPINE ECONOMY

Income 0enerationIncome 0eneration

Potential 1 #hePotential 1 #hegreen coee beansgreen coee beans

maret is currentlymaret is currently

at %.) billion pesos.at %.) billion pesos.


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2mployment 0eneration2mployment 0eneration

Potential 1 2ach hectare oPotential 1 2ach hectare o

coee can generate directcoee can generate directemployment or two armemployment or two arm

worers and indirectworers and indirect

employment or another twoemployment or another two

worers.worers.


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3ivelihood Potential 1 Currently, *((3ivelihood Potential 1 Currently, *((

thousand 4ilipinos depend on the coeethousand 4ilipinos depend on the coeeindustry.industry.


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2$port potential "Philippine RobustaCoee, which was

previously nownin the e$portmaret as Cavite

5AA6 has a bige$port potential.

#he government isnow proposing toadopt the term57ape Isla6 as a

seal o e$cellencein the e$port o

Robusta.

Excelsaand

Libericavarieties


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WHAT NEEDS TO E DONEWHAT NEEDS TO E DONE

Increase yield perIncrease yield per

unit area 1unit area 1

rehabilitation orrehabilitation or

re9uvenation ore9uvenation oe$isting coee treese$isting coee trees

to double or tripleto double or triple

current averagecurrent average

yield as IC+, IC', IC:,yield as IC+, IC', IC:,;+') and other;+') and other

outstanding localoutstanding local

selections.selections.


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Plant coee in otherPlant coee in other

areas either as aareas either as a

monocrop or mi$edmonocrop or mi$edwith other crops towith other crops to

increase production.increase production.


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CofeeCofee!"r#et#es!"r#et#es

) varieties that are) varieties that aregrown in thegrown in the

PhilippinesPhilippines


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Ar"$#%"Ar"$#%"

#his is considered to#his is considered tobe the best coee inbe the best coee inother countriesother countriesbecause o itsbecause o itse$cellent


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Ro$ust"Ro$ust"

#his variety is high#his variety is high

yielding and moreyielding and more

resistant to pest andresistant to pest and

diseases. It containsdiseases. It contains

about )("( percentabout )("( percentmore caeine thanmore caeine than

arabica.arabica.

=earing commences on=earing commences on

its third year romits third year rom

planting. It yields %,+((planting. It yields %,+((g or more per hectareg or more per hectare

o clean dry coeeo clean dry coee

beans.beans.


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L#$er#%"L#$er#%"

#his variety is#his variety islocally nown aslocally nown as57apeng =arao657apeng =arao6

#his variety is#his variety is

tolerant to droughttolerant to droughtand can grow to widerand can grow to widersoil types. It startssoil types. It startsbearing our to !vebearing our to !veyears ater plantingyears ater planting

and yieldsand yieldsappro$imately (( gappro$imately (( go dry coee beanso dry coee beansper hectare.per hectare.


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E&%e's"E&%e's"

#his has wide leaves#his has wide leavesthat are thicer thanthat are thicer than>obusta, but thinner,>obusta, but thinner,smoother and moresmoother and more

rounded than 3iberica.rounded than 3iberica.

#his variety is resistant#his variety is resistantto drought. =earingto drought. =earingstarts our to !ve yearsstarts our to !ve yearsater planting. It yieldsater planting. It yields

appro$imately %,(((appro$imately %,(((g o clean dry coeeg o clean dry coeebeans per hectare.beans per hectare.


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Est"$'#sh(entEst"$'#sh(ento) " Ne*o) " Ne*

CofeeCofee

P'"nt"t#onP'"nt"t#on


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F"%tors Afe%t#n+ CofeeF"%tors Afe%t#n+ Cofee

Produ%t#onProdu%t#on


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A, -ENETIC FACTORSA, -ENETIC FACTORS

#he yield potential o a#he yield potential o asingle coee tree issingle coee tree isdetermined by geneticdetermined by genetic

actors. I a particularactors. I a particularseed came rom aseed came rom amother plant o strongmother plant o strongyield and pestyield and pest

resistance, then itresistance, then itwould most probablywould most probablytae on the sametae on the samecharacteristics.characteristics.


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, SOIL FACTORS, SOIL FACTORS

soil depth is %.soil depth is %.metersmeters

ertile w? highertile w? highmoisture holdingmoisture holding

capacitycapacity medium te$turemedium te$ture

w? good drainagew? good drainageand erosionand erosion

;oil p@ must be;oil p@ must bebetween . tobetween . to..


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C, C'#("t#% Re.u#re(entsC, C'#("t#% Re.u#re(ents

#he optimum#he optimum

temperaturetemperature

should be +%should be +%degrees Celsiusdegrees Celsius

by night and +by night and +

degrees Celsiusdegrees Celsius

by day.by day.


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R"#n)"''/*"terR"#n)"''/*"ter

;oil moisture must;oil moisture must

be adeBuate duringbe adeBuate during

ma$imumma$imum

vegetative growthvegetative growthand berryand berry

development.development.

An e$tended periodAn e$tended period

o well"distributedo well"distributed

rainall is preerred.rainall is preerred.


