The Civil War and Reconstruction

The Civil War (1861-1865)The Union vs. The Confederacy• Throughout the 1850s,

sectionalism increased in the United States

• Westward expansion fueled this rivalry between the sections because both free and slaves states were trying to increase their political power and control in Washington

• Several attempts at compromise between the two sections failed and increased the tensions

• Eventually, all of this would lead to the Southern States seceding from the United States – This will start the Civil War

Failure of Compromise: The Compromise of 1850-California Gold Rush 1849- application for statehood

- Balance of Power and statehood

- Compromise: California Admitted as Free State, Utah and New Mexico have popular sovereignty, Fugitive Slave Act

Reaction to the Compromise of 1850Fugitive Slave Act -

- Slave catchers

- Defiance and Riots

Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin

- Family Life and Eliza

- Uncle Tom and Simon Legree

- 300,000 copies in 1st year

Cannibal’s All! - Southern Response

Failure of Compromise: The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Kansas- Nebraska Act 1854 –- Stephen Douglas + Transcontinental RR- Popular Sovereignty in Kansas and

Nebraska

Reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act 1. Bleeding Kansas- Free-Soilers and Pro-slavers (Missouri)- Two Constitutions and two capitals

-Attack on Lawrence

-John Brown and Pottawatomie Massacre-$2 mil in damages-200 people killed

Reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act 2. Bleeding Sumner - Charles Sumner, Andrew Butler, and Preston Brooks

3. Republican Party Organized - Free Soil Platform

The End of Compromise: The Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott v. Sanford – 1857

- Free Territory in Minnesota

- Sued for his freedom

Decision:

- Slaves are property

- 5th Amendment

- Missouri Compromise Unconstitutional

- Federal Government cannot ban slavery in the territories

– 1859- Harpers Ferry Arsenal- Robert E Lee - Brown was convicted of treason + hanged- North considered him a martyr

"Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done." -John Brown, statement at his sentencing on Nov. 2, 1859

John Brown’s Raid

The Election of 1860

Electoral Vote Popular Vote

Lincoln 180 (59%) 1,866,452 (40%)

Douglas 39 (13%) 1,375,157 (29%)

Breckenridge 72 (24%) 847,953 (18%)

Bell 12 (4%) 590,631 (13%)

Lincoln’s Election - Free Soil Ideology, Political Power

Southern Response:

- 12/20/1860 – South Carolina Secedes

- Miss, Fla, Ala, Geo, Lou, Texas follow

- Crittenden Compromise

- Feb 1861 – Confederate States of America

- Jefferson Davis elected PresidentLincoln Comes to Power – March 1861

- Fort Sumter, South Carolina- Preserve the Union, secession is not

constitutional- April 12, 1861 - Attack on Fort Sumter- Lincoln calls for volunteers- AK, TN, NC, VA all join the confederacy

What caused secession?1. Sectionalism2. Slavery 3. Failure of Compromise and Violence4. Political Power

Discuss the economic, political, and/or social differences between the North and the South that eventually led to the Civil War.

Discuss the economic, political, and/or social differences between the North and the South that eventually led to the Civil War.

1861 - First Battle of Bull Run

Anaconda Plan

The Union The Confederacy

22 mil:9 mil Military CollegesDraft – Riots (NY) Military Draft - RiotsHabeas Corpus War of Attrition

Income Taxes, Tariffs, Money Taxes? Western Lands, Bonds, Inflation – 9000%Bank + Greenbacks- 80%

New Weapons Supplies Britain and FranceBlockade FarmlandsRailroads- 70%Factories – 80%Preserve the Union Support Defend Land and

Liberty – Way of Life

The Emancipation Proclamation

1/1/63 – All slaves in rebel areas are free- Not Border States or Tennessee + Louisiana- Is this legal? Who is freed?