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LI-HTLI-HT

3ight is necessary3ight is necessary

or photosynthesisor photosynthesis

and flower budand flower buddevelopment.development.


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METHODS OF COFFEEMETHODS OF COFFEE

PROPA-ATIONPROPA-ATION

A. ;e$ual orA. ;e$ual or

propagatiopropagatio

n by seedn by seed 0ather seeds that0ather seeds that

are ree romare ree rom

pests andpests anddiseases and romdiseases and rom

high"yielding treeshigh"yielding trees


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0row coee plants in the nursery to0row coee plants in the nursery toproduce better seedlings. #he nursery mustproduce better seedlings. #he nursery mustbe located within the plantation or nearbybe located within the plantation or nearbyand must be accessible to the water supply.and must be accessible to the water supply.


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One hal o -((One hal o -((

grams/ o Bualitygrams/ o Buality

seeds is enough toseeds is enough to

plant a hectare.plant a hectare.

A ( percentA ( percent

allowance o seedsallowance o seeds

must be consideredmust be considered

or ungerminatedor ungerminated

seeds, poor seedlings,seeds, poor seedlings,and poor replanting.and poor replanting.


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;elect viable seeds,;elect viable seeds,

stir berries in a bucetstir berries in a bucet

o water and removeo water and remove


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>emove the pulp by>emove the pulp by

hand or pulpinghand or pulping

machine, then soamachine, then soa

beans in water orbeans in water or

+) hours to hasten+) hours to hasten

the removal othe removal o

mucilage.mucilage.


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ash beans withash beans with

water and discardwater and discard


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0ermination bed must be % meter wide and o0ermination bed must be % meter wide and o

convenient length. #o avoid


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;oa the seeds overnight beore;oa the seeds overnight beore

sowing to induce aster germinationsowing to induce aster germination


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8ae small urrows * cm apart8ae small urrows * cm apart

and o. cm deep.and o. cm deep.

Arrange the seeds in a urrowArrange the seeds in a urrowwith the grove alling down andwith the grove alling down and

cover w? !ne soil or sand.cover w? !ne soil or sand.


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Cover the bed with a thin layer o rice strawCover the bed with a thin layer o rice straw

or cut grasses to ensure even temperatureor cut grasses to ensure even temperature

and moisture. >emove the rice straw whenand moisture. >emove the rice straw when

seedlings start to come out o the soil.seedlings start to come out o the soil.

ater the bed daily or when necessary toater the bed daily or when necessary to

eep the soil moist.eep the soil moist.


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;eeds germinate in;eeds germinate inabout *(") daysabout *(") daysater sowing and areater sowing and are

then transplantedthen transplanted-priced/ to plastic-priced/ to plasticbags at the buttonbags at the buttonstage or at the lateststage or at the latest

butter


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=. Ase$ual or vegetative propagation -cloning/=. Ase$ual or vegetative propagation -cloning/

CuttingsCuttings

Coee can also beCoee can also bepropagated ase$ually bypropagated ase$ually bycuttings or grating romcuttings or grating rom

mother clonal gardens.mother clonal gardens. Coee plants raisedCoee plants raised

rom nodal cuttingsrom nodal cuttings-rooted cuttings/ bear-rooted cuttings/ bearruits %: months aterruits %: months ater

transplanting, earliertransplanting, earlierthan plants grown romthan plants grown romseeds.seeds.


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Cut pencil"siDe stemCut pencil"siDe stem

cuttings -vertical sprouts/cuttings -vertical sprouts/

early in the morning orearly in the morning or

late in the aternoon.late in the aternoon.

Cut the sprouts at the topCut the sprouts at the topo the nodes and abouto the nodes and about

%. in. below the nodes.%. in. below the nodes.

>emove one lea and cut>emove one lea and cut

the remaining leathe remaining lea

leaving %?* o its wholeleaving %?* o its wholepart.part.


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#reat the cuttings with#reat the cuttings with

ungicidal solution orungicidal solution or

+ to * minutes by+ to * minutes by

soaing.soaing. Eip cuttings on theEip cuttings on the

prepared rootingprepared rooting

media.media.

Plant treated cuttingsPlant treated cuttingson prepared seed bed.on prepared seed bed.


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-r")t#n+-r")t#n+

Clet grating o selected sprouts on newly"Clet grating o selected sprouts on newly"

re9uvenated coee trees is usually donere9uvenated coee trees is usually done

when the sprouts are more then *( cm highwhen the sprouts are more then *( cm highor when the stems are about pencil"siDe.or when the stems are about pencil"siDe.


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M"ter#"'s #n C'e)t -r")t#n+M"ter#"'s #n C'e)t -r")t#n+

a. ;harp budding niea. ;harp budding nie

b. Plastic bags %6b. Plastic bags %6

diameter and 6 long,diameter and 6 long,andand

c. Plastic straws orc. Plastic straws or

plastic strips orplastic strips or

tying.tying.


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Ste0s #n -r")t#n+Ste0s #n -r")t#n+

%. Cut the stocs ater%. Cut the stocs aterthe !rst node romthe !rst node romthe base. Onlythe base. Only

vertical stems aboutvertical stems about*( cm high and*( cm high andwhose diameters arewhose diameters areabout pencil"siDeabout pencil"siDe

should be availableshould be availableor grating.or grating.


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+. 8ae a wedge cut on the base o scion+. 8ae a wedge cut on the base o scion

about %( cm rom the tip.about %( cm rom the tip.


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*. 8ae a vertical cut*. 8ae a vertical cutat the center o theat the center o the

tip downwards totip downwards toabout !ve c, o theabout !ve c, o thestoc. Avoid totallystoc. Avoid totallysplitting the stocsplitting the stoc

down the base.down the base.


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). Insert the scion). Insert the scion

securely into thesecurely into the

stoc.stoc.


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. #ie the 9oint o the. #ie the 9oint o thescion with a plasticscion with a plastic

straw or strip andstraw or strip andmae sure that themae sure that thesides o the scionsides o the scionand the stoc areand the stoc are

in contact within contact witheach other.each other.


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. Cover the grated scion. Cover the grated scion

with a small plastic bag.with a small plastic bag.

#his will prevent the drying#his will prevent the dryingup o the scion and rottingup o the scion and rotting

o the grat during rains.o the grat during rains.

'. >emove the plastic cover'. >emove the plastic cover

when the new sprouts havewhen the new sprouts havegrown on the scion and thegrown on the scion and the

union o the stoc and theunion o the stoc and the

scion is complete.scion is complete.

:. >emove all sprouts that:. >emove all sprouts thatgrow below the point ogrow below the point o

grat.grat.

C In 2#tro %ofee %u'ture or t#ssueC In 2#tro %ofee %u'ture or t#ssue


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C, In12#tro %ofee %u'ture or t#ssueC, In12#tro %ofee %u'ture or t#ssue

%u'ture "nd so("t#%%u'ture "nd so("t#%

e($ryo+enes#se($ryo+enes#s

#issue culture enables the#issue culture enables the

growers to rapidly generategrowers to rapidly generatenumerous clones year"roundnumerous clones year"roundin greenhouses. It is alsoin greenhouses. It is alsoused to produce plants reeused to produce plants reeo virus, ungi and bacteria.o virus, ungi and bacteria.

$'# h 3


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Nursery Est"$'#sh(ent 3Nursery Est"$'#sh(ent 3

O0er"t#onO0er"t#on

A nursery is a placeA nursery is a placewhere rootedwhere rooted

cuttings orcuttings orseedlings are taenseedlings are taencared o until theycared o until theyare ready orare ready or

planting in the !eld.planting in the !eld.


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Site selectionSite selection

Select and prepare the area two orSelect and prepare the area two or

three months before receiving thethree months before receiving therooted cuttings or seed.rooted cuttings or seed.


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The s#te (ustThe s#te (ust

$e4$e4

Close to an adeBuateClose to an adeBuate

water source.water source.

Close to the utureClose to the uture

plantation.plantation.

4ar rom big trees or4ar rom big trees or

shaded areas.shaded areas.

4airly drained.4airly drained.

4ree rom stray4ree rom stray

animals.animals.

Accessible toAccessible to

transportation.transportation.


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Nursery Constru%t#onNursery Constru%t#on 4or one hectare plantation4or one hectare plantation

-with appro$imately %,'-with appro$imately %,'trees/ construct a nurserytrees/ construct a nursery

or +,((( seedlings .or +,((( seedlings . #he area needed or +,((#he area needed or +,((

seedlings is meters $ %+seedlings is meters $ %+meters.meters.

#he distance between#he distance between

posts is * meters.posts is * meters. Fse !sh nets or coconutFse !sh nets or coconut

leaves as shade toleaves as shade tointercept about ' percentintercept about ' percento sunlight. #he height oo sunlight. #he height othe shade should allowthe shade should allow

convenient passageconvenient passagebelow.below.


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"+ 5''#n+ "nd '"yout#n+"+ 5''#n+ "nd '"yout#n+

Fse screened, light topFse screened, light topsoil rich in humus.soil rich in humus.

Add sand i the soil isAdd sand i the soil isclayish and lime i theclayish and lime i the

soil is to acidic.soil is to acidic. Fse ' inches $ %%Fse ' inches $ %%

inches plastic bagsinches plastic bagsenough to hold the soilenough to hold the soilproperly. #he bagsproperly. #he bags

must be perorated atmust be perorated atthe lower sides andthe lower sides andbottom to providebottom to provideadeBuate drainage.adeBuate drainage.


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3ayout bags in rows o %(. provide or a )(3ayout bags in rows o %(. provide or a )(cm interval between rows or conveniencecm interval between rows or convenience

during watering, spraying, hauling, etc.during watering, spraying, hauling, etc.

P # 6# S d'# t dPr#%6#n+ Seed'#n+s or rooted


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Pr#%6#n+ Seed'#n+s or rootedPr#%6#n+ Seed'#n+s or rooted

%utt#n+s%utt#n+s

ater the bedater the bedthoroughly.thoroughly. Careully uprootCareully uproot

seedlings andseedlings andplace them in aplace them in abasin with water.basin with water.

>emove>emove

seedlings withseedlings withdeective rootsdeective roots-bent or bare/-bent or bare/


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8ae a hole at the8ae a hole at the

center o the soil in thecenter o the soil in the

prepared plastic bagprepared plastic bagusing a dibble.using a dibble.