What was the purpose of the Emancipation Proclamation?1. Preserve the Union and stop the rebellion2. Cause for the North – increased support3. Harder for Confederates to fight4. Britain and France?5. Recruitment of black soldiers - 180,000 – Massachusetts 54th

Southern Victories - 1862 – Fredericksburg, 1863 – Chancellorsville

Turning Point – July 4, 1863

- Robert E Lee – One more Victory

- Gettysburg – 3 Day battle

- Losses= N- 23,000/ S- 28,000

- Vicksburg – Mississippi River

-Sherman – Atlanta and

The March to the Sea

- ‘War is all Hell’ – Sherman Bowties, Sherman stacks

- Ulysses S Grant + Virginia Campaign

-April 9, 1865 –

Appomattox Court House Surrender - Lincoln - Reelected in 1864

- 1865 – 13th Amendment- April 14, 1865 – Lincoln’s Assassination

- Railroads, Cities, and Industry destroyed, Farmland burned

- Casualties – 364,000 N + 260,000 S (1/5)

- Plantation owners lost $3 billion in property

- Freedmen – homeless, jobless, hungry, uneducated

- Divided country

- New President – Andrew Johnson – Southern Democrat

Plans to repair the South and return the southern states to the Union were called Reconstruction.

Lincoln and Johnson’s Plan-Pardoned all southerners who swore allegiance

- Iron Clad Oath

-Once 10%/50% did states could have constitutional conventions

-New constitutions had to void secession, abolish slavery, and ratify 13th amendment

-Then could hold elections and resume participation in Union-Freedmen’s Bureau- All the southern states had completed this by December of 1865 and were ready to resume participation in the Union

Problems with Presidential Reconstruction1.Ex-Confederates elected to Congress – 1865

- 6 Cabinet Members, 4 Confederate Generals, 50 Congressmen and Senators, The Vice President of the Confederacy

2.Black Codes – Curfews, Labor Contracts, Vagrancy, Unemployment

The Black Codes:

In what ways were the black codes similar to the rules that regulated behavior during slavery?

Who was in charge of executing these laws? What were the punishments for violating these codes?

What impression did these codes give Northerners? Why were northerners outraged?

- Radical Republicans elected to Congress – They will take over reconstruction plans (Radical/Congressional Reconstruction)

- All Southern states were thrown back out of the union and Congress will take over Reconstruction

- Passed 14th Amendment – equal protection of the laws and citizenship

- Military Reconstruction Act of 1867- South divided into five military districts- martial law

- Each under control of a General who oversaw the reconstruction of the district

- had to write constitution that ratified 13th and 14th amendments and give all adult males the right to vote

- Once reenter union – southerners who supported the confederacy could not vote

Andrew Johnson v. Radical Republicans - vetoes and overrides

Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

Tenure of Office Act – could not fire government official without Senate approval

Constitutional? – Johnson Fired Stanton

Impeached for ‘high crimes and misdemeanors’ by House

May 1868 – Senate Acquitted by one vote

Election of 1868 – Ulysses S. Grant

National Economy + Internal Improvements- National Banking System- Internal Improvements: Transcontinental Railroad and Land Grants- 1867- Homestead Act

Rebuilding the South- Carpetbaggers and Scalawags -

Republicans- Industry and Transportation- Public Education

Rights for Freedmen- 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments- Freedmen’s Bureau- KKK Acts

Election of 1876- Rutherford B Hayes v. Samuel Tilden

- Compromise of 1877 – Remove troops from the South

Redeemers – take back control of the South- Jim Crow Laws – Segregation- Voting Restrictions – Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests, Grandfather Clauses- KKK, White League, Lynching- Sharecropping and Tenant Farming – Crop Lien System

Positive Results:

- Union restored

- Southern Industry and Transportation

- Federal Gov’t power increased – role in economy and protection of minority rights (13th, 14th,15th)

Negative Results:

- Cycle of Poverty for Blacks – Tenant Farming and Sharecropping- Crop Lien

- Redeemers – Gov’t in South

- Racism and Rights – KKK, Jim Crow Laws, voting restrictions