Pric the seedlings andPric the seedlings and

compact the soilcompact the soil

properly around theproperly around thecollar.collar.

4or rooted cuttings,4or rooted cuttings,

never bend the roots.never bend the roots.

#rim the roots only#rim the roots only

when necessary.when necessary.


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W"ter "nd )ert#'#7"t#onW"ter "nd )ert#'#7"t#on Ater pricing, water theAter pricing, water the

seedlings to eep theseedlings to eep thesoil moist during the drysoil moist during the dry

season.season.

Ater two months waterAter two months water

the seedlings with Freathe seedlings with Frea

solution -one tablespoonsolution -one tablespoon

o Frea dissolved in %o Frea dissolved in %

liter o water/,liter o water/,

preerably late in thepreerably late in the

aternoon to preventaternoon to preventburning o leaves.burning o leaves.

;prinle the seedlings;prinle the seedlings

with water.with water.


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Weed#n+Weed#n+

eed the plants as oten as necessary toeed the plants as oten as necessary to

minimiDe water and nutrient competition.minimiDe water and nutrient competition. 4or multiple"stem plants, remove lateral buds4or multiple"stem plants, remove lateral buds

to encourage aster vertical growth.to encourage aster vertical growth.

P d D# C 'P t d D# C t '


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Pest "nd D#se"se Contro'Pest "nd D#se"se Contro' Prevent damping"oPrevent damping"o

choosing good light soil orchoosing good light soil or

better drainage andbetter drainage andaeration. ;pray with copperaeration. ;pray with copperbased ungicides orbased ungicides orconduct soil steriliDationconduct soil steriliDationbeore bagging.beore bagging.

Prevent brown eye spot byPrevent brown eye spot by

providing proper light andproviding proper light andby spraying with copperby spraying with copperbased ungicides.based ungicides.

Control the presence oControl the presence ocaterpillars and othercaterpillars and otherinsects by sprayinginsects by sprayingappropriate insecticides orappropriate insecticides orusing bio"control enemiesusing bio"control enemiesor predators and byor predators and byeeping nurseryeeping nurserysurroundings clean.surroundings clean.

H d i


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HardeningHardening

When the seedlings has 4 toWhen the seedlings has 4 to

5 pairs of leaves, start5 pairs of leaves, starttransferring seedlings everytransferring seedlings every33rdrdrow and segregate therow and segregate thefast-growing seedlings tofast-growing seedlings toallow the slow-growingallow the slow-growingseedling to recover. Thisseedling to recover. This

will minimie competitionwill minimie competitionfor sunlight among thefor sunlight among theseedlings.seedlings.

!efore planting to the field,!efore planting to the field,gradually remove the shadegradually remove the shadeto accustom plants to directto accustom plants to direct

sunlight. "or instancesunlight. "or instanceincrease sunlight by #5increase sunlight by #5

percent $ wee%s beforepercent $ wee%s beforeplanting.planting.


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=eore establishing the coee plantation, it is important to=eore establishing the coee plantation, it is important to

understand the ollowing agro"climatic reBuirements o coee.understand the ollowing agro"climatic reBuirements o coee.


Est"$'#sh(entEst"$'#sh(ent


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A, C'#("t#% Re.u#re(ents )or -ro*thA, C'#("t#% Re.u#re(ents )or -ro*th

"nd De2e'o0(ent"nd De2e'o0(ent

GA>I2#HGA>I2#H 232GA#IO232GA#IO #28P#28P

- C/- C/

;OI3;OI3

p@p@

;OI3;OI3E2P#@E2P#@

O>0AICO>0AIC8A##2>8A##2>

>O=F;#A>O=F;#A ("'((("'(( %*"+%*"+ ."."

..%.%. >ich in>ich in

O8O8

A>A=ICAA>A=ICA &((("+,(((&((("+,((( %("+%("+ ."."

..%.%. >ich in>ich in

O8O8

3I=2>ICA3I=2>ICA 32;; #@A32;; #@A

%,(((%,(((

%("*(%("*( ."."

..

%.%. >ich in>ich in

O8O8

2JC23;A2JC23;A 32;; #@A32;; #@A%,(((%,(((

%("*(%("*( ."."..

%.%. >ich in>ich inO8O8


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GA>I2#HGA>I2#H ;F;@I2;F;@I2

>2KFI>282#;>2KFI>282#;

IEIE

>2KFI>282#>2KFI>282#

>23A#IG2>23A#IG2@F8IEI#H@F8IEI#H

-/-/

>AI4A33>AI4A33

>O=F;#A>O=F;#A 4F334F33 ;3I0@#;3I0@# '":'": +((+((

A>A=ICAA>A=ICA 4F334F33 ;3I0@#;3I0@# '"&('"&( +((+((

3I=2>ICA3I=2>ICA 4F334F33 ;3I0@#;3I0@# '("&('("&( %(%(

2JC23;A2JC23;A 4F334F33 ;3I0@#;3I0@# '("&('("&( %(%(


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, Su++ested Sh"de Re+u'"t#on, Su++ested Sh"de Re+u'"t#on

A02 O4A02 O4;22E3I0;22E3I0

-in months/-in months/

;@AE2;@AE2

;F3I0@#;F3I0@#

%"+%"+ '' ++

*")*") (( ((

"" ++ ''

'":'": 4ull sunlight4ull sunlight 4ull sunlight4ull sunlight


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C, L"nd Pre0"r"t#onC, L"nd Pre0"r"t#on

4ree the are rom4ree the are rom

weeds. In cogonalweeds. In cogonal

areas, you may useareas, you may use

herbicides. Inherbicides. Ingrasslands, plowgrasslands, plow

and harrow landand harrow land

contours untilcontours until

weeds areweeds aresuppressed.suppressed.


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D, L"y1out#n+8 St"6#n+ "nd Ho'#n+D, L"y1out#n+8 St"6#n+ "nd Ho'#n+

2stablish a straight base line along2stablish a straight base line along

the boundary. #ae note o thethe boundary. #ae note o the

orientation o rows rom east toorientation o rows rom east towest or rom north to south. Allowwest or rom north to south. Allow

sunlight penetration between thesunlight penetration between the

rows.rows.


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Fo''o* theFo''o* the

re%o((endedre%o((ended

0'"nt#n+ d#st"n%e0'"nt#n+ d#st"n%e"s )o''o*s"s )o''o*s


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;tae the;tae the

rows androws and

hills ohills ocoee.coee.

Eig holesEig holes

-)($)($)(c-)($)($)(c

m/ tom/ toprovideprovide

room orroom or

rootroot

developmendevelopment one montht one month

prior toprior to

planting.planting.


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hile digging holes,hile digging holes,

separate the topsoilseparate the topsoilrom the subsoil.rom the subsoil. >e!ll holes by>e!ll holes by

putting bac topsoilputting bac topsoil

!rst and then!rst and thenoverlaying with theoverlaying with thesubsoil. Addsubsoil. Addcompost andcompost andertiliDers rich inertiliDers rich in

phosphorus to thephosphorus to thesoil beore re!llingsoil beore re!llingthe holes.the holes.


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E, Tr"ns0'"nt#n+E, Tr"ns0'"nt#n+

#ransplant when there#ransplant when there

are to : pairs o leavesare to : pairs o leavesper seedling or when theper seedling or when theseedling is months old.seedling is months old.

#ransplant at the onset o#ransplant at the onset othe rainy season.the rainy season.

Cut the plastic bag % inchCut the plastic bag % inchrom the bottom to taerom the bottom to taeout bent roots. #hen,out bent roots. #hen,remove the plastic bagremove the plastic bagand bury the ball o soil.and bury the ball o soil.

I white grub is aI white grub is aproblem, mi$ thoroughlyproblem, mi$ thoroughlythe recommended ratesthe recommended rateso 4uradan to the soilo 4uradan to the soilduring planting.during planting.


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hen transplantinghen transplanting

seedlings, mae sureseedlings, mae surethat the root collar isthat the root collar ise$actly at ground levele$actly at ground levelto prevent rotting.to prevent rotting.

Compact the baseCompact the base

around the seedling.around the seedling. =asal ertiliDation is=asal ertiliDation is

recommended usingrecommended usingcomplete ertiliDer.complete ertiliDer.Apply basal ertiliDer +Apply basal ertiliDer +

to * tablespoons perto * tablespoons perseeding or use organicseeding or use organicertiliDer at %( to +((ertiliDer at %( to +((grams per hill.grams per hill.

d# d#


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end#n+end#n+

hen the seedling is abouthen the seedling is about

("' cm in height, bend("' cm in height, bendthe stem rom east tothe stem rom east towest, or along contours atwest, or along contours ata ) degree angle rom thea ) degree angle rom theground. #his will promoteground. #his will promote

growth o water shoots.growth o water shoots. Fsed either a crossed sticFsed either a crossed stic

or a string tied to a peg onor a string tied to a peg onthe ground during bending.the ground during bending.

;elect three to !ve healthy;elect three to !ve healthy

sprouts to serve as newsprouts to serve as newstems . #wo initialstems . #wo initialselections should be doneselections should be donewhen the sprout height iswhen the sprout height is*( cm.*( cm.


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Continue to removeContinue to removeall the water sproutsall the water sprouts

that will grow aterthat will grow aterthe selection .the selection .

Cut the original bentCut the original bentstem.stem.

#rain the vertical#rain the verticalsprouts towards thesprouts towards theoutside o theoutside o theencourage sunlightencourage sunlight

penetration andpenetration andgrowth to innergrowth to innerlaterals.laterals.


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=ending promotes shorter and early=ending promotes shorter and early

ruit bearing coee tree.ruit bearing coee tree.


72/115

Conduct regular weedingConduct regular weeding-weeding may be-weeding may be

manual, mechanical ormanual, mechanical or

chemical/.chemical/.

Conduct ertiliDationConduct ertiliDationaccording to the resultsaccording to the results

o the soil analysis.o the soil analysis.

F, C"re o)F, C"re o)



73/115

-, Prun#n+-, Prun#n+

Eierent types oEierent types o

pruning according topruning according toage and characteristicsage and characteristics

o coee plantLo coee plantL

Eesucering 1 removalEesucering 1 removal

o sucers rom coeeo sucers rom coeetrees and branches.trees and branches.

#wig pruning 1removal#wig pruning 1removal

o dry, bent ando dry, bent and

diseased branches.diseased branches. Eetopping 1 removal oEetopping 1 removal o

the upper portion othe upper portion o

the coee tree.the coee tree.

Re9u2en"t#on o) CofeeRe9u2en"t#on o) Cofee


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Re9u2en"t#on o) CofeeRe9u2en"t#on o) Cofee



75/115

Ste0s #n Re9u2en"t#onSte0s #n Re9u2en"t#on

A.A. 4or 8ultiple Gertical4or 8ultiple Gertical;tems;tems

>e9uvenation becomes>e9uvenation becomes

imperative or theimperative or the

multiple vertical systemmultiple vertical system

o growing coee becauseo growing coee because

o the tendency o theo the tendency o the

trees to grow very tall.trees to grow very tall.

8ultiple verticals produce8ultiple verticals produce

*( to )( percent more*( to )( percent more

coee beans than singlecoee beans than single

stems.stems.


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%.%. ;elect the lowest;elect the lowest

vertical stem thatvertical stem thatgrows arthestgrows arthest

towards thetowards the

outside o theoutside o the

crown. #his is thecrown. #his is the

vertical stem thatvertical stem that

shall remainshall remain

uncut, to serve asuncut, to serve asto 5lung6 branch.to 5lung6 branch.


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#.#.2$cept or the2$cept or thevertical stem thatvertical stem that

shall remainshall remainuncut, remove theuncut, remove theupper branches oupper branches othe other verticalthe other verticalstems with astems with asharp bolo, a$ orsharp bolo, a$ orhand saw. #his willhand saw. #his willreduce the weightreduce the weighto the stem duringo the stem duringalling andalling andthereby avoidthereby avoidcracing orcracing orsplitting o thesplitting o thestem duringstem duringcutting.cutting.


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33. #o cut each vertical. #o cut each vertical

stem, use sharpstem, use sharp

chain saw, hand sawchain saw, hand saw

or bolo. 8ae cutor bolo. 8ae cutslanting outward atslanting outward at

about *( cm romabout *( cm rom

the ground.the ground.


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). Clean the ream o). Clean the ream othe cut with athe cut with a

sharp bolo or niesharp bolo or nie

to remove serratedto remove serrated

bar or wood.bar or wood.


80/115

. hen the. hen the

sprout are aboutsprout are about

%( cm high,%( cm high,

select andselect andmaintain !ve tomaintain !ve to

seven sprouts.seven sprouts.


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. >emove e$tra. >emove e$trasprouts, usuallysprouts, usually

those wea andthose wea and

damaged bydamaged by

pulling them out.pulling them out.

ater sprouts thatater sprouts that

grow on the othergrow on the other

parts o the stemparts o the stemshould also beshould also be

removed.removed.


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'. hen the sprouts'. hen the sproutsare *( cm high,are *( cm high,

select andselect and

maintain three tomaintain three to

!ve uniormly!ve uniormly

distanced sproutsdistanced sprouts

around the stem.around the stem.

All other sproutsAll other sproutsmust be removedmust be removed

as they come out.as they come out.


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&. As the vertical sprouts grow, train&. As the vertical sprouts grow, train

them towards outside the crown.them towards outside the crown.

:. hen the sprouts are:. hen the sprouts are

*( cm high, cut the*( cm high, cut the

remaining verticalremaining vertical

stem. @owever, i thestem. @owever, i the

vertical stem carriesvertical stem carries

laterals with berries,laterals with berries,

cutting them may becutting them may be

postponed until thepostponed until theberries have beenberries have been

harvested.harvested.

= 4or ;ingle Gertical ;tem= 4or ;ingle Gertical ;tem


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=. 4or ;ingle Gertical ;tem=. 4or ;ingle Gertical ;tem

#he 5hal"loop6 method is used to re9uvenate#he 5hal"loop6 method is used to re9uvenatecoee trees with single vertical stems.coee trees with single vertical stems.

%. 8ae an upward%. 8ae an upward

slanting cut up toslanting cut up to

about ' percentabout ' percent

o the stemMso the stemMsdiameter anddiameter and

about two eetabout two eet

rom the base. #orom the base. #o

cut, use a sharpcut, use a sharpchain or handchain or hand

saw.saw.

+ =end the stem+ =end the stem


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+. =end the stem+. =end the stemtowards the groundtowards the groundslowly to avoidslowly to avoid

splitting or cracing osplitting or cracing othe main stem. Eo notthe main stem. Eo notcut and separate thecut and separate theupper portion o theupper portion o themain stem. #his willmain stem. #his willprovide nourishmentprovide nourishmentto the growing newto the growing newsprouts and minimiDesprouts and minimiDedying o the treedying o the tree

particularly whenparticularly whenre9uvenation is donere9uvenation is doneduring the dry month.during the dry month.


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3. When the sprouts are3. When the sprouts are

about &' cm high, cutabout &' cm high, cut

and separate the upperand separate the upper

portion of the tree fromportion of the tree from

the main stem. The cutthe main stem. The cut

should be slanting andshould be slanting and

about 3' cm from theabout 3' cm from the

ground.ground.


87/115

). ;elect and). ;elect andmaintain !ve tomaintain !ve to

seven sprouts thatseven sprouts that

are uniormlyare uniormly

distanced arounddistanced around

the stem. >emovethe stem. >emove

the other sprouts.the other sprouts.


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. hen the sprouts. hen the sprouts

are *( cm high,are *( cm high,

select and maintainselect and maintain

three to !ve sproutsthree to !ve sprouts

uniormly distanceduniormly distancedaround the stem. Allaround the stem. All

other sprouts mustother sprouts must

be removed as theybe removed as they

come out.come out.


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. As the vertical. As the vertical

sprouts grow, trainsprouts grow, train

them towardsthem towards

outside the crown.outside the crown.#his will encourage#his will encourage

ma$imum sunlightma$imum sunlight

penetration andpenetration and

better growth andbetter growth andruiting.ruiting.

Co(0"r#son $et*een "n o'dCo(0"r#son $et*een "n o'dtree "nd " re9u2en"ted %ofeetree "nd " re9u2en"ted %ofee


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tree "nd " re9u2en"ted %ofeetree "nd " re9u2en"ted %ofee

treetreeCharacteristicsCharacteristics Old TreeOld Tree Rejuvenated TreeRejuvenated TreeRoot systemRoot system Well-developed.Well-developed. Well-developed.Well-developed.

Plant vigorPlant vigor (orphologically wea% and(orphologically wea% andsusceptible to pests andsusceptible to pests and

diseases.diseases.

)igh vigor and resistant to)igh vigor and resistant to

pests and diseases.pests and diseases.

Lateral branchesLateral branches *esser and shorter fruiting*esser and shorter fruiting

branches concentrated atbranches concentrated atthe top.the top.

(ore and longer fruiting(ore and longer fruiting

branches well-distributedbranches well-distributedalong the vertical stems.along the vertical stems.

Coffee berriesCoffee berries +enerally smaller with lots+enerally smaller with lotsof premature dried blac%of premature dried blac%

beans.beans.

*arger berries and very few*arger berries and very few

blac% beans.blac% beans.

Yielding capacityYielding capacity *ow and declining.*ow and declining. )igh-yield.)igh-yield.

ase of culturalase of cultural

operationoperation

nconvenience in spraying,nconvenience in spraying,

pruning and harvestingpruning and harvesting

operations.operations.

/onvenient and/onvenient and

economical.economical.

Pro0er Fert#'#7"t#onPro0er Fert#'#7"t#on


91/115

Pro0er Fert#'#7"t#on0

Te%hn#.ues )or Cofee TreesTe%hn#.ues )or Cofee Trees

4ruit bearing trees need the proper amount o nutrients or4ruit bearing trees need the proper amount o nutrients or

optimum growth, ruit and root development and oroptimum growth, ruit and root development and orresistance to pests and diseases. 4ertiliDation supply coeeresistance to pests and diseases. 4ertiliDation supply coeetrees with the right dosage o essential elements such astrees with the right dosage o essential elements such asnitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulur.nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulur.8icronutrients lie Dinc , boron, copper, manganese and iron8icronutrients lie Dinc , boron, copper, manganese and ironare also vital to the growth o coee plants.are also vital to the growth o coee plants.

f il l i t bf soil anal sis cannot be


92/115

f soil analysis cannot bef soil analysis cannot be

conducted, theconducted, the

following fertiliationfollowing fertiliationprogram isprogram is

recommended0recommended0

a. 1on-fruiting trees-a. 1on-fruiting trees-

'0'0$' 12 #0#&'0'0$' 12 #0#&

b. "ruit bearing trees-b. "ruit bearing trees-

'0$'0' 12 #0&0#'0$'0' 12 #0&0#

(ethods of fertiliation 0(ethods of fertiliation 0a. !anding methoda. !anding method

b. 2oc%et methodb. 2oc%et method

Ste0s to )o''o* 0r#or toSte0s to )o''o* 0r#or to


93/115

Ste0s to )o''o* 0r#or to0 0

)ert#'#7"t#on)ert#'#7"t#on

%.%. eed the coeeeed the coeeplantation beoreplantation beoreertiliDation.ertiliDation.eeding iseeding isimportant toimportant to

minimiDe pests andminimiDe pests anddiseases. Also,diseases. Also,weeds compete withweeds compete withcoee or nutrientscoee or nutrientsand soil moisture.and soil moisture.

+.+. >emove dead and>emove dead andunnecessaryunnecessarybranches.branches.

*.*.Practice proper pestPractice proper pest

d did di


94/115

and diseaseand disease

management. Applymanagement. Apply

one sac o 4urudan orone sac o 4urudan or

Eiagram *0 per hectareEiagram *0 per hectareto guard against pests,to guard against pests,

or apply appropriateor apply appropriate

insecticides.insecticides.

F t#'# t#Fert#'#7"t#on


95/115

Fert#'#7"t#onFert#'#7"t#on

&.&. 6ig 4 holes around the coffee plant, each with a6ig 4 holes around the coffee plant, each with a

depth of 5 to $ inches and with a distance of onedepth of 5 to $ inches and with a distance of one

meter from the base of the plant. 2ut &'' gramsmeter from the base of the plant. 2ut &'' grams

of mi7ed fertilier in each hole and coverof mi7ed fertilier in each hole and cover

immediately.immediately.

#.#. f soil is dry, water the covered holes with onef soil is dry, water the covered holes with one

liter of waterliter of water


96/115

R i dReminders


97/115

RemindersReminders

8lways remember to mi78lways remember to mi7the urea with micronutrientsthe urea with micronutrients

first before adding the otherfirst before adding the other

fertiliers. !e sure to mi7fertiliers. !e sure to mi7

well before application.well before application.

!urying the fertiliers deep!urying the fertiliers deep

in the soil is an effectivein the soil is an effective

method to minimie the lossmethod to minimie the lossof important nutrients.of important nutrients.

!ind and "mount of #ertili$ers Recommended for!ind and "mount of #ertili$ers Recommended for

# it b i T#ruit bearing Trees


98/115

#ruit%bearing Trees#ruit%bearing Trees6epending on Soil 8nalysis6epending on Soil 8nalysis

AverageAverage

Eistance oEistance oCoee #reesCoee #rees

7ind o7ind o

4ertiliDer4ertiliDereededeeded

AmountAmount

oo4ertiliDer4ertiliDer

eededeeded

PerPer

@ectare@ectare-per-persac/sac/

Amount oAmount o

4ertiliDer4ertiliDereeded Pereeded Per

#ree#ree

Amount oAmount o

4ertiliDer4ertiliDereeded oreeded or

4irst4irst

ApplicationApplication

-in grams/-in grams/

Amount oAmount o

4ertiliDer4ertiliDereeded 4oreeded 4or

;econd;econd

ApplicationApplication

-in grams/-in grams/

+$* meters+$* meters %'"'"%'%'"'"%'

("%:"(("%:"(

)"("()"("(

("("(("("(

8icronutrient8icronutrient

ss

%(%(

''

))

+ gs.+ gs.

:((:(( )(()(( )(()((

*$* meters*$* meters %'"'"%'%'"'"%'

("%:"(("%:"(

)"("()"("(

("("(("("(

8icronutrient8icronutrient

''

**

**

+ gs.+ gs.

:((:(( )(()(( )(()((


99/115

I(0ort"n%e o) M"%ro1 "ndI(0ort"n%e o) M"%ro1 "nd

M#%ronutr#ents to CofeeM#%ronutr#ents to Cofee

P'"ntP'"nt


100/115

!e+et"t#2e -ro*th to Pre1F'o*er#n+

Post F'o*er#n+ to erryFor("t#on


101/115

!e+et"t#2e -ro*th to Pre1F'o*er#n+

Post F'o*er#n+ to erryFor("t#on&utrient ffects

&itrogen and Potassium ' reactive and promote early gro(th ofne( plant tissues

Calcium ' boosts root and leaf gro(th to provide a platform for

high yields

)agnesium ' fuel energy transfer (ithin the developing tissues

Sulfur ' )a*imi$e gro(th through protein formation

+oron and ,inc ' to ma*imi$e flo(ering and strong berry set

&utrient ffects

&itrogen and Potassium ' maintain plant gro(thand ma*imi$e berry strength

Calcium ' ma*imi$e strong of healthy tissue

)agnesium ' boost chlorophyll activity and &%

upta-e

)icronutrients ' maintain gro(th and ma*imi$e

berry set


102/115

erry E&0"ns#on erry M"tur#ty


103/115

erry E&0"ns#on erry M"tur#ty&utrient ffects

&itrogen and Potassium ' so maintain treegro(th and bean fill during this critical phase

Calcium ' To ma*imi$e supplies in the berry '

and hence improve berry integrity ' as it e*pands

)icronutrients ' (here needs to maintain gro(th

&utrient ffects

&itrogen ' in reduced amounts to

maintain gro(th and berry fill

Potassium ' for good sugar starch

conversion to ma*imi$e berry (eight

Calcium ' for strong berry integrity


104/115

!e+et"t#2e-ro*th toPre1F'o*er#n+

PostF'o*er#n+ toerryFor("t#on

erryE&0"ns#on

erryM"tur#ty

Coffee Plant .eficienciesCoffee Plant .eficiencies


105/115

N#tro+en De5%#en%y


106/115

Phos0horus de5%#en%y


107/115

C"r0os0or" *#'' (o2e )ro( the 'e"2es tothe $err#es


108/115

Pot"ss#u(De5%#en%y


109/115

C"'%#u(

De5%#en%y


110/115

M"+nes#u( De5%#en%y

S ') D 5 #


111/115

Su')ur De5%#en%y


112/115

Re+ro*th ")ter $oron de5%#en%y +#2es " )"n1'#6e"00e"r"n%e to +ro*th,

Iron de5%#en%y


113/115

Iron de5%#en%y


114/115

M"n+"nese de5%#en%y


115/115

:#n% De5%#en%y

the coffee industry.ppt

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